| 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 |
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| 7 | <!-- <!ENTITY systemd-download-http "https://anduin.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/systemd-&systemd-version;-&systemd-stable;.tar.xz"> For whenever we move to a stable snapshot for backports -->
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| 8 | <!ENTITY systemd-download-http "https://github.com/systemd/systemd/archive/v&systemd-version;/systemd-&systemd-version;.tar.gz">
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| 9 | <!ENTITY systemd-download-ftp " ">
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| 10 | <!ENTITY systemd-md5sum "521cda27409a9edf0370c128fae3e690">
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| 11 | <!ENTITY systemd-size "15 MB">
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| 12 | <!ENTITY systemd-buildsize "198 MB (with tests)">
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| 13 | <!ENTITY systemd-time "3.7 SBU (with tests using 4 cores)">
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| 14 |
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| 15 | ]>
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| 16 |
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| 17 | <sect1 id="systemd" xreflabel="Systemd-&systemd-version;" revision="systemd">
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| 18 | <?dbhtml filename="systemd.html"?>
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| 19 |
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| 20 |
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| 21 | <title>Systemd-&systemd-version;</title>
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| 22 | <!-- Whenever we switch back to stable backports, make sure to add the systemd-stable reference back. -->
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| 23 |
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| 24 | <indexterm zone="systemd">
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| 25 | <primary sortas="a-systemd">systemd</primary>
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| 26 | </indexterm>
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| 27 |
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| 28 | <sect2 role="package">
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| 29 | <title>Introduction to systemd</title>
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| 30 |
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| 31 | <para>
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| 32 | While <application>systemd</application> was installed when
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| 33 | building LFS, there are many features provided by the package that
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| 34 | were not included in the initial installation because
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| 35 | <application>Linux-PAM</application> was not yet installed.
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| 36 | The <application>systemd</application> package needs to be
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| 37 | rebuilt to provide a working <command>systemd-logind</command> service,
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| 38 | which provides many additional features for dependent packages.
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| 39 | </para>
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| 40 |
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| 41 | &lfs121_checked;
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| 42 |
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| 43 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Package Information</bridgehead>
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| 44 | <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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| 45 | <listitem>
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| 46 | <para>
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| 47 | Download (HTTP): <ulink url="&systemd-download-http;"/>
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| 48 | </para>
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| 49 | </listitem>
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| 50 | <listitem>
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| 51 | <para>
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| 52 | Download (FTP): <ulink url="&systemd-download-ftp;"/>
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| 53 | </para>
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| 54 | </listitem>
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| 55 | <listitem>
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| 56 | <para>
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| 57 | Download MD5 sum: &systemd-md5sum;
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| 58 | </para>
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| 59 | </listitem>
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| 60 | <listitem>
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| 61 | <para>
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| 62 | Download size: &systemd-size;
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| 63 | </para>
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| 64 | </listitem>
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| 65 | <listitem>
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| 66 | <para>
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| 67 | Estimated disk space required: &systemd-buildsize;
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| 68 | </para>
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| 69 | </listitem>
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| 70 | <listitem>
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| 71 | <para>
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| 72 | Estimated build time: &systemd-time;
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| 73 | </para>
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| 74 | </listitem>
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| 75 | </itemizedlist>
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| 76 |
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| 77 | <!-- Comment out (instead of remove) in case a patch will be needed.-->
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| 78 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Additional Downloads</bridgehead>
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| 79 | <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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| 80 | <listitem>
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| 81 | <para>
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| 82 | Required patch:
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| 83 | <ulink url="&patch-root;/systemd-&systemd-version;-upstream_fixes-1.patch"/>
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| 84 | </para>
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| 85 | </listitem>
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| 86 | </itemizedlist>
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| 87 |
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| 88 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">systemd Dependencies</bridgehead>
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| 89 |
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| 90 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Recommended</bridgehead>
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| 91 |
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| 92 | <note>
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| 93 | <para>
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| 94 | <xref linkend='linux-pam'/> is not strictly required to build
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| 95 | <application>systemd</application>, but the main reason to rebuild
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| 96 | <application>systemd</application> in BLFS (it's already built in
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| 97 | LFS anyway) is for the <command>systemd-logind</command> daemon and
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| 98 | the
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| 99 | <filename class='libraryfile'>pam_systemd.so</filename> PAM module.
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| 100 | <xref linkend='linux-pam'/> is required for them. All packages in
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| 101 | BLFS book with a dependency on <application>systemd</application>
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| 102 | expects it has been rebuilt with <xref linkend='linux-pam'/>.
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| 103 | </para>
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| 104 | </note>
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| 105 |
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| 106 | <para role="recommended">
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| 107 | <xref linkend="linux-pam"/> and
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| 108 | <xref role="runtime" linkend="polkit"/> (runtime)
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| 109 | </para>
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| 110 |
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| 111 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Optional</bridgehead>
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| 112 | <para role="optional">
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| 113 | <xref linkend="btrfs-progs"/>, <!-- homed may support it, see the C.E.-->
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| 114 | <xref linkend="curl"/>,
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| 115 | <xref linkend="cryptsetup"/>,
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| 116 | <xref linkend="git"/>,
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| 117 | <xref linkend="gnutls"/>,
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| 118 | <xref linkend="iptables"/>,
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| 119 | <xref linkend="libgcrypt"/>,
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| 120 | <xref linkend="libidn2"/>,
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| 121 | <xref linkend="libpwquality"/>,
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| 122 | <xref linkend="libseccomp"/>,
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| 123 | <xref linkend="libxkbcommon"/>,
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| 124 | <xref linkend="make-ca"/>,
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| 125 | <xref linkend="p11-kit"/>,
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| 126 | <xref linkend="pcre2"/>,
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| 127 | <xref linkend="qemu"/>,
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| 128 | <xref linkend="qrencode"/>,
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| 129 | <xref linkend="rsync"/>,
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| 130 | <xref linkend="sphinx"/>,
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| 131 | <xref linkend="valgrind"/>,
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| 132 | <xref linkend="zsh"/> (for the zsh completions),
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| 133 | <ulink url="https://www.apparmor.net/">AppArmor</ulink>,
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| 134 | <ulink url="https://github.com/linux-audit/audit-userspace">audit-userspace</ulink>,
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| 135 | <ulink url="https://github.com/scop/bash-completion">bash-completion</ulink>,
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| 136 | <ulink url="https://jekyllrb.com/">jekyll</ulink>,
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| 137 | <ulink url="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/kexec/">kexec-tools</ulink>,
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| 138 | <ulink url="https://github.com/libbpf/libbpf">libbpf</ulink>,
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| 139 | <ulink url="https://sourceware.org/elfutils/">libdw</ulink>,
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| 140 | <ulink url="https://developers.yubico.com/libfido2/">libfido2</ulink>,
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| 141 | <ulink url="https://www.gnu.org/software/libmicrohttpd/">libmicrohttpd</ulink>,
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| 142 | <ulink url="https://lz4.github.io/lz4/">lz4</ulink>,
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| 143 | <ulink url="https://pypi.org/project/pefile/">pefile</ulink>,
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| 144 | <ulink url="https://pypi.org/project/pyelftools/">pyelftools</ulink>,
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| 145 | <ulink url="https://sourceforge.net/projects/linuxquota/">quota-tools</ulink>,
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| 146 | <ulink url="https://rpm.org/">rpm</ulink>,
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| 147 | <ulink url="https://github.com/SELinuxProject/selinux">SELinux</ulink>,
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| 148 | <ulink url="https://sourceware.org/systemtap/">systemtap</ulink>,
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| 149 | <ulink url="https://tpm2-tss.readthedocs.io/en/latest/">tpm2-tss</ulink>
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| 150 | and <ulink url="https://xenproject.org">Xen</ulink>
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| 151 | </para>
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| 152 |
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| 153 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Optional (to rebuild the manual pages)</bridgehead>
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| 154 | <para role="optional">
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| 155 | <xref linkend="DocBook"/>,
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| 156 | <xref linkend="docbook-xsl"/>,
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| 157 | <xref linkend="libxslt"/>, and
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| 158 | <xref linkend="lxml"/> (to build the index of systemd manual pages)
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| 159 | </para>
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| 160 |
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| 161 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">
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| 162 | Editor Notes: <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/Logind"/>
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| 163 | </para>
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| 164 |
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| 165 | </sect2>
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| 166 |
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| 167 | <sect2 role="installation">
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| 168 | <title>Installation of systemd</title>
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| 169 |
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| 170 | <para>
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| 171 | Remove two unneeded groups,
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| 172 | <systemitem class="groupname">render</systemitem> and
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| 173 | <systemitem class="groupname">sgx</systemitem>, from the default udev
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| 174 | rules:
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| 175 | </para>
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| 176 |
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| 177 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i -e 's/GROUP="render"/GROUP="video"/' \
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| 178 | -e 's/GROUP="sgx", //' rules.d/50-udev-default.rules.in</userinput></screen>
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| 179 |
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| 180 | <para>
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| 181 | Now fix a security vulnerability in the DNSSEC verification of
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| 182 | <command>systemd-resolved</command> and a bug breaking running
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| 183 | <command>systemd-analyze verify</command> on an instantiated systemd
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| 184 | unit:
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| 185 | </para>
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| 186 |
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| 187 | <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../systemd-&systemd-version;-upstream_fixes-1.patch</userinput></screen>
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| 188 |
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| 189 | <para>
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| 190 | Rebuild <application>systemd</application> by running the
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| 191 | following commands:
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| 192 | </para>
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| 193 |
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| 194 | <screen><userinput>mkdir build &&
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| 195 | cd build &&
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| 196 |
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| 197 | meson setup .. \
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| 198 | --prefix=/usr \
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| 199 | --buildtype=release \
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| 200 | -Ddefault-dnssec=no \
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| 201 | -Dfirstboot=false \
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| 202 | -Dinstall-tests=false \
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| 203 | -Dldconfig=false \
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| 204 | -Dman=auto \
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| 205 | -Dsysusers=false \
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| 206 | -Drpmmacrosdir=no \
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| 207 | -Dhomed=disabled \
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| 208 | -Duserdb=false \
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| 209 | -Dmode=release \
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| 210 | -Dpam=enabled \
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| 211 | -Dpamconfdir=/etc/pam.d \
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| 212 | -Ddev-kvm-mode=0660 \
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| 213 | -Dnobody-group=nogroup \
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| 214 | -Dsysupdate=disabled \
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| 215 | -Dukify=disabled \
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| 216 | -Ddocdir=/usr/share/doc/systemd-&systemd-version; &&
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| 217 |
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| 218 | ninja</userinput></screen>
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| 219 | <!-- Regarding homed and userdb, see the note below in Command Explanations-->
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| 220 |
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| 221 | <note>
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| 222 | <para>
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| 223 | For the best test results, make sure you run the test suite from
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| 224 | a system that is booted by the same
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| 225 | <application>systemd</application> version you are rebuilding.
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| 226 | </para>
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| 227 | </note>
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| 228 |
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| 229 | <para>
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| 230 | To test the results, issue: <command>ninja test</command>.
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| 231 | <!-- test-netlink: https://github.com/systemd/systemd/issues/27969 -->
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| 232 | The test named <filename>test-stat-util</filename> and
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| 233 | <filename>test-netlink</filename> are known to fail
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| 234 | if some kernel features are not enabled.
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| 235 | If the test suite is ran as the &root; user, some
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| 236 | other tests may fail because they depend on various kernel
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| 237 | configuration options.
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| 238 | </para>
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| 239 |
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| 240 | <para>
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| 241 | Now, as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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| 242 | </para>
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| 243 |
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| 244 | <screen role="root"><userinput>ninja install</userinput></screen>
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| 245 |
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| 246 | </sect2>
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| 247 |
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| 248 | <sect2 role="commands">
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| 249 | <title>Command Explanations</title>
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| 250 |
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| 251 | <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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| 252 | href="../../xincludes/meson-buildtype-release.xml"/>
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| 253 |
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| 254 | <para>
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| 255 | <parameter>-Dpamconfdir=/etc/pam.d</parameter>: Forces the PAM files to
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| 256 | be installed in /etc/pam.d rather than /usr/lib/pam.d.
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| 257 | </para>
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| 258 |
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| 259 | <para>
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| 260 | <parameter>-Duserdb=false</parameter>: Removes a daemon that does not
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| 261 | offer any use under a BLFS configuration. If you wish to enable the
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| 262 | <application>userdbd</application> daemon, replace "false" with "true"
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| 263 | in the above meson command.
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| 264 | </para>
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| 265 |
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| 266 | <para>
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| 267 | <parameter>-Dhomed=disabled</parameter>: Removes a daemon that does not offer
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| 268 | any use under a traditional BLFS configuration, especially using accounts
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| 269 | created with useradd. To enable systemd-homed, first ensure that you have
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| 270 | <xref linkend="cryptsetup"/> and <xref linkend="libpwquality"/> installed,
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| 271 | and then change <quote>disabled</quote> to <quote>enabled</quote>
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| 272 | in the above <command>meson setup</command> command.
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| 273 | </para>
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| 274 |
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| 275 | <para>
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| 276 | <parameter>-Dukify=disabled</parameter>: Removes a script for
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| 277 | combining a kernel, an initramfs, and a kernel command line etc.
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| 278 | into an UEFI application which can be loaded by the UEFI firmware
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| 279 | to start the embedded Linux kernel. It's not needed for booting a
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| 280 | BLFS system with UEFI if following <xref linkend='grub-setup'/>.
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| 281 | And, it requires the <application>pefile</application> Python module
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| 282 | at runtime, so if it's enabled but <application>pefile</application>
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| 283 | is not installed, in the test suite one test for it will fail. To
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| 284 | enable <command>systemd-ukify</command>, install the
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| 285 | <application>pefile</application> module and then change
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| 286 | <quote>disabled</quote> to <quote>enabled</quote> in the above
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| 287 | <command>meson setup</command> command.
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| 288 | </para>
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| 289 |
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| 290 | <!-- EDITORS NOTE: Explanation on removing userdbd and homed:
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| 291 | In BLFS, we do not fully support disk encryption. We offer instructions for
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| 292 | building 'cryptsetup' as a dependency, but we do not offer instructions for
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| 293 | actually configuring it. In addition, we generally do not include
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| 294 | functionality that could potentially conflict with other packages, or that
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| 295 | is not of any use to us (in an enterprise configuration using Thin Clients
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| 296 | or laptops with LUKS encryption, it could make sense though, but that isn't
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| 297 | the configuration that we natively support).
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| 298 |
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| 299 | A few of the complications of systemd-homed include:
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| 300 | - SSH Logins
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| 301 | - Disk Space Assignments
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| 302 | - UID Assignments (chown() on login)
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| 303 | (See https://cfp.all-systems-go.io/media/homed-asg2019.pdf)
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| 304 |
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| 305 | In an article I read when systemd-homed was originally unveiled, I remember
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| 306 | reading about systemd-homed causing problems with OpenSSH Private Key Auth
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| 307 | because the user would have to login at the console in order to unlock
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| 308 | their home directory, thus allowing the private key to be unlocked and
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| 309 | processed by OpenSSH. Since BLFS does not fully support encrypted disks,
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| 310 | and because systemd-homed is incompatible with our usage of useradd /
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| 311 | traditional UNIX users and groups, I advise that we take the following
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| 312 | approach to avoid any confusion:
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| 313 |
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| 314 | - Leave the added Short Descriptions for homectl and userdbctl
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| 315 | - Add the above command explanations and restore the previous behavior
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| 316 |
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| 317 | Should we decide to enable homed by default anytime in the future,
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| 318 | let's move cryptsetup to recommended or required.
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| 319 |
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| 320 | I would be open to discussing this after the next systemd version when
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| 321 | systemd-homed has matured a bit more. -renodr -->
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| 322 |
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| 323 | </sect2>
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| 324 |
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| 325 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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| 326 | <title>Configuring systemd</title>
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| 327 |
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| 328 | <para>
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| 329 | The <filename>/etc/pam.d/system-session</filename> file needs to
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| 330 | be modified and a new file needs to be created in order for
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| 331 | <command>systemd-logind</command> to work correctly. Run the following
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| 332 | commands as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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| 333 | </para>
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| 334 |
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| 335 | <screen role="root"><userinput>grep 'pam_systemd' /etc/pam.d/system-session ||
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| 336 | cat >> /etc/pam.d/system-session << "EOF"
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| 337 | <literal># Begin Systemd addition
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| 338 |
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| 339 | session required pam_loginuid.so
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| 340 | session optional pam_systemd.so
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| 341 |
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| 342 | # End Systemd addition</literal>
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| 343 | EOF
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| 344 |
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| 345 | cat > /etc/pam.d/systemd-user << "EOF"
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| 346 | <literal># Begin /etc/pam.d/systemd-user
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| 347 |
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| 348 | account required pam_access.so
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| 349 | account include system-account
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| 350 |
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| 351 | session required pam_env.so
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| 352 | session required pam_limits.so
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| 353 | session required pam_loginuid.so
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| 354 | session optional pam_keyinit.so force revoke
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| 355 | session optional pam_systemd.so
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| 356 |
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| 357 | auth required pam_deny.so
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| 358 | password required pam_deny.so
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| 359 |
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| 360 | # End /etc/pam.d/systemd-user</literal>
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| 361 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 362 |
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| 363 | <!-- For some unknown reason if I don't do this, the per-user systemd
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| 364 | manager fails to start with "Trying to run as user instance,
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| 365 | but $XDG_RUNTIME_DIR is not set." This command is enough to
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| 366 | fix the issue, and it also seems logical to start using the newly
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| 367 | rebuilt systemd right away (like "exec bash -‐login" in LFS),
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| 368 | so just add it. -->
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| 369 | <para>
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| 370 | As the &root; user, replace the running <command>systemd</command>
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| 371 | manager (the <command>init</command> process) with the
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| 372 | <command>systemd</command> executable newly built and installed:
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| 373 | </para>
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| 374 |
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| 375 | <screen role='root'><userinput>systemctl daemon-reexec</userinput></screen>
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| 376 |
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| 377 | <important>
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| 378 | <para>
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| 379 | Now ensure <xref linkend='shadow'/> has been already rebuilt with
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| 380 | <xref linkend='linux-pam'/> support first, then logout, and login
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| 381 | again. This ensures the running login session registered with
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| 382 | <command>systemd-logind</command> and a per-user systemd instance
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| 383 | running for each user owning a login session. Many BLFS packages
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| 384 | listing Systemd as a dependency needs the
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| 385 | <command>systemd-logind</command> integration and/or a running
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| 386 | per-user systemd instance.
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| 387 | </para>
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| 388 | </important>
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| 389 |
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| 390 | <warning>
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| 391 | <para>
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| 392 | If upgrading from a previous version of systemd and an
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| 393 | initrd is used for system boot, you should generate a new initrd before
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| 394 | rebooting the system.
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| 395 | </para>
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| 396 | </warning>
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| 397 |
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| 398 | </sect2>
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| 399 |
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| 400 | <sect2 role="content">
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| 401 | <title>Contents</title>
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| 402 |
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| 403 | <para>
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|---|
| 404 | A list of the installed files, along with their short
|
|---|
| 405 | descriptions can be found at
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| 406 | <ulink url="&lfs-root;/chapter08/systemd.html#contents-systemd"/>.
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| 407 | </para>
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| 408 |
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| 409 | <para>
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|---|
| 410 | Listed below are the newly installed programs
|
|---|
| 411 | along with short descriptions.
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|---|
| 412 | </para>
|
|---|
| 413 |
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| 414 | <segmentedlist>
|
|---|
| 415 | <segtitle>Installed Programs</segtitle>
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| 416 |
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| 417 | <seglistitem>
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|---|
| 418 | <seg>
|
|---|
| 419 | <!-- maybe userdbd/userdbctl can go in LFS, try at next time -->
|
|---|
| 420 | homectl (optional),
|
|---|
| 421 | systemd-cryptenroll (if <xref linkend="cryptsetup"/> is installed),
|
|---|
| 422 | and userdbctl (optional)
|
|---|
| 423 | </seg>
|
|---|
| 424 | </seglistitem>
|
|---|
| 425 | </segmentedlist>
|
|---|
| 426 |
|
|---|
| 427 | <variablelist>
|
|---|
| 428 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
|
|---|
| 429 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
|
|---|
| 430 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
|---|
| 431 |
|
|---|
| 432 | <varlistentry id="homectl">
|
|---|
| 433 | <term><command>homectl</command></term>
|
|---|
| 434 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 435 | <para>
|
|---|
| 436 | is a tool to create, remove, change, or inspect a home directory
|
|---|
| 437 | managed by <command>systemd-homed</command>; note that it's
|
|---|
| 438 | useless for the classic UNIX users and home directories which
|
|---|
| 439 | we are using in LFS/BLFS book
|
|---|
| 440 | </para>
|
|---|
| 441 | <indexterm zone="systemd homectl">
|
|---|
| 442 | <primary sortas="b-homectl">homectl</primary>
|
|---|
| 443 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 444 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 445 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 446 |
|
|---|
| 447 | <varlistentry id="systemd-cryptenroll">
|
|---|
| 448 | <term><command>systemd-cryptenroll</command></term>
|
|---|
| 449 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 450 | <para>
|
|---|
| 451 | Is used to enroll or remove a system from full disk encryption,
|
|---|
| 452 | as well as set and query private keys and recovery keys
|
|---|
| 453 | </para>
|
|---|
| 454 | <indexterm zone="systemd systemd-cryptenroll">
|
|---|
| 455 | <primary sortas="b-systemd-cryptenroll">systemd-cryptenroll</primary>
|
|---|
| 456 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 457 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 458 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 459 |
|
|---|
| 460 | <varlistentry id="userdbctl">
|
|---|
| 461 | <term><command>userdbctl</command></term>
|
|---|
| 462 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 463 | <para>
|
|---|
| 464 | inspects users, groups, and group memberships
|
|---|
| 465 | </para>
|
|---|
| 466 | <indexterm zone="systemd userdbctl">
|
|---|
| 467 | <primary sortas="b-userdbctl">userdbctl</primary>
|
|---|
| 468 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 469 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 470 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 471 |
|
|---|
| 472 | <varlistentry id="pam_systemd">
|
|---|
| 473 | <term><filename class="libraryfile">pam_systemd.so</filename></term>
|
|---|
| 474 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 475 | <para>
|
|---|
| 476 | is a PAM module used to register user sessions with the
|
|---|
| 477 | <application>systemd</application> login manager,
|
|---|
| 478 | <command>systemd-logind</command>
|
|---|
| 479 | </para>
|
|---|
| 480 | <indexterm zone="systemd pam_systemd">
|
|---|
| 481 | <primary sortas="c-pam_systemd">pam_systemd.so</primary>
|
|---|
| 482 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 483 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 484 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 485 |
|
|---|
| 486 | </variablelist>
|
|---|
| 487 |
|
|---|
| 488 | </sect2>
|
|---|
| 489 |
|
|---|
| 490 | </sect1>
|
|---|
