1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | <!ENTITY gitgid "58">
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7 | <!ENTITY gituid "58">
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8 | ]>
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9 |
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10 | <sect1 id="gitserver" xreflabel="Running a Git Server">
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11 | <?dbhtml filename="gitserver.html"?>
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12 |
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13 |
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14 | <title>Running a Git Server</title>
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15 |
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16 | <sect2 role="package">
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17 | <title>Introduction</title>
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18 |
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19 | <para>
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20 | This section will describe how to set up, administer and secure a
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21 | <application>git</application> server. <application>Git</application>
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22 | has many options available. For more detailed documentation see
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23 | <ulink url="https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2"/>.
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24 | </para>
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25 |
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26 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Server Dependencies</bridgehead>
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27 |
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28 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Required</bridgehead>
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29 | <para role="required">
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30 | <xref linkend="git"/> and
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31 | <xref linkend="openssh"/>
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32 | </para>
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33 |
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34 | </sect2>
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35 |
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36 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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37 | <title>Setting up a Git Server</title>
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38 |
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39 | <para>
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40 | The following instructions will install a
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41 | <application>git</application> server. It will be set
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42 | up to use <application>OpenSSH</application> as the secure
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43 | remote access method.
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44 | </para>
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45 |
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46 | <para>
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47 | Configuration of the server consists of the following steps:
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48 | </para>
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49 |
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50 | <sect3>
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51 | <title>1. Set Up Users, Groups, and Permissions</title>
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52 |
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53 | <para>
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54 | You will need to be user <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem>
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55 | for the initial portion of configuration. Create the <systemitem
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56 | class="username">git</systemitem> user and group and set and unusable
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57 | password hash with the following commands:
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58 | </para>
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59 |
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60 | <screen role="root"><userinput>groupadd -g &gitgid; git &&
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61 | useradd -c "git Owner" -d /home/git -m -g git -s /usr/bin/git-shell -u &gituid; git &&
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62 | sed -i '/^git:/s/^git:[^:]:/git:NP:/' /etc/shadow</userinput></screen>
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63 |
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64 | <para>
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65 | Putting in an unusable password hash (replacing the <literal>!</literal>
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66 | by <literal>NP</literal>) unlocks the account but it cannot be used
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67 | to login via password authentication. That is required by
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68 | <application>sshd</application> to work properly.
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69 | Next, create some files and directories in the home directory of the git user
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70 | allowing access to the git repository using ssh keys.
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71 | </para>
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72 |
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73 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -o git -g git -dm0700 /home/git/.ssh &&
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74 | install -o git -g git -m0600 /dev/null /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys</userinput></screen>
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75 |
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76 | <para>
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77 | For any developer who should have access to the repository
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78 | add his/her public ssh key to <filename>/home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys</filename>.
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79 | First, prepend some options to prevent users from using the
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80 | connection to git for port forwarding to other machines
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81 | the git server might reach.
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82 | </para>
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83 |
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84 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>echo -n "no-port-forwarding,no-X11-forwarding,no-agent-forwarding,no-pty " >> /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys &&
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85 | cat <user-ssh-key> >> /home/git/.ssh/authorized_keys</userinput></screen>
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86 |
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87 | <para>
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88 | It is also useful to set the default name of the initial branch
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89 | of new repositories by modifying the git configuration. As the
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90 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user, run:
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91 | </para>
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92 |
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93 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>git config --system init.defaultBranch trunk</userinput></screen>
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94 |
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95 | <para>
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96 | Finally add the <filename>/usr/bin/git-shell</filename> entry to
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97 | the <filename>/etc/shells</filename> configuration file. This shell
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98 | has been set in the <systemitem class='username'>git</systemitem>
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99 | user profile and is to make sure that only git related actions
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100 | can be executed:
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101 | </para>
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102 |
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103 | <screen role="root"><userinput>echo "/usr/bin/git-shell" >> /etc/shells</userinput></screen>
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104 |
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105 | </sect3>
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106 |
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107 | <sect3>
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108 | <title>2. Create a git repository</title>
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109 |
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110 | <para>
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111 | The repository can be anywhere on the filesystem. It is
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112 | important that the git user has read/write access to that
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113 | location. We use <filename class="directory">/srv/git</filename>
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114 | as base directory. Create a new <application>git</application>
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115 | repository with the following commands (as the
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116 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user):
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117 | </para>
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118 |
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119 | <note>
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120 | <para>
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121 | In all the instructions below, we use <emphasis>project1</emphasis>
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122 | as an example repository name. You should name your repository
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123 | as a short descriptive name for your specific project.
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124 | </para>
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125 | </note>
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126 |
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127 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -o git -g git -m755 -d /srv/git/project1.git &&
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128 | cd /srv/git/project1.git &&
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129 | git init --bare &&
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130 | chown -R git:git .</userinput></screen>
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131 |
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132 | </sect3>
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133 |
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134 | <sect3>
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135 | <title>3. Populate the repository from a client system</title>
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136 |
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137 | <note>
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138 | <para>
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139 | All the instructions in this section and the next should
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140 | be done on a user system, not the server system.
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141 | </para>
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142 | </note>
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143 |
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144 | <para>
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145 | Now that the repository is created, it can be used by the
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146 | developers to put some files into it. Once the ssh key of
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147 | the user is imported to git's <filename>authorized_keys</filename>
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148 | file, the user can interact with the repository.
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149 | </para>
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150 |
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151 | <para>
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152 | A minimal configuration should be available on the developer's
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153 | system specifying its user name and the email address.
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154 | Create this minimal config file on client side:
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155 | </para>
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156 |
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157 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat > ~/.gitconfig <<EOF
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158 | [user]
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159 | name = <users-name>
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160 | email = <users-email-address>
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161 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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162 |
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163 | <para>
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164 | On the developer's machine, set up some files to be pushed
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165 | to the repository as the initial content:
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166 | </para>
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167 |
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168 | <note>
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169 | <para>
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170 | The <emphasis>gitserver</emphasis> term used below
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171 | should be the host name (or ip address) of the git server.
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172 | </para>
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173 | </note>
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174 |
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175 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>mkdir myproject
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176 | cd myproject
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177 | git init --initial-branch=trunk
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178 | git remote add origin git@gitserver:/srv/git/project1.git
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179 | cat >README <<EOF
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180 | This is the README file
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181 | EOF
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182 | git add README
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183 | git commit -m 'Initial creation of README'
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184 | git push --set-upstream origin trunk</userinput></screen>
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185 |
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186 | <para>The initial content is now pushed to the server and
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187 | is available for other users. On the current machine, the
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188 | argument <literal>--set-upstream origin trunk</literal> is
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189 | now no longer required as the local repository is now
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190 | connected to the remote repository. Subsequent pushes
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191 | can be performed as
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192 | </para>
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193 |
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194 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>git push</userinput></screen>
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195 |
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196 | <para>
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197 | Other developers can now clone the repository and do
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198 | modifications to the content (as long as their ssh keys
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199 | has been installed):
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200 | </para>
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201 |
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202 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>git clone git@gitserver:/srv/git/project1.git
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203 | cd project1
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204 | vi README
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205 | git commit -am 'Fix for README file'
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206 | git push</userinput></screen>
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207 |
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208 | <note>
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209 | <para>
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210 | This is a very basic server setup based on
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211 | <application>OpenSSH</application> access. All developers are using
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212 | the <systemitem class="username">git</systemitem> user to perform
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213 | actions on the repository and the changes users are committing can be
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214 | distinguished as the local user name (see
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215 | <filename>~/.gitconfig</filename>) is recorded in the
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216 | changesets.
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217 | </para>
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218 | </note>
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219 |
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220 | <para>
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221 | Access is restricted by the public keys added to git's
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222 | <filename>authorized_keys</filename> file and there is no
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223 | option for the public to export/clone the repository. To
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224 | enable this, continue with step 4 to set up the git server
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225 | for public read-only access.
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226 | </para>
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227 |
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228 | <para>
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229 | In the URL used to clone the project, the absolute path (here
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230 | <filename>/srv/git/project1.git</filename>) has to be specified
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231 | as the repository is not in git's home directory but in
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232 | <filename class="directory">/srv/git</filename>. To get rid of the
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233 | need to expose the structure of the server installation, a symlink
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234 | can be added in git's home directory for each project like this:
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235 | </para>
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236 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>ln -svf /srv/git/project1.git /home/git/</userinput></screen>
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237 |
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238 | <para>
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239 | Now, the repository can be cloned using
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240 | </para>
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241 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>git clone git@gitserver:project1.git</userinput></screen>
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242 |
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243 | </sect3>
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244 |
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245 | <sect3 id="gitserver-init">
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246 | <title>4. Configure the Server</title>
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247 |
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248 | <para>
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249 | The setup described above makes a repository available for
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250 | authenticated users (via providing the ssh public key file).
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251 | There is also a simple way to publish the
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252 | repository to unauthenticated users — of course without write
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253 | access.
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254 | </para>
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255 |
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256 | <para>
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257 | The combination of access via ssh (for authenticated users) and
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258 | the export of repositories to unauthenticated users via the
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259 | daemon is in most cases enough for a development site.
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260 | </para>
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261 |
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262 | <note>
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263 | <para>
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264 | The daemon will be reachable at port <literal>9418</literal>
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265 | by default. Make sure that your firewall setup allows
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266 | access to that port.
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267 | </para>
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268 | </note>
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269 |
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270 | <para revision="sysv">
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271 | To start the server at boot time, install the git-daemon
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272 | bootscript included in the <xref linkend="bootscripts"/> package:
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273 | </para>
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274 |
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275 | <indexterm zone="gitserver gitserver-init" revision="sysv">
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276 | <primary sortas="f-git">git</primary>
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277 | </indexterm>
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278 |
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279 | <screen role="root" revision="sysv"><userinput>make install-git-daemon</userinput></screen>
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280 |
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281 | <para revision="systemd">
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282 | To start the server at boot time, install the
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283 | <filename>git-daemon.service</filename> unit from the
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284 | <xref linkend="systemd-units"/> package:
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285 | </para>
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286 |
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287 | <indexterm zone="gitserver gitserver-init" revision="systemd">
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288 | <primary sortas="f-gitserve">gitserve</primary>
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289 | </indexterm>
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290 |
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291 | <screen role="root" revision="systemd"><userinput>make install-git-daemon</userinput></screen>
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292 |
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293 | <para>
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294 | In order to allow <application>git</application> to export a
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295 | repository, a file named <filename>git-daemon-export-ok</filename>
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296 | is required in each repository directory on the server. The
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297 | file needs no content, just its existence enables, its absence
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298 | disables the export of that repository.
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299 | </para>
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300 |
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301 | <screen role="root"><userinput>touch /srv/git/project1.git/git-daemon-export-ok</userinput></screen>
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302 |
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303 | <para revision="sysv">
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304 | The script to start the git daemon uses some default values
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305 | internally. Most important is the path to the repository
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306 | directory which is set to <filename class="directory">/srv/git</filename>.
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307 | In case you have for whatever reason created the repository in a
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308 | different location, you'll need to tell the boot script where the
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309 | repository is to be found. This can be achieved by creating a
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310 | configuration file named <filename>/etc/sysconfig/git-daemon</filename>.
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311 | This configuration file will be imported if it exists, meaning it is
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312 | optional. The file can look like:</para>
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313 | <screen revision="sysv">
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314 | # Begin /etc/sysconfig/git-daemon
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315 |
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316 | # Specify the location of the git repository
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317 | GIT_BASE_DIR="/srv/git/"
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318 |
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319 | # Directories added to whitelist
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320 | DFT_REPO_DIR="$GIT_BASE_DIR"
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321 |
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322 | # Add extra options which will appended to the 'git daemon'
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323 | # command executed in the boot script
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324 | GIT_DAEMON_OPTS=""
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325 |
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326 | # End /etc/sysconfig/git-daemon
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327 | </screen>
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328 | <para revision="systemd">
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329 | Along with the <filename>git-daemon.service</filename> unit, a
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330 | configuration file named <filename>/etc/default/git-daemon</filename>
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331 | has been installed. Review this configuration file to match your
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332 | needs.
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333 | </para>
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334 |
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335 | <para>
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336 | There are only three options to set in the configuration file:
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337 | <itemizedlist>
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338 | <listitem>
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339 | <para>
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340 | GIT_BASE_DIR=<dirname>
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341 | </para>
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342 | <para>Specify the location of the git repositories.
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343 | Relative paths used when accessing the daemon will
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344 | translated relative to this directory.
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345 | </para>
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346 | </listitem>
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347 | <listitem>
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348 | <para>
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349 | DFT_REPO_DIR=<dirname>
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350 | </para>
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351 | <para>This directory is added to the white list of allowed
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352 | directories. This variable can hold multiple directory
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353 | names but is usually set equal to <literal>GIT_BASE_DIR</literal>.
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354 | </para>
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355 | </listitem>
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356 | <listitem>
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357 | <para>
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358 | GIT_DAEMON_OPTS=<options>
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359 | </para>
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360 | <para>
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361 | In case special options to the <command>git daemon</command>
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362 | command are needed, they have to be specified in this setting.
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363 | One example might be to adjust the port number where daemon is
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364 | listening. In this case, add <literal>--port=<port
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365 | number></literal> to this variable. For more information
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366 | about which options can be set, take a look at the output of
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367 | <command>git daemon --help</command>.
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368 | </para>
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369 | </listitem>
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370 | </itemizedlist>
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371 | </para>
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372 |
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373 | <para>
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374 | After starting the daemon, unauthenticated users can clone exported
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375 | repositories by using
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376 | </para>
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377 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>git clone git://gitserver/project1.git</userinput></screen>
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378 |
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379 | <para>
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380 | As the base directory is <filename class="directory">/srv/git</filename>
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381 | by default (or set to a custom value in the configuration),
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382 | <application>git</application> interprets the incoming path
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383 | (/project1.git) relative to that base directory so that the repository
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384 | in <filename class="directory">/srv/git/project1.git</filename> is
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385 | served.
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386 | </para>
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387 |
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388 | </sect3>
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389 |
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390 | </sect2>
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391 |
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392 | </sect1>
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