[1080241] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[6732c094] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[1080241] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="unpacking">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="unpacking.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <sect1info>
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| 12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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| 13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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| 14 | </sect1info>
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| 15 |
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| 16 | <title>Notes on Building Software</title>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <para>Those people who have built an LFS system may be aware
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[ec64d28] | 19 | of the general principles of downloading and unpacking software. Some
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| 20 | of that information is repeated here for those new to building
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[1080241] | 21 | their own software.</para>
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| 22 |
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| 23 | <para>Each set of installation instructions contains a URL from which you
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[ec64d28] | 24 | can download the package. The patches; however, are stored on the LFS
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| 25 | servers and are available via HTTP. These are referenced as needed in the
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| 26 | installation instructions.</para>
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[1080241] | 27 |
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| 28 | <para>While you can keep the source files anywhere you like, we assume that
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| 29 | you have unpacked the package and changed into the directory created by the
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| 30 | unpacking process (the 'build' directory). We also assume you have
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| 31 | uncompressed any required patches and they are in the directory immediately
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| 32 | above the 'build' directory.</para>
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| 33 |
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| 34 | <para>We can not emphasize strongly enough that you should start from a
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| 35 | <emphasis>clean source tree</emphasis> each time. This means that if
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| 36 | you have had an error during configuration or compilation, it's usually
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| 37 | best to delete the source tree and
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| 38 | re-unpack it <emphasis>before</emphasis> trying again. This obviously
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| 39 | doesn't apply if you're an advanced user used to hacking
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| 40 | <filename>Makefile</filename>s and C code, but if in doubt, start from a
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| 41 | clean tree.</para>
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| 42 |
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| 43 | <sect2>
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| 44 | <title>Building Software as an Unprivileged (non-root) User</title>
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| 45 |
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| 46 | <para>The golden rule of Unix System Administration is to use your
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| 47 | superpowers only when necessary. Hence, BLFS recommends that you
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| 48 | build software as an unprivileged user and only become the
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| 49 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user when installing the
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| 50 | software. This philosophy is followed in all the packages in this book.
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| 51 | Unless otherwise specified, all instructions should be executed as an
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| 52 | unprivileged user. The book will advise you on instructions that need
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| 53 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> privileges.</para>
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| 54 |
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| 55 | </sect2>
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| 56 |
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| 57 | <sect2>
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| 58 | <title>Unpacking the Software</title>
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| 59 |
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| 60 | <para>If a file is in <filename class='extension'>.tar</filename> format
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| 61 | and compressed, it is unpacked by running one of the following
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| 62 | commands:</para>
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| 63 |
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| 64 | <screen><userinput>tar -xvf filename.tar.gz
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| 65 | tar -xvf filename.tgz
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| 66 | tar -xvf filename.tar.Z
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| 67 | tar -xvf filename.tar.bz2</userinput></screen>
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| 68 |
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| 69 | <note>
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| 70 | <para>You may omit using the <option>v</option> parameter in the commands
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| 71 | shown above and below if you wish to suppress the verbose listing of all
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| 72 | the files in the archive as they are extracted. This can help speed up the
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| 73 | extraction as well as make any errors produced during the extraction
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| 74 | more obvious to you.</para>
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| 75 | </note>
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| 76 |
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| 77 | <para>You can also use a slightly different method:</para>
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| 78 |
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| 79 | <screen><userinput>bzcat filename.tar.bz2 | tar -xv</userinput></screen>
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| 80 |
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| 81 | <para>Finally, you sometimes need to be able to unpack patches which are
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| 82 | generally not in <filename class='extension'>.tar</filename> format. The
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[4d3e5f1] | 83 | best way to do this is to copy the patch file to the parent of the 'build'
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[1080241] | 84 | directory and then run one of the following commands depending on whether
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| 85 | the file is a <filename class='extension'>.gz</filename> or <filename
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| 86 | class='extension'>.bz2</filename> file:</para>
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| 87 |
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| 88 | <screen><userinput>gunzip -v patchname.gz
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| 89 | bunzip2 -v patchname.bz2</userinput></screen>
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| 90 |
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| 91 | </sect2>
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| 92 |
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| 93 | <sect2>
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| 94 | <title>Verifying File Integrity Using 'md5sum'</title>
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| 95 |
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| 96 | <para>Generally, to verify that the downloaded file is genuine and complete,
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| 97 | many package maintainers also distribute md5sums of the files. To verify the
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| 98 | md5sum of the downloaded files, download both the file and the
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| 99 | corresponding md5sum file to the same directory (preferably from different
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| 100 | on-line locations), and (assuming <filename>file.md5sum</filename> is the
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| 101 | md5sum file downloaded) run the following command:</para>
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| 102 |
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| 103 | <screen><userinput>md5sum -c file.md5sum</userinput></screen>
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| 104 |
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| 105 | <para>If there are any errors, they will be reported. Note that the BLFS
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| 106 | book includes md5sums for all the source files also. To use the BLFS
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| 107 | supplied md5sums, you can create a <filename>file.md5sum</filename> (place
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| 108 | the md5sum data and the exact name of the downloaded file on the same
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| 109 | line of a file, separated by white space) and run the command shown above.
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| 110 | Alternately, simply run the command shown below and compare the output
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| 111 | to the md5sum data shown in the BLFS book.</para>
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| 112 |
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[57b11363] | 113 | <screen><userinput>md5sum <replaceable><name_of_downloaded_file></replaceable></userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 114 |
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| 115 | </sect2>
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| 116 |
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| 117 | <sect2>
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| 118 | <title>Creating Log Files During Installation</title>
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| 119 |
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| 120 | <para>For larger packages, it is convenient to create log files instead of
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| 121 | staring at the screen hoping to catch a particular error or warning. Log
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| 122 | files are also useful for debugging and keeping records. The following
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| 123 | command allows you to create an installation log. Replace
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[57b11363] | 124 | <replaceable><command></replaceable> with the command you intend to execute.</para>
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[1080241] | 125 |
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[57b11363] | 126 | <screen><userinput>( <replaceable><command></replaceable> 2>&1 | tee compile.log && exit $PIPESTATUS )</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 127 |
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| 128 | <para><option>2>&1</option> redirects error messages to the same
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| 129 | location as standard output. The <command>tee</command> command allows
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| 130 | viewing of the output while logging the results to a file. The parentheses
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| 131 | around the command run the entire command in a subshell and finally the
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| 132 | <command>exit $PIPESTATUS</command> command ensures the result of the
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[57b11363] | 133 | <replaceable><command></replaceable> is returned as the result and not the
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[1080241] | 134 | result of the <command>tee</command> command.</para>
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| 135 |
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| 136 | </sect2>
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| 137 |
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| 138 | <sect2 id="automating-builds" xreflabel="Automated Building Procedures">
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| 139 | <title>Automated Building Procedures</title>
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| 140 |
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| 141 | <para>There are times when automating the building of a package can come in
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| 142 | handy. Everyone has their own reasons for wanting to automate building,
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| 143 | and everyone goes about it in their own way. Creating
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| 144 | <filename>Makefile</filename>s, <application>Bash</application> scripts,
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| 145 | <application>Perl</application> scripts or simply a list of commands used
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| 146 | to cut and paste are just some of the methods you can use to automate
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| 147 | building BLFS packages. Detailing how and providing examples of the many
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| 148 | ways you can automate the building of packages is beyond the scope of this
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| 149 | section. This section will expose you to using file redirection and the
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| 150 | <command>yes</command> command to help provide ideas on how to automate
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| 151 | your builds.</para>
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| 152 |
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| 153 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">File Redirection to Automate Input</bridgehead>
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| 154 |
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| 155 | <para>You will find times throughout your BLFS journey when you will come
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| 156 | across a package that has a command prompting you for information. This
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| 157 | information might be configuration details, a directory path, or a response
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| 158 | to a license agreement. This can present a challenge to automate the
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| 159 | building of that package. Occasionally, you will be prompted for different
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| 160 | information in a series of questions. One method to automate this type of
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| 161 | scenario requires putting the desired responses in a file and using
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| 162 | redirection so that the program uses the data in the file as the answers to
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| 163 | the questions.</para>
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| 164 |
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| 165 | <para>Building the <application>CUPS</application> package is a good
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| 166 | example of how redirecting a file as input to prompts can help you automate
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| 167 | the build. If you run the test suite, you are asked to respond to a series
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| 168 | of questions regarding the type of test to run and if you have any
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| 169 | auxiliary programs the test can use. You can create a file with your
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| 170 | responses, one response per line, and use a command similar to the
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| 171 | one shown below to automate running the test suite:</para>
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| 172 |
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| 173 | <screen><userinput>make check < ../cups-1.1.23-testsuite_parms</userinput></screen>
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| 174 |
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| 175 | <para>This effectively makes the test suite use the responses in the file
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[4677cbc] | 176 | as the input to the questions. Occasionally you may end up doing a bit of
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| 177 | trial and error determining the exact format of your input file for some
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| 178 | things, but once figured out and documented you can use this to automate
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| 179 | building the package.</para>
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[1080241] | 180 |
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| 181 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Using <command>yes</command> to Automate
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| 182 | Input</bridgehead>
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| 183 |
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| 184 | <para>Sometimes you will only need to provide one response, or provide the
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| 185 | same response to many prompts. For these instances, the
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| 186 | <command>yes</command> command works really well. The
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| 187 | <command>yes</command> command can be used to provide a response (the same
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| 188 | one) to one or more instances of questions. It can be used to simulate
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| 189 | pressing just the <keycap>Enter</keycap> key, entering the
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| 190 | <keycap>Y</keycap> key or entering a string of text. Perhaps the easiest
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| 191 | way to show its use is in an example.</para>
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| 192 |
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| 193 | <para>First, create a short <application>Bash</application> script by
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| 194 | entering the following commands:</para>
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| 195 |
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[4677cbc] | 196 | <screen><userinput>cat > blfs-yes-test1 << "EOF"
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[1080241] | 197 | <literal>#!/bin/bash
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| 198 |
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[4677cbc] | 199 | echo -n -e "\n\nPlease type something (or nothing) and press Enter ---> "
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[1080241] | 200 |
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| 201 | read A_STRING
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| 202 |
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| 203 | if test "$A_STRING" = ""; then A_STRING="Just the Enter key was pressed"
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| 204 | else A_STRING="You entered '$A_STRING'"
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| 205 | fi
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| 206 |
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[4677cbc] | 207 | echo -e "\n\n$A_STRING\n\n"</literal>
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[1080241] | 208 | EOF
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[4677cbc] | 209 | chmod 755 blfs-yes-test1</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 210 |
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[4677cbc] | 211 | <para>Now run the script by issuing <command>./blfs-yes-test1</command> from
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[1080241] | 212 | the command line. It will wait for a response, which can be anything (or
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| 213 | nothing) followed by the <keycap>Enter</keycap> key. After entering
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| 214 | something, the result will be echoed to the screen. Now use the
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| 215 | <command>yes</command> command to automate the entering of a
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| 216 | response:</para>
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| 217 |
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[4677cbc] | 218 | <screen><userinput>yes | ./blfs-yes-test1</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 219 |
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| 220 | <para>Notice that piping <command>yes</command> by itself to the script
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| 221 | results in <keycap>y</keycap> being passed to the script. Now try it with a
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| 222 | string of text:</para>
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| 223 |
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[4677cbc] | 224 | <screen><userinput>yes 'This is some text' | ./blfs-yes-test1</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 225 |
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| 226 | <para>The exact string was used as the response to the script. Finally,
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| 227 | try it using an empty (null) string:</para>
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| 228 |
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[4677cbc] | 229 | <screen><userinput>yes '' | ./blfs-yes-test1</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 230 |
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| 231 | <para>Notice this results in passing just the press of the
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| 232 | <keycap>Enter</keycap> key to the script. This is useful for times when the
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| 233 | default answer to the prompt is sufficient. This syntax is used in the
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| 234 | <xref linkend="net-tools-automate-example"/> instructions to accept all the
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| 235 | defaults to the many prompts during the configuration step. You may now
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| 236 | remove the test script, if desired.</para>
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| 237 |
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| 238 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">File Redirection to Automate Output</bridgehead>
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| 239 |
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| 240 | <para>In order to automate the building of some packages, especially those
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| 241 | that require you to read a license agreement one page at a time, requires
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[6473e74] | 242 | using a method that avoids having to press a key to display each page.
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[1080241] | 243 | Redirecting the output to a file can be used in these instances to assist
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| 244 | with the automation. The previous section on this page touched on creating
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| 245 | log files of the build output. The redirection method shown there used the
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| 246 | <command>tee</command> command to redirect output to a file while also
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| 247 | displaying the output to the screen. Here, the output will only be sent to
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| 248 | a file.</para>
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| 249 |
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| 250 | <para>Again, the easiest way to demonstrate the technique is to show an
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| 251 | example. First, issue the command:</para>
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| 252 |
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| 253 | <screen><userinput>ls -l /usr/bin | more</userinput></screen>
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| 254 |
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| 255 | <para>Of course, you'll be required to view the output one page at a time
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| 256 | because the <command>more</command> filter was used. Now try the same
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| 257 | command, but this time redirect the output to a file. The special file
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| 258 | <filename>/dev/null</filename> can be used instead of the filename shown,
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| 259 | but you will have no log file to examine:</para>
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| 260 |
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| 261 | <screen><userinput>ls -l /usr/bin | more > redirect_test.log 2>&1</userinput></screen>
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| 262 |
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| 263 | <para>Notice that this time the command immediately returned to the shell
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[4677cbc] | 264 | prompt without having to page through the output. You may now remove the
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| 265 | log file.</para>
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| 266 |
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| 267 | <para>The last example will use the <command>yes</command> command in
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| 268 | combination with output redirection to bypass having to page through the
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| 269 | output and then provide a <keycap>y</keycap> to a prompt. This technique
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| 270 | could be used in instances when otherwise you would have to page through
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| 271 | the output of a file (such as a license agreement) and then answer the
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| 272 | question of <quote>do you accept the above?</quote>. For this example,
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| 273 | another short <application>Bash</application> script is required:</para>
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| 274 |
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| 275 | <screen><userinput>cat > blfs-yes-test2 << "EOF"
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[1080241] | 276 | <literal>#!/bin/bash
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| 277 |
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| 278 | ls -l /usr/bin | more
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| 279 |
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[4677cbc] | 280 | echo -n -e "\n\nDid you enjoy reading this? (y,n) "
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[1080241] | 281 |
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| 282 | read A_STRING
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| 283 |
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| 284 | if test "$A_STRING" = "y"; then A_STRING="You entered the 'y' key"
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| 285 | else A_STRING="You did NOT enter the 'y' key"
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| 286 | fi
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| 287 |
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[4677cbc] | 288 | echo -e "\n\n$A_STRING\n\n"</literal>
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[1080241] | 289 | EOF
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[4677cbc] | 290 | chmod 755 blfs-yes-test2</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 291 |
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| 292 | <para>This script can be used to simulate a program that requires you to
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| 293 | read a license agreement, then respond appropriately to accept the
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| 294 | agreement before the program will install anything. First, run the script
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| 295 | without any automation techniques by issuing
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[4677cbc] | 296 | <command>./blfs-yes-test2</command>.</para>
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[1080241] | 297 |
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| 298 | <para>Now issue the following command which uses two automation techniques,
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| 299 | making it suitable for use in an automated build script:</para>
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| 300 |
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[4677cbc] | 301 | <screen><userinput>yes | ./blfs-yes-test2 > blfs-yes-test2.log 2>&1</userinput></screen>
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[1080241] | 302 |
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[4677cbc] | 303 | <para>If desired, issue <command>tail blfs-yes-test2.log</command> to see
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[1080241] | 304 | the end of the paged output, and confirmation that <keycap>y</keycap> was
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| 305 | passed through to the script. Once satisfied that it works as it should,
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| 306 | you may remove the script and log file.</para>
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| 307 |
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| 308 | <para>Finally, keep in mind that there are many ways to automate and/or
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| 309 | script the build commands. There is not a single <quote>correct</quote> way
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| 310 | to do it. Your imagination is the only limit.</para>
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| 311 |
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| 312 | </sect2>
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| 313 |
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| 314 | <sect2>
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| 315 | <title>Dependencies</title>
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| 316 |
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| 317 | <para>For each package described, BLFS lists the known dependencies.
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| 318 | These are listed under several headings, whose meaning is as follows:</para>
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| 319 |
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| 320 | <itemizedlist>
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| 321 | <listitem>
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| 322 | <para><emphasis>Required</emphasis> means that the target package
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| 323 | cannot be correctly built without the dependency having first been
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| 324 | installed.</para>
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| 325 | </listitem>
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| 326 | <listitem>
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| 327 | <para><emphasis>Recommended</emphasis> means that BLFS strongly
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| 328 | suggests this package is installed first for a clean and trouble-free
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| 329 | build, that won't have issues either during the build process, or at
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| 330 | run-time.</para>
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| 331 | </listitem>
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| 332 | <listitem>
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| 333 | <para><emphasis>Optional</emphasis> means that this package might be
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| 334 | installed for added functionality. Often BLFS will describe the
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| 335 | dependency to explain the added functionality that will result.</para>
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| 336 | </listitem>
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| 337 | </itemizedlist>
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| 338 |
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| 339 | </sect2>
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| 340 |
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[5d28d0d4] | 341 | <sect2 id="package_updates">
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| 342 | <title>Using the Most Current Package Sources</title>
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| 343 |
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| 344 | <para>On occasion you may run into a situation in the book when a package
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| 345 | will not build or work properly. Though the Editors attempt to ensure
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| 346 | that every package in the book builds and works properly, sometimes a
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| 347 | package has been overlooked or was not tested with this particular version
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| 348 | of BLFS.</para>
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| 349 |
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| 350 | <para>If you discover that a package will not build or work properly, you
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| 351 | should see if there is a more current version of the package. Typically
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| 352 | this means you go to the maintainer's web site and download the most current
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| 353 | tarball and attempt to build the package. If you cannot determine the
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| 354 | maintainer's web site by looking at the download URLs, use Google and query
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| 355 | the package's name. For example, in the Google search bar type:
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| 356 | 'package_name download' (omit the quotes) or something similar. Sometimes
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| 357 | typing: 'package_name home page' will result in you finding the
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| 358 | maintainer's web site.</para>
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| 359 |
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| 360 | </sect2>
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| 361 |
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[3c31062] | 362 | <sect2 id="stripping">
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| 363 | <title>Stripping One More Time</title>
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| 364 |
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| 365 | <para>In LFS, stripping of debugging symbols was discussed a couple of
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| 366 | times. When building BLFS packages, there are generally no special
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| 367 | instructions that discuss stripping again. It is probably not a good
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| 368 | idea to strip an executable or a library while it is in use, so exiting
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| 369 | any windowing environment is a good idea. Then you can do:</para>
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| 370 |
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| 371 | <screen><userinput>find /{,usr/}{bin,lib,sbin} -type f -exec strip --strip-unneeded {} \;</userinput></screen>
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| 372 |
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| 373 | <para>If you install programs in other directories such as /opt or /usr/local,
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| 374 | you may want to strip the files there too.</para>
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| 375 |
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| 376 | <para>For more information on stripping, see <ulink
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| 377 | url="http://www.technovelty.org/linux/stripping-shared-libraries.html"/>.</para>
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| 378 |
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| 379 | </sect2>
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| 380 |
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| 381 | <sect2 id="libtool">
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| 382 | <title>Libtool files</title>
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| 383 |
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| 384 | <para>One of the side effects of packages that use Autotools, including
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[e70c7c1] | 385 | libtool, is that they create many files with an .la extension. These
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[3c31062] | 386 | files are not needed in an LFS environment. If there are conflicts with
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| 387 | pkgconfig entries, they can actually prevent successful builds. You
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| 388 | may want to consider removing these files periodically:</para>
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| 389 |
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[16d0ef21] | 390 | <screen><userinput>find /lib /usr/lib -not -path "*Image*" -a -name \*.la -delete</userinput></screen>
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| 391 |
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| 392 | <para>The above command removes all .la files with the exception of those that have
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[ab082a7] | 393 | "Image" as a part of the path. These .la files are used by the
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| 394 | ImageMagick programs. There may be other exceptions by packages not in BLFS.</para>
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[16d0ef21] | 395 |
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[3c31062] | 396 | </sect2>
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| 397 |
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[1080241] | 398 | </sect1>
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