[4122007] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[6732c094] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[4122007] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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[4afc2603] | 8 | <sect1 id="conventions">
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[2d817d3] | 9 | <?dbhtml filename="conventions.html"?>
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[f45b1953] | 10 |
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| 11 |
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[8149a43] | 12 | <title>Conventions Used in this Book</title>
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[f45b1953] | 13 |
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[89e6d61] | 14 | <sect2>
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| 15 | <title>Typographical Conventions</title>
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[1e9ccfa] | 16 | <para>To make things easy to follow, a number of conventions are used
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| 17 | throughout the book. Here are some examples:</para>
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[f45b1953] | 18 |
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[2d817d3] | 19 | <screen><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput></screen>
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[f45b1953] | 20 |
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[2d817d3] | 21 | <blockquote>
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[1e9ccfa] | 22 | <para>This form of text should be typed exactly as shown unless
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[8aefeb67] | 23 | otherwise noted in the surrounding text. It is also used to identify
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| 24 | references to specific commands.</para>
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[2d817d3] | 25 | </blockquote>
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[f45b1953] | 26 |
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[a71ee9cb] | 27 | <screen><computeroutput>install-info: unknown option
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[2d817d3] | 28 | `--dir-file=/mnt/lfs/usr/info/dir'</computeroutput></screen>
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[f45b1953] | 29 |
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[2d817d3] | 30 | <blockquote>
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[1e9ccfa] | 31 | <para>This form of text (fixed width font) shows screen
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| 32 | output, probably the result of issuing a command. It is also used to
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[2d817d3] | 33 | show filenames such as <filename>/boot/grub/grub.conf</filename></para>
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| 34 | </blockquote>
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[f45b1953] | 35 |
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[2d817d3] | 36 | <para><emphasis>Emphasis</emphasis></para>
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[f45b1953] | 37 |
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[2d817d3] | 38 | <blockquote>
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[1e9ccfa] | 39 | <para>This form of text is used for several purposes,
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| 40 | but mainly to emphasize important points, or to give examples of
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[2d817d3] | 41 | what to type.</para>
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| 42 | </blockquote>
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[f45b1953] | 43 |
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[4a570af1] | 44 | <para><ulink url="https://www.&lfs-domainname;/"/></para>
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[f45b1953] | 45 |
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[2d817d3] | 46 | <blockquote>
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[6d3d9b3] | 47 | <para>This form of text is used for hypertext links external to
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[1e9ccfa] | 48 | the book, such as HowTos, download locations, websites, etc.</para>
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[6d3d9b3] | 49 | </blockquote>
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| 50 |
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[b5eb704] | 51 | <para><xref linkend="seamonkey"/></para>
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[bccbdaea] | 52 |
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[6d3d9b3] | 53 | <blockquote>
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| 54 | <para>This form of text is used for links internal to
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[1e9ccfa] | 55 | the book, such as another section describing a different package.</para>
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[2d817d3] | 56 | </blockquote>
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[f45b1953] | 57 |
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[2d817d3] | 58 | <screen><userinput>cat > $LFS/etc/group << "EOF"
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| 59 | <literal>root:x:0:
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| 60 | bin:x:1:
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| 61 | ......</literal>
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| 62 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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[aa15d3e] | 63 |
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[2d817d3] | 64 | <blockquote>
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[1e9ccfa] | 65 | <para>This style is mainly used when creating configuration
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[8aefeb67] | 66 | files. The first command (in bold) tells the system to create
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[a71ee9cb] | 67 | the file <filename>$LFS/etc/group</filename> from whatever is typed on the
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[1e9ccfa] | 68 | following lines, until the sequence EOF is encountered.
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| 69 | Therefore, this whole section is usually typed exactly as shown.
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| 70 | Remember, copy and paste is your friend!</para>
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[2d817d3] | 71 | </blockquote>
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| 72 |
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[57b11363] | 73 | <para><replaceable><REPLACED TEXT></replaceable></para>
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[2d817d3] | 74 |
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| 75 | <blockquote>
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| 76 | <para>This form of text is used to encapsulate text that should be
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[54d58907] | 77 | modified, and is not to be typed as shown, or copied and pasted.
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[1e9ccfa] | 78 | The angle brackets are not part of the literal text; they are part of the
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| 79 | substitution.</para>
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[8aefeb67] | 80 | </blockquote>
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| 81 |
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| 82 | <para><systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem></para>
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| 83 |
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| 84 | <blockquote>
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[4afc2603] | 85 | <para>This form of text is used to show a specific system user or group
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| 86 | reference in the instructions.</para>
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[2d817d3] | 87 | </blockquote>
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[f45b1953] | 88 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 89 | <para> </para> <!-- add extra white space to improve readability -->
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[89e6d61] | 90 | </sect2>
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| 91 |
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| 92 | <sect2>
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| 93 | <title>Conventions Used for Package Dependencies</title>
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| 94 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 95 | <para>When new packages are created, the software's authors depend on prior work. In
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| 96 | order to build a package in BLFS, these dependencies must be built before
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| 97 | the desired package can be compiled. For each package, prerequisites are listed
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[89e6d61] | 98 | in one or more separate sections: Required, Recommended, and Optional.</para>
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| 99 |
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| 100 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Required Dependencies</bridgehead>
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| 101 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 102 | <para>These dependencies are the bare minimum needed to
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| 103 | build the package. Packages in LFS, and the required
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| 104 | dependencies of these required packages, are omitted from this list.
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[0023106] | 105 | Always remember to check for nested dependencies. If a dependency is
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| 106 | said to be <quote>runtime</quote>, then it is not needed for building
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| 107 | the package, but only to use it after installation.</para>
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[89e6d61] | 108 |
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| 109 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Recommended Dependencies</bridgehead>
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[f3429309] | 110 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 111 | <para>These are dependencies the BLFS editors have determined
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[0023106] | 112 | are important to give the package reasonable capabilities. If a
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| 113 | recommended dependency is not said to be <quote>runtime</quote>, package
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| 114 | installation instructions assume it is installed. If it
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| 115 | is not installed, the instructions may require modification, to
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| 116 | accommodate the missing package. A recommended <quote>runtime</quote>
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| 117 | dependency does not need to be installed before building the package, but
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| 118 | must be built afterwards for running the package with reasonable
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| 119 | capabilities.</para>
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[f3429309] | 120 |
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[89e6d61] | 121 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Optional Dependencies</bridgehead>
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| 122 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 123 | <para>These are dependencies the package <emphasis>may</emphasis> use. Integration
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[54d58907] | 124 | of optional dependencies may be automatic by the package, or
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[1e9ccfa] | 125 | additional steps not presented by BLFS may be necessary. Optional dependencies are
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| 126 | sometimes listed without explicit BLFS instructions. In this case you must
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[0023106] | 127 | determine how to perform the installation yourself.</para>
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[89e6d61] | 128 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 129 | <para> </para> <!-- add extra white space to improve readability -->
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[89e6d61] | 130 | </sect2>
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| 131 |
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[bfa21f3] | 132 | <sect2>
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[340080b] | 133 | <title>Conventions Used for Kernel Configuration Options</title>
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| 134 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 135 | <para>Some packages require specific kernel configuration options.
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| 136 | The general layout for these looks like this:</para>
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[340080b] | 137 |
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[1cf24363] | 138 | <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XInclude"
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| 139 | href="conventions-kernel.xml"/>
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| 140 |
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| 141 | <para>[...] on the right gives the symbolic name of the option, so you
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| 142 | can easily check whether it is set in your <filename>.config</filename>
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| 143 | file. Note that the <filename>.config</filename> file contains a
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| 144 | <literal>CONFIG_</literal> prefix before all symbolic names. The
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| 145 | meaning of the various entries is:
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[340080b] | 146 |
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| 147 | <blockquote>
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| 148 | <informaltable frame='none'><tgroup cols="2">
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| 149 | <colspec align="left"/><colspec align="left"/><tbody>
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| 150 | <row>
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| 151 | <entry><emphasis role="bold">Master section</emphasis></entry>
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| 152 | <entry>top level menu item</entry>
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| 153 | </row>
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| 154 | <row>
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| 155 | <entry><emphasis role="bold">Subsection</emphasis></entry>
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| 156 | <entry>submenu item</entry>
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| 157 | </row>
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| 158 | <row>
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| 159 | <entry>
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| 160 | <emphasis role="bold">Required parameter</emphasis></entry>
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| 161 | <entry>
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[1e9ccfa] | 162 | the option can either be built-in, or not selected: it must be
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[340080b] | 163 | selected
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| 164 | </entry>
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| 165 | </row>
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| 166 | <row>
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| 167 | <entry>
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| 168 | <emphasis role="bold">Required parameter (not as
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| 169 | module)</emphasis>
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| 170 | </entry>
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| 171 | <entry>
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[1e9ccfa] | 172 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not selected (tri-state):
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[340080b] | 173 | it must be selected as built-in
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| 174 | </entry>
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| 175 | </row>
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| 176 | <row>
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| 177 | <entry>
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| 178 | <emphasis role="bold">Required parameter (could be
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| 179 | a module)</emphasis>
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| 180 | </entry>
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| 181 | <entry>
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[1e9ccfa] | 182 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not selected:
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| 183 | it must be selected, either as built-in or as a module
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[340080b] | 184 | </entry>
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| 185 | </row>
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[1cf24363] | 186 | <row>
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| 187 | <entry>
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| 188 | <emphasis role="bold">Required parameter (as
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| 189 | a module)</emphasis>
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| 190 | </entry>
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| 191 | <entry>
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| 192 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not selected:
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| 193 | it must be selected as a module; selecting it as built-in
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| 194 | may cause unwanted effects
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| 195 | </entry>
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| 196 | </row>
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[340080b] | 197 | <row>
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| 198 | <entry>
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| 199 | <emphasis role="bold">Optional parameter</emphasis>
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| 200 | </entry>
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| 201 | <entry>
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[1cf24363] | 202 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not
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| 203 | selected: it may be selected as a module or built-in if you
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| 204 | need it for driving the hardware or optional kernel features
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| 205 | </entry>
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| 206 | </row>
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| 207 | <row>
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| 208 | <entry>
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| 209 | <emphasis role="bold">Optional parameter</emphasis>
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| 210 | </entry>
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| 211 | <entry>
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| 212 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not
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| 213 | selected: it may be selected as a module if you need it
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| 214 | for driving the hardware or optional kernel features, but
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| 215 | selecting it as built-in may cause unwanted effects
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[340080b] | 216 | </entry>
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| 217 | </row>
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| 218 | <row>
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| 219 | <entry>
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| 220 | <emphasis role="bold">Incompatible parameter</emphasis>
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| 221 | </entry>
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| 222 | <entry>
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[1e9ccfa] | 223 | the option can either be built-in or not selected: it must
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[340080b] | 224 | <emphasis>not</emphasis> be selected
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| 225 | </entry>
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| 226 | </row>
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| 227 | <row>
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| 228 | <entry>
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| 229 | <emphasis role="bold">Incompatible parameter (even as module)</emphasis>
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| 230 | </entry>
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| 231 | <entry>
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[1e9ccfa] | 232 | the option can be built-in, a module, or not selected:
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[340080b] | 233 | it must <emphasis>not</emphasis> be selected
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| 234 | </entry>
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| 235 | </row>
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| 236 | </tbody></tgroup></informaltable>
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| 237 | </blockquote>
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| 238 | </para>
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| 239 |
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| 240 | <para>Note that, depending on other selections, the angle brackets
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[1e9ccfa] | 241 | (<>) in the configuration menu may appear as braces ({}) if the option cannot be unselected,
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| 242 | or even as dashes (-*- or -M-), when the choice is imposed.
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| 243 | The help text describing the option specifies the other selections on which this
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[340080b] | 244 | option relies, and how those other selections are set.</para>
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| 245 |
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[1cf24363] | 246 | <para>
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| 247 | The letter in <emphasis role='blue'>blue</emphasis> is the hotkey
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| 248 | for this option. If you are running
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| 249 | <command>make menuconfig</command>, you can press a key to quickly
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| 250 | traverse all the options with this key as the hotkey on the screen.
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| 251 | </para>
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| 252 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 253 | <para> </para> <!-- add extra white space to improve readability -->
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[340080b] | 254 | </sect2>
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| 255 |
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| 256 | <sect2>
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[bfa21f3] | 257 | <title>SBU values in BLFS</title>
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| 258 |
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| 259 | <para>As in LFS, each package in BLFS has a build time listed in Standard
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| 260 | Build Units (SBUs). These times are relative to the time it took to build
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[1e9ccfa] | 261 | binutils in LFS, and are intended to provide some insight into how long it
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[bfa21f3] | 262 | will take to build a package. Most times listed are for a single processor
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| 263 | or core to build the package. In some cases, large, long running builds
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| 264 | tested on multi-core systems have SBU times listed with comments such
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| 265 | as '(parallelism=4)'. These values indicate testing was done using
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| 266 | multiple cores. Note that while this speeds up the build on systems with
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| 267 | the appropriate hardware, the speedup is not linear and to some extent
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[1e9ccfa] | 268 | depends on the individual package and the specific hardware used. </para>
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[bfa21f3] | 269 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 270 | <para>For packages which use ninja (i.e., anything using meson) or rust, by
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| 271 | default all cores are used; similar comments will be seen on such packages
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[406e5ffe] | 272 | even when the build time is minimal.</para>
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| 273 |
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[9640e5c] | 274 | <para>Where even a parallel build takes more than 15 SBU, on certain
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| 275 | machines the time may be considerably greater even when the build does not
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[406e5ffe] | 276 | use swap. In particular, different micro-architectures will build some
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[1e9ccfa] | 277 | files at different relative speeds, and this can introduce delays when
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[406e5ffe] | 278 | certain make targets wait for another file to be created. Where a large
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| 279 | build uses a lot of C++ files, processors with Simultaneous Multi Threading
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| 280 | will share the Floating Point Unit and can take 45% longer than when using
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| 281 | four 'prime' cores (measured on an intel i7 using taskset and keeping the
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| 282 | other cores idle).</para>
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[9640e5c] | 283 |
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[1e9ccfa] | 284 | <para>Some packages do not support parallel builds; for these, the
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| 285 | make command must specify -j1. Packages that are known to impose such limits are
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| 286 | so marked in the text.</para>
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[d5e120a] | 287 |
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[bfa21f3] | 288 | </sect2>
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| 289 |
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[aa15d3e] | 290 | </sect1>
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