source: postlfs/config/devices.xml@ e104a36

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  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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<sect1 id="postlfs-devices" xreflabel="About Devices">
  <?dbhtml filename="devices.html"?>

  <sect1info>
    <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
    <date>$Date$</date>
  </sect1info>

  <title>About Devices</title>

  <indexterm zone="postlfs-devices">
    <primary sortas="e-etc-udev-rules">/etc/udev/rules.d</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <para>Although most devices needed by packages in BLFS and beyond are set up
  properly by <application>udev</application> using the default rules installed
  by LFS in <filename class="directory">/etc/udev/rules.d</filename>, there are
  cases where the rules must be modified or augmented.</para>

  <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
  <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/aboutdevices"/></para>

  <sect2>
    <title>Multiple Sound Cards</title>

    <para>If there are multiple sound cards in a system, the "default"
    sound card becomes random.  The method to establish sound card order
    depends on whether the drivers are modules or not.  If the sound card
    drivers are compiled into the kernel, control is via kernel command line
    parameters in <filename>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</filename>.  For example,
    if a system has both an FM801 card and a SoundBlaster PCI card, the
    following can be appended to the command line:</para>

<screen><literal>snd-fm801.index=0 snd-ens1371.index=1</literal></screen>

    <para>If the sound card drivers are built as modules, the order can be
    established in the <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file
    with:</para>

<screen><literal>options snd-fm801 index=0
options snd-ens1371 index=1</literal></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="usb-device-issues">
    <title>USB Device Issues</title>

    <para>USB devices usually have two kinds of device nodes associated with
    them.</para>

    <para>The first kind is created by device-specific drivers (e.g.,
    usb_storage/sd_mod or usblp) in the kernel. For example, a USB mass storage
    device would be /dev/sdb, and a USB printer would be /dev/usb/lp0. These
    device nodes exist only when the device-specific driver is loaded.</para>

    <para>The second kind of device nodes (/dev/bus/usb/BBB/DDD, where BBB is
    the bus number and DDD is the device number) are created even if the device
    doesn't have a kernel driver. By using these "raw" USB device nodes, an
    application can exchange arbitrary USB packets with the device, i.e.,
    bypass the possibly-existing kernel driver.</para>

    <para>Access to raw USB device nodes is needed when a userspace program is
    acting as a device driver. However, for the program to open the device
    successfully, the permissions have to be set correctly. By default, due to
    security concerns, all raw USB devices are owned by user root and group
    usb, and have 0664 permissions (the read access is needed, e.g., for lsusb
    to work and for programs to access USB hubs). Packages (such as SANE and
    libgphoto2) containing userspace USB device drivers also ship udev rules
    that change the permissions of the controlled raw USB devices. That is, rules
    installed by SANE change permissions for known scanners, but not printers.
    If a package maintainer forgot to write a rule for your device,
    report a bug to both BLFS (if the package is there) and upstream, and
    you will need to write your own rule.</para>

    <para>There is one situation when such fine-grained access control with
    pre-generated udev rules doesn't work. Namely, PC emulators such as KVM,
    QEMU and VirtualBox use raw USB device nodes to present arbitrary USB
    devices to the guest operating system (note: patches are needed in order to
    get this to work without the obsolete /proc/bus/usb mount point described
    below). Obviously, maintainers of these packages cannot know which USB
    devices are going to be connected to the guest operating system. You can
    either write separate udev rules for all needed USB devices yourself, or
    use the default catch-all "usb" group, members of which can send
    arbitrary commands to all USB devices. </para>

    <para>Before Linux-2.6.15, raw USB device access was performed not with
    /dev/bus/usb/BBB/DDD device nodes, but with /proc/bus/usb/BBB/DDD
    pseudofiles. Some applications (e.g., VMware Workstation) still use only
    this deprecated technique and can't use the new device nodes. For them to
    work, use the "usb" group, but remember that members will have unrestricted
    access to all USB devices.  To create the fstab entry for the obsolete
    usbfs filesystem:</para>

<screen><literal>usbfs  /proc/bus/usb  usbfs  devgid=14,devmode=0660  0  0</literal></screen>

    <note><para>Adding users to the "usb" group is inherently insecure, as they
    can bypass access restrictions imposed through the driver-specific USB
    device nodes. For instance, they can read sensitive data from USB hard drives
    without being in the "disk" group. Avoid adding users to this group, if
    you can.</para></note>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Udev Device Attributes</title>

    <para>Fine-tuning of device attributes such as group name and permissions
    is possible by creating extra <application>udev</application> rules,
    matching on something like this. The vendor and product can be found by
    searching the <filename class='directory'>/sys/devices</filename> directory
    entries or using <command>udevadm info</command> after the device has been
    attached. See the documentation in the current
    <application>udev</application> directory of
    <filename class='directory'>/usr/share/doc</filename> for details.</para>

<screen><literal>SUBSYSTEM=="usb_device", SYSFS{idVendor}=="05d8", SYSFS{idProduct}=="4002", \
  GROUP:="scanner", MODE:="0660"</literal></screen>

    <note><para>The above line is used for descriptive purposes only. The
    scanner <application>udev</application> rules are put into place when
    installing <xref linkend='sane'/>.</para></note>

  </sect2>

<!--
  <sect2>
    <title>Multiple Network Interfaces</title>


  </sect2>
-->

  <sect2>
    <title>Devices for Servers</title>

    <para>In some cases, it makes sense to disable
    <application>udev</application> completely and create static devices.
    Servers are one example of this situation.  Does a server need the
    capability of handling dynamic devices?  Only the system administrator can
    answer that question, but in many cases the answer will be no.</para>

    <para>If dynamic devices are not desired, then static devices must be
    created on the system.  In the default configuration, the
    <filename>/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/S10udev</filename> boot script mounts a
    <systemitem class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> partition over the
    <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory.  This problem can be
    overcome by mounting the root partition temporarily:</para>

    <warning><para>If the instructions below are not followed carefully, your
    system could become unbootable.</para></warning>


<screen><userinput>mount --bind / /mnt
cp -a /dev/* /mnt/dev
rm /etc/rc.d/rcS.d/{S10udev,S50udev_retry}
umount /mnt</userinput></screen>

    <para>At this point, the system will use static devices upon the next
    reboot.  Create any desired additional devices using
    <command>mknod</command>.</para>

    <para>If you want to restore the dynamic devices, recreate the
    <filename>/etc/rc.d/rcS.d/{S10udev,S50udev_retry}</filename> symbolic
    links and reboot again.  Static devices do not need to be removed (console
    and null are always needed) because they are covered by the <systemitem
    class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> partition.  Disk usage for devices is
    negligible (about 20&ndash;30 bytes per entry.)</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="dev-dvd">
    <title>Devices for DVD Drives</title>

    <para>If the initial boot process doe not set up the 
    <systemitem>/dev/dvd</systemitem> device properly, it can
    be installed using the following modification to the default udev rules.
    As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, run:</para>

<screen><userinput>sed '1d;/SYMLINK.*cdrom/ a\
KERNEL=="sr0", ENV{ID_CDROM_DVD}=="1", SYMLINK+="dvd", OPTIONS+="link_priority=-100"' \
/lib/udev/rules.d/60-cdrom_id.rules > /etc/udev/rules.d/60-cdrom_id.rules</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

</sect1>