1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="postlfs-config-profile" xreflabel="The Bash Shell Startup Files">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <sect1info>
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12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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14 | </sect1info>
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15 |
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16 | <title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title>
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17 |
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18 | <para>The shell program <filename>/bin/bash</filename> (hereafter
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19 | referred to as just "the shell") uses a collection of startup files to
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20 | help create an environment. Each file has a specific use and
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21 | may affect login and interactive environments differently. The files in
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22 | the <filename class="directory">/etc</filename> directory generally provide
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23 | global settings. If an equivalent file exists in your home directory it may
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24 | override the global settings.</para>
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25 |
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26 | <para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using
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27 | <filename>/bin/login</filename>, by reading the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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28 | file. This shell invocation normally reads <filename>/etc/profile</filename>
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29 | and its private equivalent <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> upon
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30 | startup.</para>
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31 |
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32 | <para>An interactive non-login shell is normally started at the command-line
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33 | using a shell program (e.g.,
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34 | <prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>) or by the
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35 | <command>/bin/su</command> command. An interactive non-login shell is also
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36 | started with a terminal program such as <command>xterm</command> or
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37 | <command>konsole</command> from within a graphical environment. This type of
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38 | shell invocation normally copies the parent environment and then reads the
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39 | user's <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file for additional startup configuration
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40 | instructions.</para>
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41 |
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42 | <para>A non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is
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43 | running. It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and not
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44 | waiting for user input between commands. For these shell invocations, only
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45 | the environment inherited from the parent shell is used.</para>
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46 |
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47 | <para> The file <filename>~/.bash_logout</filename> is not used for an
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48 | invocation of the shell. It is read and executed when a user exits from an
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49 | interactive login shell.</para>
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50 |
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51 | <para>Many distributions use <filename>/etc/bashrc</filename> for system wide
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52 | initialization of non-login shells. This file is usually called from the
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53 | user's <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file and is not built directly into
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54 | <command>bash</command> itself. This convention is followed in this
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55 | section.</para>
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56 |
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57 | <para>For more information see <command>info bash</command> --
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58 | <emphasis role="strong">Nodes: Bash Startup Files and Interactive
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59 | Shells</emphasis>.</para>
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60 |
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61 | <note>
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62 | <para>Most of the instructions below are used to create files located in
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63 | the <filename class='directory'>/etc</filename> directory structure which
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64 | requires you to execute the commands as the
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65 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user. If you elect to create
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66 | the files in user's home directories instead, you should run the commands
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67 | as an unprivileged user.</para>
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68 | </note>
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69 |
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70 | <sect2 id="etc-profile-profile">
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71 | <title>/etc/profile</title>
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72 |
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73 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile-profile">
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74 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile">/etc/profile</primary>
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75 | </indexterm>
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76 |
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77 | <para>Here is a base <filename>/etc/profile</filename>. This file starts by
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78 | setting up some helper functions and some basic parameters. It specifies some
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79 | <command>bash</command> history parameters and, for security purposes,
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80 | disables keeping a permanent history file for the <systemitem
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81 | class="username">root</systemitem> user. It also sets a
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82 | default user prompt. It then calls small, single purpose scripts in the
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83 | <filename class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename> directory to provide most
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84 | of the initialization.</para>
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85 |
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86 | <para>For more information on the escape sequences you can use for your prompt
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87 | (i.e., the <envar>PS1</envar> environment variable) see <command>info
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88 | bash</command> -- <emphasis role="strong">Node: Printing a
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89 | Prompt</emphasis>.</para>
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90 |
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91 | <screen role="root"><?dbfo keep-together="auto"?><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
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92 | <literal># Begin /etc/profile
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93 | # Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
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94 | # by James Robertson <jameswrobertson@earthlink.net>
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95 | # modifications by Dagmar d'Surreal <rivyqntzne@pbzpnfg.arg>
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96 |
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97 | # System wide environment variables and startup programs.
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98 |
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99 | # System wide aliases and functions should go in /etc/bashrc. Personal
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100 | # environment variables and startup programs should go into
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101 | # ~/.bash_profile. Personal aliases and functions should go into
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102 | # ~/.bashrc.
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103 |
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104 | # Functions to help us manage paths. Second argument is the name of the
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105 | # path variable to be modified (default: PATH)
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106 | pathremove () {
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107 | local IFS=':'
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108 | local NEWPATH
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109 | local DIR
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110 | local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
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111 | for DIR in ${!PATHVARIABLE} ; do
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112 | if [ "$DIR" != "$1" ] ; then
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113 | NEWPATH=${NEWPATH:+$NEWPATH:}$DIR
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114 | fi
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115 | done
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116 | export $PATHVARIABLE="$NEWPATH"
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117 | }
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118 |
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119 | pathprepend () {
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120 | pathremove $1 $2
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121 | local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
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122 | export $PATHVARIABLE="$1${!PATHVARIABLE:+:${!PATHVARIABLE}}"
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123 | }
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124 |
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125 | pathappend () {
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126 | pathremove $1 $2
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127 | local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
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128 | export $PATHVARIABLE="${!PATHVARIABLE:+${!PATHVARIABLE}:}$1"
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129 | }
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130 |
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131 | export -f pathremove pathprepend pathappend
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132 |
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133 | # Set the initial path
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134 | export PATH=/bin:/usr/bin
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135 |
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136 | if [ $EUID -eq 0 ] ; then
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137 | pathappend /sbin:/usr/sbin
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138 | unset HISTFILE
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139 | fi
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140 |
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141 | # Setup some environment variables.
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142 | export HISTSIZE=1000
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143 | export HISTIGNORE="&:[bf]g:exit"
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144 |
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145 | # Set some defaults for graphical systems
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146 | export XDG_DATA_DIRS=/usr/share
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147 |
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148 | # Setup a red prompt for root and a green one for users.
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149 | NORMAL="\[\e[0m\]"
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150 | RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
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151 | GREEN="\[\e[1;32m\]"
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152 | if [[ $EUID == 0 ]] ; then
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153 | PS1="$RED\u [ $NORMAL\w$RED ]# $NORMAL"
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154 | else
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155 | PS1="$GREEN\u [ $NORMAL\w$GREEN ]\$ $NORMAL"
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156 | fi
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157 |
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158 | for script in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
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159 | if [ -r $script ] ; then
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160 | . $script
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161 | fi
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162 | done
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163 |
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164 | unset script RED GREEN NORMAL
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165 |
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166 | # End /etc/profile</literal>
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167 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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168 |
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169 | <sect3 id="etc-profile.d">
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170 | <title>The /etc/profile.d Directory</title>
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171 |
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172 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile.d">
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173 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d">/etc/profile.d</primary>
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174 | </indexterm>
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175 |
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176 | <para>Now create the <filename class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename>
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177 | directory, where the individual initialization scripts are placed:</para>
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178 |
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179 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install --directory --mode=0755 --owner=root --group=root /etc/profile.d</userinput></screen>
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180 |
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181 | </sect3>
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182 |
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183 | <sect3 id="etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">
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184 | <title>/etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh</title>
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185 |
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186 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">
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187 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">/etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh</primary>
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188 | </indexterm>
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189 |
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190 | <para>This script uses the <filename>~/.dircolors</filename> and
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191 | <filename>/etc/dircolors</filename> files to control the colors of file names in a
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192 | directory listing. They control colorized output of things like <command>ls
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193 | --color</command>. The explanation of how to initialize these files is at the
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194 | end of this section.</para>
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195 |
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196 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh << "EOF"
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197 | <literal># Setup for /bin/ls and /bin/grep to support color, the alias is in /etc/bashrc.
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198 | if [ -f "/etc/dircolors" ] ; then
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199 | eval $(dircolors -b /etc/dircolors)
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200 |
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201 | if [ -f "$HOME/.dircolors" ] ; then
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202 | eval $(dircolors -b $HOME/.dircolors)
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203 | fi
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204 | fi
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205 | alias ls='ls --color=auto'
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206 | alias grep='grep --color=auto'</literal>
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207 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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208 |
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209 | </sect3>
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210 |
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211 | <sect3 id="extrapaths.sh">
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212 | <title>/etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh</title>
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213 |
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214 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile extrapaths.sh">
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215 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-extrapaths.sh">/etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh</primary>
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216 | </indexterm>
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217 |
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218 | <para>This script adds some useful paths to the <envar>PATH</envar> and
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219 | can be used to customize other PATH related environment variables
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220 | (e.g. LD_LIBRARY_PATH, etc) that may be needed for all users.</para>
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221 |
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222 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh << "EOF"
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223 | <literal>if [ -d /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig ] ; then
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224 | pathappend /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig PKG_CONFIG_PATH
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225 | fi
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226 | if [ -d /usr/local/bin ]; then
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227 | pathprepend /usr/local/bin
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228 | fi
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229 | if [ -d /usr/local/sbin -a $EUID -eq 0 ]; then
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230 | pathprepend /usr/local/sbin
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231 | fi</literal>
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232 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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233 |
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234 | </sect3>
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235 |
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236 | <sect3 id="readline.sh">
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237 | <title>/etc/profile.d/readline.sh</title>
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238 |
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239 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile readline.sh">
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240 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-readline.sh">/etc/profile.d/readline.sh</primary>
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241 | </indexterm>
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242 |
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243 | <para>This script sets up the default <filename>inputrc</filename>
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244 | configuration file. If the user does not have individual settings, it uses the
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245 | global file.</para>
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246 |
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247 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/readline.sh << "EOF"
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248 | <literal># Setup the INPUTRC environment variable.
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249 | if [ -z "$INPUTRC" -a ! -f "$HOME/.inputrc" ] ; then
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250 | INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
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251 | fi
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252 | export INPUTRC</literal>
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253 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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254 |
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255 | </sect3>
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256 |
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257 | <sect3 id="umask.sh">
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258 | <title>/etc/profile.d/umask.sh</title>
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259 |
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260 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile umask.sh">
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261 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-umask.sh">/etc/profile.d/umask.sh</primary>
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262 | </indexterm>
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263 |
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264 | <para>Setting the <command>umask</command> value is important for security.
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265 | Here the default group write permissions are turned off for system users and when
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266 | the user name and group name are not the same.</para>
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267 |
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268 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/umask.sh << "EOF"
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269 | <literal># By default, the umask should be set.
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270 | if [ "$(id -gn)" = "$(id -un)" -a $EUID -gt 99 ] ; then
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271 | umask 002
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272 | else
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273 | umask 022
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274 | fi</literal>
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275 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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276 |
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277 | </sect3>
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278 |
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279 | <!-- This is handled in the Xorg section of the book
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280 | <sect3 id="X.sh">
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281 | <title>/etc/profile.d/X.sh</title>
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282 |
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283 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile X.sh">
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284 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-X.sh">/etc/profile.d/X.sh</primary>
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285 | </indexterm>
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286 |
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287 | <para>If <application>X</application> is installed, the <envar>PATH</envar>
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288 | and <envar>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</envar> variables are also updated.</para>
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289 |
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290 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/X.sh << "EOF"
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291 | <literal>if [ -x /usr/X11R6/bin/X ]; then
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292 | pathappend /usr/X11R6/bin
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293 | fi
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294 | if [ -d /usr/X11R6/lib/pkgconfig ] ; then
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295 | pathappend /usr/X11R6/lib/pkgconfig PKG_CONFIG_PATH
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296 | fi</literal>
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297 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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298 |
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299 | </sect3>
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300 | -->
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301 | <sect3 id="i18n.sh">
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302 | <title>/etc/profile.d/i18n.sh</title>
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303 |
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304 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile i18n.sh">
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305 | <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-i18n.sh">/etc/profile.d/i18n.sh</primary>
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306 | </indexterm>
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307 |
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308 | <para>This script sets environment variables necessary for
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309 | native language support.</para>
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310 |
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311 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/profile.d/i18n.sh << "EOF"
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312 | <literal># Begin /etc/profile.d/i18n.sh
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313 |
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314 | unset LANG LC_CTYPE LC_NUMERIC LC_TIME LC_COLLATE LC_MONETARY LC_MESSAGES \
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315 | LC_PAPER LC_NAME LC_ADDRESS LC_TELEPHONE LC_MEASUREMENT LC_IDENTIFICATION
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316 |
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317 | if [ -n "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME" ] && [ -r "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/locale.conf" ]; then
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318 | . "$XDG_CONFIG_HOME/locale.conf"
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319 | elif [ -r /etc/locale.conf ]; then
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320 | . /etc/locale.conf
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321 | fi
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322 |
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323 | export LANG="${LANG:-C}"
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324 | [ -n "$LC_CTYPE" ] && export LC_CTYPE
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325 | [ -n "$LC_NUMERIC" ] && export LC_NUMERIC
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326 | [ -n "$LC_TIME" ] && export LC_TIME
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327 | [ -n "$LC_COLLATE" ] && export LC_COLLATE
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328 | [ -n "$LC_MONETARY" ] && export LC_MONETARY
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329 | [ -n "$LC_MESSAGES" ] && export LC_MESSAGES
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330 | [ -n "$LC_PAPER" ] && export LC_PAPER
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331 | [ -n "$LC_NAME" ] && export LC_NAME
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332 | [ -n "$LC_ADDRESS" ] && export LC_ADDRESS
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333 | [ -n "$LC_TELEPHONE" ] && export LC_TELEPHONE
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334 | [ -n "$LC_MEASUREMENT" ] && export LC_MEASUREMENT
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335 | [ -n "$LC_IDENTIFICATION" ] && export LC_IDENTIFICATION
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336 |
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337 | # End /etc/profile.d/i18n.sh</literal>
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338 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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339 |
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340 | </sect3>
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341 |
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342 | <sect3>
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343 | <title>Other Initialization Values</title>
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344 |
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345 | <para>Other initialization can easily be added to the
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346 | <filename>profile</filename> by adding additional scripts to the
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347 | <filename class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename> directory.</para>
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348 |
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349 | </sect3>
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350 |
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351 | </sect2>
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352 |
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353 | <sect2 id="etc-bashrc-profile">
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354 | <title>/etc/bashrc</title>
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355 |
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356 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-bashrc-profile">
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357 | <primary sortas="e-etc-bashrc">/etc/bashrc</primary>
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358 | </indexterm>
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359 |
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360 | <para>Here is a base <filename>/etc/bashrc</filename>. Comments in the
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361 | file should explain everything you need.</para>
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362 |
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363 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/bashrc << "EOF"
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364 | <literal># Begin /etc/bashrc
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365 | # Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
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366 | # by James Robertson <jameswrobertson@earthlink.net>
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367 | # updated by Bruce Dubbs <bdubbs@&lfs-domainname;>
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368 |
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369 | # System wide aliases and functions.
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370 |
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371 | # System wide environment variables and startup programs should go into
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372 | # /etc/profile. Personal environment variables and startup programs
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373 | # should go into ~/.bash_profile. Personal aliases and functions should
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374 | # go into ~/.bashrc
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375 |
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376 | # Provides colored /bin/ls and /bin/grep commands. Used in conjunction
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377 | # with code in /etc/profile.
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378 |
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379 | alias ls='ls --color=auto'
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380 | alias grep='grep --color=auto'
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381 |
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382 | # Provides prompt for non-login shells, specifically shells started
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383 | # in the X environment. [Review the LFS archive thread titled
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384 | # PS1 Environment Variable for a great case study behind this script
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385 | # addendum.]
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386 |
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387 | NORMAL="\[\e[0m\]"
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388 | RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
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389 | GREEN="\[\e[1;32m\]"
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390 | if [[ $EUID == 0 ]] ; then
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391 | PS1="$RED\u [ $NORMAL\w$RED ]# $NORMAL"
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392 | else
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393 | PS1="$GREEN\u [ $NORMAL\w$GREEN ]\$ $NORMAL"
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394 | fi
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395 |
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396 | unset RED GREEN NORMAL
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397 |
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398 | # End /etc/bashrc</literal>
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399 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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400 |
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401 | </sect2>
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402 |
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403 | <sect2 id="bash_profile-profile">
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404 | <title>~/.bash_profile</title>
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405 |
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406 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bash_profile-profile">
|
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407 | <primary sortas="e-AA.bash_profile">~/.bash_profile</primary>
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408 | </indexterm>
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409 |
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410 | <para>Here is a base <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename>. If you want each
|
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411 | new user to have this file automatically, just change the output of
|
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412 | the command to <filename>/etc/skel/.bash_profile</filename> and check the
|
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413 | permissions after the command is run. You can then copy
|
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414 | <filename>/etc/skel/.bash_profile</filename> to the home directories of already
|
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415 | existing users, including <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>,
|
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416 | and set the owner and group appropriately.</para>
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417 |
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418 | <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF"
|
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419 | <literal># Begin ~/.bash_profile
|
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420 | # Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
|
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421 | # by James Robertson <jameswrobertson@earthlink.net>
|
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422 | # updated by Bruce Dubbs <bdubbs@&lfs-domainname;>
|
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423 |
|
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424 | # Personal environment variables and startup programs.
|
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425 |
|
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426 | # Personal aliases and functions should go in ~/.bashrc. System wide
|
---|
427 | # environment variables and startup programs are in /etc/profile.
|
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428 | # System wide aliases and functions are in /etc/bashrc.
|
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429 |
|
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430 | if [ -f "$HOME/.bashrc" ] ; then
|
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431 | source $HOME/.bashrc
|
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432 | fi
|
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433 |
|
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434 | if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
|
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435 | pathprepend $HOME/bin
|
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436 | fi
|
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437 |
|
---|
438 | # Having . in the PATH is dangerous
|
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439 | #if [ $EUID -gt 99 ]; then
|
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440 | # pathappend .
|
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441 | #fi
|
---|
442 |
|
---|
443 | # End ~/.bash_profile</literal>
|
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444 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
445 |
|
---|
446 | </sect2>
|
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447 |
|
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448 | <sect2 id="bashrc-profile">
|
---|
449 | <title>~/.bashrc</title>
|
---|
450 |
|
---|
451 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bashrc-profile">
|
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452 | <primary sortas="e-AA.bashrc">~/.bashrc</primary>
|
---|
453 | </indexterm>
|
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454 |
|
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455 | <para>Here is a base <filename>~/.bashrc</filename>. The comments and
|
---|
456 | instructions for using <filename class="directory">/etc/skel</filename> for
|
---|
457 | <filename>.bash_profile</filename> above also apply here. Only the target file
|
---|
458 | names are different.</para>
|
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459 |
|
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460 | <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF"
|
---|
461 | <literal># Begin ~/.bashrc
|
---|
462 | # Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
|
---|
463 | # by James Robertson <jameswrobertson@earthlink.net>
|
---|
464 |
|
---|
465 | # Personal aliases and functions.
|
---|
466 |
|
---|
467 | # Personal environment variables and startup programs should go in
|
---|
468 | # ~/.bash_profile. System wide environment variables and startup
|
---|
469 | # programs are in /etc/profile. System wide aliases and functions are
|
---|
470 | # in /etc/bashrc.
|
---|
471 |
|
---|
472 | if [ -f "/etc/bashrc" ] ; then
|
---|
473 | source /etc/bashrc
|
---|
474 | fi
|
---|
475 |
|
---|
476 | # End ~/.bashrc</literal>
|
---|
477 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
478 |
|
---|
479 | </sect2>
|
---|
480 |
|
---|
481 |
|
---|
482 | <sect2 id="bash_logout-profile">
|
---|
483 | <title>~/.bash_logout</title>
|
---|
484 |
|
---|
485 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bash_logout-profile">
|
---|
486 | <primary sortas="e-AA.bash_logout">~/.bash_logout</primary>
|
---|
487 | </indexterm>
|
---|
488 |
|
---|
489 | <para>This is an empty <filename>~/.bash_logout</filename> that can be used as
|
---|
490 | a template. You will notice that the base <filename>~/.bash_logout</filename>
|
---|
491 | does not include a <userinput>clear</userinput> command. This is because the
|
---|
492 | clear is handled in the <filename>/etc/issue</filename> file.</para>
|
---|
493 |
|
---|
494 | <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.bash_logout << "EOF"
|
---|
495 | <literal># Begin ~/.bash_logout
|
---|
496 | # Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
|
---|
497 | # by James Robertson <jameswrobertson@earthlink.net>
|
---|
498 |
|
---|
499 | # Personal items to perform on logout.
|
---|
500 |
|
---|
501 | # End ~/.bash_logout</literal>
|
---|
502 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
503 |
|
---|
504 | </sect2>
|
---|
505 |
|
---|
506 |
|
---|
507 | <sect2 id="etc-dircolors-profile">
|
---|
508 | <title>/etc/dircolors</title>
|
---|
509 |
|
---|
510 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-dircolors-profile">
|
---|
511 | <primary sortas="e-etc-dircolors">/etc/dircolors</primary>
|
---|
512 | </indexterm>
|
---|
513 |
|
---|
514 | <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-dircolors-profile">
|
---|
515 | <primary sortas="e-AA.dircolors">~/.dircolors</primary>
|
---|
516 | </indexterm>
|
---|
517 |
|
---|
518 | <para> If you want to use the <filename>dircolors</filename> capability, then
|
---|
519 | run the following command. The <filename class="directory">/etc/skel</filename>
|
---|
520 | setup steps shown above also can be used here to provide a
|
---|
521 | <filename>~/.dircolors</filename> file when a new user is set up. As before,
|
---|
522 | just change the output file name on the following command and assure the
|
---|
523 | permissions, owner, and group are correct on the files created and/or
|
---|
524 | copied.</para>
|
---|
525 |
|
---|
526 | <screen role="root"><userinput>dircolors -p > /etc/dircolors</userinput></screen>
|
---|
527 |
|
---|
528 | <para>If you wish to customize the colors used for different file types, you can
|
---|
529 | edit the <filename>/etc/dircolors</filename> file. The instructions for setting
|
---|
530 | the colors are embedded in the file.</para>
|
---|
531 |
|
---|
532 |
|
---|
533 | <para>Finally, Ian Macdonald has written an excellent collection of tips and
|
---|
534 | tricks to enhance your shell environment. You can read it online at
|
---|
535 | <ulink url="http://www.caliban.org/bash/index.shtml"/>.</para>
|
---|
536 |
|
---|
537 | </sect2>
|
---|
538 |
|
---|
539 | </sect1>
|
---|