source: postlfs/config/profile.xml@ a4da374

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
  %general-entities;
]>

<sect1 id="postlfs-config-profile" xreflabel="The Bash Shell Startup Files">
  <?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?>


  <title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title>

  <para>
    The shell program <filename>/bin/bash</filename> (hereafter referred to
    as just "the shell") uses a collection of startup files to help create
    an environment.  Each file has a specific use and may affect login and
    interactive environments differently.  The files in the <filename
    class="directory">/etc</filename> directory generally provide global
    settings. If an equivalent file exists in your home directory it may
    override the global settings.
  </para>

  <para>
    An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using
    <filename>/bin/login</filename>, by reading the
    <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file. This shell invocation normally reads
    <filename>/etc/profile</filename> and its private equivalent
    <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> (or <filename>~/.profile</filename>
    if called as <command>/bin/sh</command>) upon startup.
  </para>

  <para>
    An interactive non-login shell is normally started at the command-line
    using a shell program (e.g.,
    <prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>) or by the
    <command>/bin/su</command> command.  An interactive non-login shell is also
    started with a terminal program such as <command>xterm</command> or
    <command>konsole</command> from within a graphical environment. This type
    of shell invocation normally copies the parent environment and then reads
    the user's <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file for additional startup
    configuration instructions.
  </para>

  <para>
    A non-interactive shell is usually present when a shell script is
    running.  It is non-interactive because it is processing a script and not
    waiting for user input between commands. For these shell invocations, only
    the environment inherited from the parent shell is used.
  </para>

  <para>
    The file <filename>~/.bash_logout</filename> is not used for an
    invocation of the shell.  It is read and executed when a user exits from an
    interactive login shell.
  </para>

  <para>
    Many distributions use <filename>/etc/bashrc</filename> for system wide
    initialization of non-login shells. This file is usually called from the
    user's <filename>~/.bashrc</filename> file and is not built directly into
    <command>bash</command> itself.  This convention is followed in this
    section.
  </para>

  <para>
    For more information see <command>info bash</command> --
    <emphasis role="strong">Nodes: Bash Startup Files and Interactive
    Shells</emphasis>.
  </para>

  <note>
    <para>
      Most of the instructions below are used to create files located in the
      <filename class='directory'>/etc</filename> directory structure which
      requires you to execute the commands as the <systemitem
      class='username'>root</systemitem> user. If you elect to create the
      files in user's home directories instead, you should run the commands
      as an unprivileged user.
    </para>
  </note>

  <para condition="html" role="usernotes">Editor Notes:
  <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/bash-shell-startup-files"/></para>

  <sect2 id="etc-profile-profile">
    <title>/etc/profile</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-etc-profile">/etc/profile</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      Here is a base <filename>/etc/profile</filename>. This file starts by
      setting up some helper functions and some basic parameters. It specifies
      some <command>bash</command> history parameters and, for security
      purposes, disables keeping a permanent history file for the <systemitem
      class="username">root</systemitem> user.  It also sets a default user
      prompt.  It then calls small, single purpose scripts in the <filename
      class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename> directory to provide most
      of the initialization.
    </para>

    <para>
      For more information on the escape sequences you can use for your prompt
      (i.e., the <envar>PS1</envar> environment variable) see <command>info
      bash</command> -- <emphasis role="strong">Node: Printing a
      Prompt</emphasis>.
    </para>

<screen role="root"><?dbfo keep-together="auto"?><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/profile
# Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
# by James Robertson &lt;jameswrobertson@earthlink.net&gt;
# modifications by Dagmar d'Surreal &lt;rivyqntzne@pbzpnfg.arg&gt;

# System wide environment variables and startup programs.

# System wide aliases and functions should go in /etc/bashrc.  Personal
# environment variables and startup programs should go into
# ~/.bash_profile.  Personal aliases and functions should go into
# ~/.bashrc.

# Functions to help us manage paths.  Second argument is the name of the
# path variable to be modified (default: PATH)
pathremove () {
        local IFS=':'
        local NEWPATH
        local DIR
        local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
        for DIR in ${!PATHVARIABLE} ; do
                if [ "$DIR" != "$1" ] ; then
                  NEWPATH=${NEWPATH:+$NEWPATH:}$DIR
                fi
        done
        export $PATHVARIABLE="$NEWPATH"
}

pathprepend () {
        pathremove $1 $2
        local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
        export $PATHVARIABLE="$1${!PATHVARIABLE:+:${!PATHVARIABLE}}"
}

pathappend () {
        pathremove $1 $2
        local PATHVARIABLE=${2:-PATH}
        export $PATHVARIABLE="${!PATHVARIABLE:+${!PATHVARIABLE}:}$1"
}

export -f pathremove pathprepend pathappend

# Set the initial path
export PATH=/usr/bin

# Attempt to provide backward compatibility with LFS earlier than 11
if [ ! -L /bin ]; then
        pathappend /bin
fi

if [ $EUID -eq 0 ] ; then
        pathappend /usr/sbin
        if [ ! -L /sbin ]; then
                pathappend /sbin
        fi
        unset HISTFILE
fi

# Set up some environment variables.
export HISTSIZE=1000
export HISTIGNORE="&amp;:[bf]g:exit"

# Set some defaults for graphical systems
export XDG_DATA_DIRS=${XDG_DATA_DIRS:-/usr/share}
export XDG_CONFIG_DIRS=${XDG_CONFIG_DIRS:-/etc/xdg}
export XDG_RUNTIME_DIR=${XDG_RUNTIME_DIR:-/tmp/xdg-$USER}

# Set up a red prompt for root and a green one for users.
NORMAL="\[\e[0m\]"
RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
GREEN="\[\e[1;32m\]"
if [[ $EUID == 0 ]] ; then
  PS1="$RED\u [ $NORMAL\w$RED ]# $NORMAL"
else
  PS1="$GREEN\u [ $NORMAL\w$GREEN ]\$ $NORMAL"
fi

for script in /etc/profile.d/*.sh ; do
        if [ -r $script ] ; then
                . $script
        fi
done

unset script RED GREEN NORMAL

# End /etc/profile</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    <sect3 id="etc-profile.d">
      <title>The /etc/profile.d Directory</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile.d">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d">/etc/profile.d</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        Now create the <filename class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename>
        directory, where the individual initialization scripts are placed:
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>install --directory --mode=0755 --owner=root --group=root /etc/profile.d</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="etc-profile.d-bash-completion.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile.d-bash-completion.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-bash-completion.sh">/etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <note>
        <para>
          Using the bash completion script below is controversial. Not all
          users like it.  It adds many (usually over 1000) lines to the bash
          environment and makes it difficult to use the 'set' command to
          examine simple environment variables.  Omitting this script does
          not interfere with the ability of bash to use the tab key for file
          name completion.
        </para>
      </note>

      <para>
        This script imports bash completion scripts, installed by many
        other BLFS packages, to allow TAB command line completion.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh
# Import bash completion scripts

# If the bash-completion package is installed, use its configuration instead
if [ -f /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then

  # Check for interactive bash and that we haven't already been sourced.
  if [ -n "${BASH_VERSION-}" -a -n "${PS1-}" -a -z "${BASH_COMPLETION_VERSINFO-}" ]; then

    # Check for recent enough version of bash.
    if [ ${BASH_VERSINFO[0]} -gt 4 ] || \
       [ ${BASH_VERSINFO[0]} -eq 4 -a ${BASH_VERSINFO[1]} -ge 1 ]; then
       [ -r "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:-$HOME/.config}/bash_completion" ] &amp;&amp; \
            . "${XDG_CONFIG_HOME:-$HOME/.config}/bash_completion"
       if shopt -q progcomp &amp;&amp; [ -r /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion ]; then
          # Source completion code.
          . /usr/share/bash-completion/bash_completion
       fi
    fi
  fi

else

  # bash-completions are not installed, use only bash completion directory
  if shopt -q progcomp; then
    for script in /etc/bash_completion.d/* ; do
      if [ -r $script ] ; then
        . $script
      fi
    done
  fi
fi

# End /etc/profile.d/bash_completion.sh</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>
      <para>
        Make sure that the directory exists:
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>install --directory --mode=0755 --owner=root --group=root /etc/bash_completion.d</userinput></screen>

      <para>
        For a more complete installation, see
        <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/bash-shell-startup-files#bash-completions"/>.
      </para>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-dircolors.sh">/etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        This script uses the <filename>~/.dircolors</filename> and
        <filename>/etc/dircolors</filename> files to control the colors of
        file names in a directory listing. They control colorized output of
        things like <command>ls --color</command>.  The explanation of how to
        initialize these files is at the end of this section.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/dircolors.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Setup for /bin/ls and /bin/grep to support color, the alias is in /etc/bashrc.
if [ -f "/etc/dircolors" ] ; then
        eval $(dircolors -b /etc/dircolors)
fi

if [ -f "$HOME/.dircolors" ] ; then
        eval $(dircolors -b $HOME/.dircolors)
fi

alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="extrapaths.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile extrapaths.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-extrapaths.sh">/etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        This script adds some useful paths to the <envar>PATH</envar> and
        can be used to customize other PATH related environment variables
        (e.g. LD_LIBRARY_PATH, etc) that may be needed for all users.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/extrapaths.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>if [ -d /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig ] ; then
        pathappend /usr/local/lib/pkgconfig PKG_CONFIG_PATH
fi
if [ -d /usr/local/bin ]; then
        pathprepend /usr/local/bin
fi
if [ -d /usr/local/sbin -a $EUID -eq 0 ]; then
        pathprepend /usr/local/sbin
fi

if [ -d /usr/local/share ]; then
        pathprepend /usr/local/share XDG_DATA_DIRS
fi

# Set some defaults before other applications add to these paths.
pathappend /usr/share/man  MANPATH
pathappend /usr/share/info INFOPATH</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="readline.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/readline.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile readline.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-readline.sh">/etc/profile.d/readline.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        This script sets up the default <filename>inputrc</filename>
        configuration file. If the user does not have individual settings, it
        uses the global file.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/readline.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Set up the INPUTRC environment variable.
if [ -z "$INPUTRC" -a ! -f "$HOME/.inputrc" ] ; then
        INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
fi
export INPUTRC</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

    <sect3 id="umask.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/umask.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile umask.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-umask.sh">/etc/profile.d/umask.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        Setting the <command>umask</command> value is important for security.
        Here the default group write permissions are turned off for system
        users and when the user name and group name are not the same.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/umask.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># By default, the umask should be set.
if [ "$(id -gn)" = "$(id -un)" -a $EUID -gt 99 ] ; then
  umask 002
else
  umask 022
fi</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

<!-- This is handled in the Xorg section of the book
    <sect3 id="X.sh">
      <title>/etc/profile.d/X.sh</title>

      <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile X.sh">
        <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-X.sh">/etc/profile.d/X.sh</primary>
      </indexterm>

      <para>
        If <application>X</application> is installed, the <envar>PATH</envar>
        and <envar>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</envar> variables are also updated.
      </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/X.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>if [ -x /usr/X11R6/bin/X ]; then
        pathappend /usr/X11R6/bin
fi
if [ -d /usr/X11R6/lib/pkgconfig ] ; then
        pathappend /usr/X11R6/lib/pkgconfig PKG_CONFIG_PATH
fi</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>
-->
    <sect3 id="i18n.sh">
    <!-- This is handled system wide on systemd but LANG is not exported to
         the environment, hence it's return...need to add additional text for
         systemd only -->
      <title>/etc/profile.d/i18n.sh</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile i18n.sh">
      <primary sortas="e-etc-profile.d-i18n.sh">/etc/profile.d/i18n.sh</primary>
    </indexterm>

      <para>
        This script sets an environment variable necessary for
        native language support. A full discussion on determining this
        variable can be found on the <ulink
        url="&lfs-root;/chapter09/locale.html">Configuring the System
        Locale</ulink> page.
      </para>

<screen role="root" revision="sysv"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/i18n.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Set up i18n variables
for i in $(locale); do
  unset ${i%=*}
done

if [[ "$TERM" = linux ]]; then
  export LANG=C.UTF-8
else
  export LANG=<replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable>_<replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable>.<replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable><replaceable>&lt;@modifiers&gt;</replaceable>
fi</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

<screen role="root" revision="systemd"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/profile.d/i18n.sh &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Set up i18n variables
for i in $(locale); do
  unset ${i%=*}
done

if [[ "$TERM" = linux ]]; then
  export LANG=C.UTF-8
else
  source /etc/locale.conf

  for i in $(locale); do
    key=${i%=*}
    if [[ -v $key ]]; then
      export $key
    fi
  done
fi</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    </sect3>

    <sect3>
      <title>Other Initialization Values</title>

      <para>
        Other initialization can easily be added to the
        <filename>profile</filename> by adding additional scripts to the
        <filename class='directory'>/etc/profile.d</filename> directory.
      </para>

    </sect3>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="etc-bashrc-profile">
    <title>/etc/bashrc</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-bashrc-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-etc-bashrc">/etc/bashrc</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      Here is a base <filename>/etc/bashrc</filename>.  Comments in the
      file should explain everything you need.
    </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /etc/bashrc
# Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
# by James Robertson &lt;jameswrobertson@earthlink.net&gt;
# updated by Bruce Dubbs &lt;bdubbs@&lfs-domainname;&gt;

# System wide aliases and functions.

# System wide environment variables and startup programs should go into
# /etc/profile.  Personal environment variables and startup programs
# should go into ~/.bash_profile.  Personal aliases and functions should
# go into ~/.bashrc

# Provides colored /bin/ls and /bin/grep commands.  Used in conjunction
# with code in /etc/profile.

alias ls='ls --color=auto'
alias grep='grep --color=auto'

# Provides prompt for non-login shells, specifically shells started
# in the X environment. [Review the LFS archive thread titled
# PS1 Environment Variable for a great case study behind this script
# addendum.]

NORMAL="\[\e[0m\]"
RED="\[\e[1;31m\]"
GREEN="\[\e[1;32m\]"
if [[ $EUID == 0 ]] ; then
  PS1="$RED\u [ $NORMAL\w$RED ]# $NORMAL"
else
  PS1="$GREEN\u [ $NORMAL\w$GREEN ]\$ $NORMAL"
fi

unset RED GREEN NORMAL

# End /etc/bashrc</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="bash_profile-profile">
    <title>~/.bash_profile</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bash_profile-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-AA.bash_profile">~/.bash_profile</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      Here is a base <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename>.  If you want each
        new user to have this file automatically, just change the output of
      the command to <filename>/etc/skel/.bash_profile</filename> and check the
      permissions after the command is run. You can then copy <filename>
      /etc/skel/.bash_profile</filename> to the home directories of already
      existing users, including <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>,
      and set the owner and group appropriately.
    </para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bash_profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin ~/.bash_profile
# Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
# by James Robertson &lt;jameswrobertson@earthlink.net&gt;
# updated by Bruce Dubbs &lt;bdubbs@&lfs-domainname;&gt;

# Personal environment variables and startup programs.

# Personal aliases and functions should go in ~/.bashrc.  System wide
# environment variables and startup programs are in /etc/profile.
# System wide aliases and functions are in /etc/bashrc.

if [ -f "$HOME/.bashrc" ] ; then
  source $HOME/.bashrc
fi

if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
  pathprepend $HOME/bin
fi

# Having . in the PATH is dangerous
#if [ $EUID -gt 99 ]; then
#  pathappend .
#fi

# End ~/.bash_profile</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="dot_profile-profile">
    <title>~/.profile</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile dot_profile-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-AA.dot_profile">~/.profile</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      Here is a base <filename>~/.profile</filename>. The comments and
      instructions for using <filename class="directory">/etc/skel</filename>
      for <filename>.bash_profile</filename> above also apply here. Only the
      target file names are different.
    </para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ~/.profile &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin ~/.profile
# Personal environment variables and startup programs.

if [ -d "$HOME/bin" ] ; then
  pathprepend $HOME/bin
fi

# Set up user specific i18n variables
#export LANG=<replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable>_<replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable>.<replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable><replaceable>&lt;@modifiers&gt;</replaceable>

# End ~/.profile</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id="bashrc-profile">
    <title>~/.bashrc</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bashrc-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-AA.bashrc">~/.bashrc</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      Here is a base <filename>~/.bashrc</filename>.
    </para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bashrc &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin ~/.bashrc
# Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
# by James Robertson &lt;jameswrobertson@earthlink.net&gt;

# Personal aliases and functions.

# Personal environment variables and startup programs should go in
# ~/.bash_profile.  System wide environment variables and startup
# programs are in /etc/profile.  System wide aliases and functions are
# in /etc/bashrc.

if [ -f "/etc/bashrc" ] ; then
  source /etc/bashrc
fi

# Set up user specific i18n variables
#export LANG=<replaceable>&lt;ll&gt;</replaceable>_<replaceable>&lt;CC&gt;</replaceable>.<replaceable>&lt;charmap&gt;</replaceable><replaceable>&lt;@modifiers&gt;</replaceable>

# End ~/.bashrc</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>


  <sect2 id="bash_logout-profile">
    <title>~/.bash_logout</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile bash_logout-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-AA.bash_logout">~/.bash_logout</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
      This is an empty <filename>~/.bash_logout</filename> that can be used as
      a template.  You will notice that the base <filename>~/.bash_logout
      </filename> does not include a <userinput>clear</userinput> command.
      This is because the clear is handled in the
      <filename>/etc/issue</filename> file.
    </para>

<screen><userinput>cat &gt; ~/.bash_logout &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin ~/.bash_logout
# Written for Beyond Linux From Scratch
# by James Robertson &lt;jameswrobertson@earthlink.net&gt;

# Personal items to perform on logout.

# End ~/.bash_logout</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>


  <sect2 id="etc-dircolors-profile">
    <title>/etc/dircolors</title>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-dircolors-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-etc-dircolors">/etc/dircolors</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <indexterm zone="postlfs-config-profile etc-dircolors-profile">
      <primary sortas="e-AA.dircolors">~/.dircolors</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>
       If you want to use the <filename>dircolors</filename> capability, then
       run the following command. The <filename class="directory">/etc/skel
       </filename> setup steps shown above also can be used here to provide
       a <filename>~/.dircolors</filename> file when a new user is set up.
       As before, just change the output file name on the following command
       and assure the permissions, owner, and group are correct on the files
       created and/or copied.
    </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>dircolors -p > /etc/dircolors</userinput></screen>

    <para>
      If you wish to customize the colors used for different file types, you
      can edit the <filename>/etc/dircolors</filename> file. The instructions
      for setting the colors are embedded in the file.
    </para>


    <para>
      Finally, Ian Macdonald has written an excellent collection of tips and
      tricks to enhance your shell environment.  You can read it online at
      <ulink url="https://www.caliban.org/bash/index.shtml"/>.
    </para>

  </sect2>

</sect1>