[a32a241] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[5632009] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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[a42ba00] | 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[5632009] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="initramfs">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="initramfs.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <sect1info>
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| 12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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| 13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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| 14 | </sect1info>
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| 15 |
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| 16 | <title>About initramfs</title>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <para>The only purpose of an initramfs is to mount the root filesystem. The
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| 19 | initramfs is a complete set of directories that you would find on a normal
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| 20 | root filesystem. It is bundled into a single cpio archive and compressed
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| 21 | with one of several compression algorithms.</para>
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| 22 |
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| 23 | <para>At boot time, the boot loader loads the kernel and the initramfs image
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| 24 | into memory and starts the kernel. The kernel checks for the presence of the
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| 25 | initramfs and, if found, mounts it as / and runs /init. The init program is
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| 26 | typically a shell script. Note that the boot process takes longer, possibly
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[64cb61a] | 27 | significantly longer, if an initramfs is used.</para>
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[5632009] | 28 |
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| 29 | <para>For most distributions, kernel modules are the biggest reason to have an
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| 30 | initramfs. In a general distribution, there are many unknowns such as file
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| 31 | system types and disk layouts. In a way, this is the opposite of LFS where
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| 32 | the system capabilities and layout are known and a custom kernel is normally
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| 33 | built. In this situation, an initramfs is rarely needed.</para>
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| 34 |
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| 35 | <para>There are only four primary reasons to have an initramfs in the LFS
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| 36 | environment: loading the rootfs from a network, loading it from an LVM
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| 37 | logical volume, having an encrypted rootfs where a password is required, or
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| 38 | for the convenience of specifying the rootfs as a LABEL or UUID. Anything
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| 39 | else usually means that the kernel was not configured properly.</para>
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| 40 |
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| 41 | <sect2 id="initramfs-build">
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| 42 | <title>Building an initramfs</title>
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| 43 |
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[0d7900a] | 44 | <para>If you do decide to build an initramfs, the following scripts
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| 45 | will provide a basis to do it. The scripts will allow specifying a
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| 46 | rootfs via partition UUID or partition LABEL or a rootfs on an
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[5632009] | 47 | LVM logical volume. They do not support an encrypted root file system
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[0d7900a] | 48 | or mounting the rootfs over a network card. For a more complete
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[5632009] | 49 | capability see <ulink url="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/hints/read.html">
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| 50 | the LFS Hints</ulink> or <ulink url="http://fedoraproject.org/wiki/Dracut">
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| 51 | dracut</ulink>.</para>
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| 52 |
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| 53 | <para>To install these scripts, run the following commands as the
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| 54 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
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| 55 |
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| 56 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /sbin/mkinitramfs << "EOF"
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| 57 | #!/bin/bash
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[fe58aa0] | 58 | # This file based in part on the mkinitramfs script for the LFS LiveCD
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[5632009] | 59 | # written by Alexander E. Patrakov and Jeremy Huntwork.
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| 60 |
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| 61 | copy()
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| 62 | {
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| 63 | local file
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| 64 |
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| 65 | if [ "$2" == "lib" ]; then
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| 66 | file=$(PATH=/lib:/usr/lib type -p $1)
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| 67 | else
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| 68 | file=$(type -p $1)
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| 69 | fi
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| 70 |
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| 71 | if [ -n $file ] ; then
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| 72 | cp $file $WDIR/$2
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| 73 | else
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| 74 | echo "Missing required file: $1 for directory $2"
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| 75 | rm -rf $WDIR
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| 76 | exit 1
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| 77 | fi
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| 78 | }
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| 79 |
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| 80 | if [ -z $1 ] ; then
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| 81 | INITRAMFS_FILE=initrd.img-no-kmods
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| 82 | else
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| 83 | KERNEL_VERSION=$1
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| 84 | INITRAMFS_FILE=initrd.img-$KERNEL_VERSION
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| 85 | fi
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| 86 |
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| 87 | if [ -n "$KERNEL_VERSION" ] && [ ! -d "/lib/modules/$1" ] ; then
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| 88 | echo "No modules directory named $1"
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| 89 | exit 1
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| 90 | fi
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| 91 |
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| 92 | printf "Creating $INITRAMFS_FILE... "
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| 93 |
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[90c6607] | 94 | binfiles="sh cat cp dd killall ls mkdir mknod mount "
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[5632009] | 95 | binfiles="$binfiles umount sed sleep ln rm uname"
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[8b6d8b6] | 96 | binfiles="$binfiles readlink basename"
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[5632009] | 97 |
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[f350508] | 98 | # Systemd installs udevadm in /bin. Other udev implementations have it in /sbin
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| 99 | if [ -x /bin/udevadm ] ; then binfiles="$binfiles udevadm"; fi
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| 100 |
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| 101 | sbinfiles="modprobe blkid switch_root"
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[90c6607] | 102 |
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[8253f9fc] | 103 | #Optional files and locations
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[f8f7442] | 104 | for f in mdadm mdmon udevd udevadm; do
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[8253f9fc] | 105 | if [ -x /sbin/$f ] ; then sbinfiles="$sbinfiles $f"; fi
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| 106 | done
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[5632009] | 107 |
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| 108 | unsorted=$(mktemp /tmp/unsorted.XXXXXXXXXX)
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| 109 |
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| 110 | DATADIR=/usr/share/mkinitramfs
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| 111 | INITIN=init.in
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| 112 |
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[f8f7442] | 113 | # Create a temporary working directory
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[5632009] | 114 | WDIR=$(mktemp -d /tmp/initrd-work.XXXXXXXXXX)
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| 115 |
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| 116 | # Create base directory structure
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[8b6d8b6] | 117 | mkdir -p $WDIR/{bin,dev,lib/firmware,run,sbin,sys,proc,usr}
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[5632009] | 118 | mkdir -p $WDIR/etc/{modprobe.d,udev/rules.d}
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| 119 | touch $WDIR/etc/modprobe.d/modprobe.conf
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| 120 | ln -s lib $WDIR/lib64
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[8b6d8b6] | 121 | ln -s ../bin $WDIR/usr/bin
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[5632009] | 122 |
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| 123 | # Create necessary device nodes
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| 124 | mknod -m 640 $WDIR/dev/console c 5 1
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| 125 | mknod -m 664 $WDIR/dev/null c 1 3
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| 126 |
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| 127 | # Install the udev configuration files
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[50f410f] | 128 | if [ -f /etc/udev/udev.conf ]; then
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| 129 | cp /etc/udev/udev.conf $WDIR/etc/udev/udev.conf
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| 130 | fi
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[5632009] | 131 |
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| 132 | for file in $(find /etc/udev/rules.d/ -type f) ; do
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| 133 | cp $file $WDIR/etc/udev/rules.d
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| 134 | done
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| 135 |
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[a32a241] | 136 | # Install any firmware present
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| 137 | cp -a /lib/firmware $WDIR/lib
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| 138 |
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[f350508] | 139 | # Copy the RAID configuration file if present
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[5632009] | 140 | if [ -f /etc/mdadm.conf ] ; then
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| 141 | cp /etc/mdadm.conf $WDIR/etc
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| 142 | fi
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| 143 |
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| 144 | # Install the init file
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| 145 | install -m0755 $DATADIR/$INITIN $WDIR/init
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| 146 |
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[ea8a884] | 147 | if [ -n "$KERNEL_VERSION" ] ; then
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| 148 | if [ -x /bin/kmod ] ; then
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| 149 | binfiles="$binfiles kmod"
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| 150 | else
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| 151 | binfiles="$binfiles lsmod"
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[64cb61a] | 152 | sbinfiles="$sbinfiles insmod"
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[ea8a884] | 153 | fi
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| 154 | fi
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| 155 |
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[5632009] | 156 | # Install basic binaries
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| 157 | for f in $binfiles ; do
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[8b6d8b6] | 158 | if [ -e /bin/$f ]; then d="/bin"; else d="/usr/bin"; fi
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| 159 | ldd $d/$f | sed "s/\t//" | cut -d " " -f1 >> $unsorted
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| 160 | copy $d/$f bin
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[5632009] | 161 | done
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| 162 |
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| 163 | # Add lvm if present
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[50f410f] | 164 | if [ -x /sbin/lvm ] ; then sbinfiles="$sbinfiles lvm dmsetup"; fi
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[5632009] | 165 |
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| 166 | for f in $sbinfiles ; do
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| 167 | ldd /sbin/$f | sed "s/\t//" | cut -d " " -f1 >> $unsorted
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| 168 | copy $f sbin
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| 169 | done
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| 170 |
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[8253f9fc] | 171 | # Add udevd libraries if not in /sbin
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| 172 | if [ -x /lib/udev/udevd ] ; then
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[f350508] | 173 | ldd /lib/udev/udevd | sed "s/\t//" | cut -d " " -f1 >> $unsorted
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| 174 | elif [ -x /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd ] ; then
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| 175 | ldd /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd | sed "s/\t//" | cut -d " " -f1 >> $unsorted
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[8253f9fc] | 176 | fi
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| 177 |
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[ea8a884] | 178 | # Add module symlinks if appropriate
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| 179 | if [ -n "$KERNEL_VERSION" ] && [ -x /bin/kmod ] ; then
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| 180 | ln -s kmod $WDIR/bin/lsmod
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| 181 | ln -s kmod $WDIR/bin/insmod
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| 182 | fi
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| 183 |
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[5632009] | 184 | # Add lvm symlinks if appropriate
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[50f410f] | 185 | # Also copy the lvm.conf file
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[5632009] | 186 | if [ -x /sbin/lvm ] ; then
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| 187 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvchange
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[8253f9fc] | 188 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvrename
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| 189 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvextend
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[5632009] | 190 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvcreate
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| 191 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvdisplay
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| 192 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/lvscan
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| 193 |
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| 194 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/pvchange
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| 195 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/pvck
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| 196 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/pvcreate
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| 197 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/pvdisplay
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| 198 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/pvscan
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| 199 |
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[068c8df] | 200 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/vgchange
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[5632009] | 201 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/vgcreate
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| 202 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/vgscan
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| 203 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/vgrename
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| 204 | ln -s lvm $WDIR/sbin/vgck
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[50f410f] | 205 | # Conf file(s)
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| 206 | cp -a /etc/lvm $WDIR/etc
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[5632009] | 207 | fi
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| 208 |
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| 209 | # Install libraries
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[8253f9fc] | 210 | sort $unsorted | uniq | while read library ; do
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| 211 | if [ "$library" == "linux-vdso.so.1" ] ||
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| 212 | [ "$library" == "linux-gate.so.1" ]; then
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[5632009] | 213 | continue
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| 214 | fi
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| 215 |
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| 216 | copy $library lib
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| 217 | done
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| 218 |
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[f350508] | 219 | if [ -d /lib/udev ]; then
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| 220 | cp -a /lib/udev $WDIR/lib
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| 221 | fi
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| 222 | if [ -d /lib/systemd ]; then
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| 223 | cp -a /lib/systemd $WDIR/lib
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| 224 | fi
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[5632009] | 225 |
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| 226 | # Install the kernel modules if requested
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| 227 | if [ -n "$KERNEL_VERSION" ]; then
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| 228 | find \
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| 229 | /lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/{crypto,fs,lib} \
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| 230 | /lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/drivers/{block,ata,md,firewire} \
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| 231 | /lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/drivers/{scsi,message,pcmcia,virtio} \
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| 232 | /lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION/kernel/drivers/usb/{host,storage} \
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| 233 | -type f 2> /dev/null | cpio --make-directories -p --quiet $WDIR
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| 234 |
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[8253f9fc] | 235 | cp /lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION/modules.{builtin,order} \
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| 236 | $WDIR/lib/modules/$KERNEL_VERSION
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| 237 |
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[5632009] | 238 | depmod -b $WDIR $KERNEL_VERSION
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| 239 | fi
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| 240 |
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| 241 | ( cd $WDIR ; find . | cpio -o -H newc --quiet | gzip -9 ) > $INITRAMFS_FILE
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| 242 |
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| 243 | # Remove the temporary directory and file
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| 244 | rm -rf $WDIR $unsorted
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| 245 | printf "done.\n"
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| 246 |
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[5712a7d] | 247 | EOF
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| 248 |
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[7b82eb14] | 249 | chmod 0755 /sbin/mkinitramfs</userinput></screen>
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[0d7900a] | 250 |
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[5632009] | 251 | <screen role="root"><userinput>mkdir -p /usr/share/mkinitramfs &&
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| 252 | cat > /usr/share/mkinitramfs/init.in << "EOF"
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| 253 | #!/bin/sh
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| 254 |
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| 255 | PATH=/bin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/usr/sbin
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| 256 | export PATH
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| 257 |
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| 258 | problem()
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| 259 | {
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| 260 | printf "Encountered a problem!\n\nDropping you to a shell.\n\n"
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| 261 | sh
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| 262 | }
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| 263 |
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| 264 | no_device()
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| 265 | {
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| 266 | printf "The device %s, which is supposed to contain the\n" $1
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| 267 | printf "root file system, does not exist.\n"
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| 268 | printf "Please fix this problem and exit this shell.\n\n"
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| 269 | }
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| 270 |
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| 271 | no_mount()
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| 272 | {
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| 273 | printf "Could not mount device %s\n" $1
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| 274 | printf "Sleeping forever. Please reboot and fix the kernel command line.\n\n"
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| 275 | printf "Maybe the device is formatted with an unsupported file system?\n\n"
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| 276 | printf "Or maybe filesystem type autodetection went wrong, in which case\n"
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| 277 | printf "you should add the rootfstype=... parameter to the kernel command line.\n\n"
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| 278 | printf "Available partitions:\n"
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| 279 | }
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| 280 |
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| 281 | do_mount_root()
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| 282 | {
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| 283 | mkdir /.root
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| 284 | [ -n "$rootflags" ] && rootflags="$rootflags,"
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| 285 | rootflags="$rootflags$ro"
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| 286 |
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| 287 | case "$root" in
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| 288 | /dev/* ) device=$root ;;
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| 289 | UUID=* ) eval $root; device="/dev/disk/by-uuid/$UUID" ;;
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[4a20b84] | 290 | LABEL=*) eval $root; device="/dev/disk/by-label/$LABEL" ;;
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[5632009] | 291 | "" ) echo "No root device specified." ; problem ;;
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| 292 | esac
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| 293 |
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| 294 | while [ ! -b "$device" ] ; do
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| 295 | no_device $device
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| 296 | problem
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| 297 | done
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| 298 |
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| 299 | if ! mount -n -t "$rootfstype" -o "$rootflags" "$device" /.root ; then
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| 300 | no_mount $device
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| 301 | cat /proc/partitions
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| 302 | while true ; do sleep 10000 ; done
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| 303 | else
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| 304 | echo "Successfully mounted device $root"
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| 305 | fi
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| 306 | }
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| 307 |
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| 308 | init=/sbin/init
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| 309 | root=
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| 310 | rootdelay=
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| 311 | rootfstype=auto
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| 312 | ro="ro"
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| 313 | rootflags=
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| 314 | device=
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| 315 |
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| 316 | mount -n -t devtmpfs devtmpfs /dev
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[a32a241] | 317 | mount -n -t proc proc /proc
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| 318 | mount -n -t sysfs sysfs /sys
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| 319 | mount -n -t tmpfs tmpfs /run
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[5632009] | 320 |
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| 321 | read -r cmdline < /proc/cmdline
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| 322 |
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| 323 | for param in $cmdline ; do
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| 324 | case $param in
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| 325 | init=* ) init=${param#init=} ;;
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| 326 | root=* ) root=${param#root=} ;;
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| 327 | rootdelay=* ) rootdelay=${param#rootdelay=} ;;
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| 328 | rootfstype=*) rootfstype=${param#rootfstype=} ;;
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| 329 | rootflags=* ) rootflags=${param#rootflags=} ;;
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| 330 | ro ) ro="ro" ;;
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| 331 | rw ) ro="rw" ;;
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| 332 | esac
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| 333 | done
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| 334 |
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[8253f9fc] | 335 | # udevd location depends on version
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| 336 | if [ -x /sbin/udevd ]; then
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[f350508] | 337 | UDEVD=/sbin/udevd
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| 338 | elif [ -x /lib/udev/udevd ]; then
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| 339 | UDEVD=/lib/udev/udevd
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| 340 | elif [ -x /lib/systemd/systemd-udevd ]; then
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| 341 | UDEVD=/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd
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[8253f9fc] | 342 | else
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[f350508] | 343 | echo "Cannot find udevd nor systemd-udevd"
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| 344 | problem
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[8253f9fc] | 345 | fi
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| 346 |
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[f350508] | 347 | ${UDEVD} --daemon --resolve-names=never
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[5632009] | 348 | udevadm trigger
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| 349 | udevadm settle
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| 350 |
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[50f410f] | 351 | if [ -f /etc/mdadm.conf ] ; then mdadm -As ; fi
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| 352 | if [ -x /sbin/vgchange ] ; then /sbin/vgchange -a y > /dev/null ; fi
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| 353 | if [ -n "$rootdelay" ] ; then sleep "$rootdelay" ; fi
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[5632009] | 354 |
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| 355 | do_mount_root
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| 356 |
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[f350508] | 357 | killall -w ${UDEVD##*/}
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[5632009] | 358 |
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| 359 | exec switch_root /.root "$init" "$@"
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| 360 |
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| 361 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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[0d7900a] | 362 |
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[5632009] | 363 | </sect2>
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| 364 |
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| 365 | <sect2 id="initramfs-install">
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| 366 | <title>Using an initramfs</title>
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| 367 |
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[ea8a884] | 368 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Required Runtime Dependency</bridgehead>
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| 369 |
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| 370 | <para role="required">
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[96e9478] | 371 | <xref role="runtime" linkend="cpio"/>
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[ea8a884] | 372 | </para>
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| 373 |
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| 374 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
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| 375 | <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/initramfs"/>
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| 376 | </para>
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| 377 |
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| 378 |
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[5632009] | 379 | <para>To build an initramfs, run the following as the <systemitem
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| 380 | class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
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| 381 |
|
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[7b82eb14] | 382 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>mkinitramfs [KERNEL VERSION]</userinput></screen>
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[5632009] | 383 |
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| 384 | <para>The optional argument is the directory where the appropriate kernel
|
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| 385 | modules are located. This must be a subdirectory of <filename
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| 386 | class='directory'> /lib/modules</filename>. If no modules are specified,
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| 387 | then the initramfs is named <emphasis>initrd.img-no-kmods</emphasis>. If a
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| 388 | kernel version is specified, the initrd is named
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| 389 | <emphasis>initrd.img-$KERNEL_VERSION</emphasis> and is only appropriate for
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| 390 | the specific kernel specified. The output file will be placed in the
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| 391 | current directory.</para>
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| 392 |
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| 393 | <para>After generating the initrd, copy it to the <filename
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| 394 | class='directory'>/boot</filename> directory.</para>
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| 395 |
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[0d7900a] | 396 | <para>Now edit <filename>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</filename> and add a new
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[5632009] | 397 | menuentry. Below are several examples.</para>
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| 398 |
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[7b82eb14] | 399 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput># Generic initramfs and root fs identified by UUID
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[0d7900a] | 400 | menuentry "LFS Dev (LFS-7.0-Feb14) initrd, Linux 3.0.4"
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[5632009] | 401 | {
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| 402 | linux /vmlinuz-3.0.4-lfs-20120214 root=UUID=54b934a9-302d-415e-ac11-4988408eb0a8 ro
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| 403 | initrd /initrd.img-no-kmods
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| 404 | }</userinput></screen>
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| 405 |
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[7b82eb14] | 406 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput># Generic initramfs and root fs on LVM partition
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[0d7900a] | 407 | menuentry "LFS Dev (LFS-7.0-Feb18) initrd lvm, Linux 3.0.4"
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[5632009] | 408 | {
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| 409 | linux /vmlinuz-3.0.4-lfs-20120218 root=/dev/mapper/myroot ro
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| 410 | initrd /initrd.img-no-kmods
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| 411 | }</userinput></screen>
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| 412 |
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[7b82eb14] | 413 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput># Specific initramfs and root fs identified by LABEL
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[0d7900a] | 414 | menuentry "LFS Dev (LFS-7.1-Feb20) initrd label, Linux 3.2.6"
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[5632009] | 415 | {
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| 416 | linux /vmlinuz-3.2.6-lfs71-120220 root=LABEL=lfs71 ro
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| 417 | initrd /initrd.img-3.2.6-lfs71-120220
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| 418 | }</userinput></screen>
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| 419 |
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| 420 | <para>Finally, reboot the system and select the desired system.</para>
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| 421 |
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| 422 | </sect2>
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| 423 |
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| 424 | </sect1>
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