1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 |
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7 | <!ENTITY openssh-download-http
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8 | "http://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/OpenSSH/portable/openssh-&openssh-version;.tar.gz">
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9 | <!ENTITY openssh-download-ftp
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10 | "ftp://ftp.openbsd.org/pub/OpenBSD/OpenSSH/portable/openssh-&openssh-version;.tar.gz">
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11 | <!ENTITY openssh-md5sum "3e9800e6bca1fbac0eea4d41baa7f239">
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12 | <!ENTITY openssh-size "1.3 MB">
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13 | <!ENTITY openssh-buildsize "32 MB (additional 2 MB if running the tests)">
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14 | <!ENTITY openssh-time "0.5 SBU (running the tests takes at least 10
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15 | minutes, irrespective of processor speed)">
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16 | ]>
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17 |
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18 | <sect1 id="openssh" xreflabel="OpenSSH-&openssh-version;">
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19 | <?dbhtml filename="openssh.html"?>
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20 |
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21 | <sect1info>
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22 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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23 | <date>$Date$</date>
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24 | </sect1info>
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25 |
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26 | <title>OpenSSH-&openssh-version;</title>
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27 |
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28 | <indexterm zone="openssh">
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29 | <primary sortas="a-OpenSSH">OpenSSH</primary>
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30 | </indexterm>
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31 |
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32 | <sect2 role="package">
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33 | <title>Introduction to OpenSSH</title>
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34 |
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35 | <para>
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36 | The <application>OpenSSH</application> package contains
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37 | <command>ssh</command> clients and the <command>sshd</command> daemon. This
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38 | is useful for encrypting authentication and subsequent traffic over a
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39 | network. The <command>ssh</command> and <command>scp</command> commands are
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40 | secure implementions of <command>telnet</command> and <command>rcp</command>
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41 | respectively.
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42 | </para>
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43 |
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44 | &lfs75_checked;
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45 |
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46 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Package Information</bridgehead>
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47 | <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
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48 | <listitem>
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49 | <para>
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50 | Download (HTTP): <ulink url="&openssh-download-http;"/>
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51 | </para>
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52 | </listitem>
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53 | <listitem>
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54 | <para>
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55 | Download (FTP): <ulink url="&openssh-download-ftp;"/>
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56 | </para>
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57 | </listitem>
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58 | <listitem>
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59 | <para>
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60 | Download MD5 sum: &openssh-md5sum;
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61 | </para>
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62 | </listitem>
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63 | <listitem>
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64 | <para>
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65 | Download size: &openssh-size;
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66 | </para>
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67 | </listitem>
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68 | <listitem>
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69 | <para>
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70 | Estimated disk space required: &openssh-buildsize;
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71 | </para>
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72 | </listitem>
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73 | <listitem>
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74 | <para>
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75 | Estimated build time: &openssh-time;
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76 | </para>
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77 | </listitem>
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78 | </itemizedlist>
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79 |
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80 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">OpenSSH Dependencies</bridgehead>
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81 |
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82 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Required</bridgehead>
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83 | <para role="required"><xref linkend="openssl"/></para>
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84 |
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85 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Optional</bridgehead>
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86 | <para role="optional">
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87 | <xref linkend="linux-pam"/>,
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88 | <xref linkend="x-window-system"/>,
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89 | <xref linkend="mitkrb"/>,
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90 | <ulink url="http://www.thrysoee.dk/editline/">libedit</ulink>,
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91 | <ulink url="http://www.opensc-project.org/">OpenSC</ulink>, and
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92 | <ulink url="http://www.citi.umich.edu/projects/smartcard/sectok.html">libsectok</ulink>
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93 | </para>
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94 |
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95 | <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Optional Runtime (Used only to gather entropy)</bridgehead>
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96 | <para role="optional">
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97 | <xref linkend="openjdk"/>,
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98 | <xref linkend="net-tools"/>, and
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99 | <xref linkend="sysstat"/>.
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100 | </para>
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101 |
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102 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">
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103 | User Notes: <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/OpenSSH"/>
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104 | </para>
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105 | </sect2>
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106 |
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107 | <sect2 role="installation">
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108 | <title>Installation of OpenSSH</title>
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109 |
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110 | <para>
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111 | <application>OpenSSH</application> runs as two processes when connecting
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112 | to other computers. The first process is a privileged process and controls
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113 | the issuance of privileges as necessary. The second process communicates
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114 | with the network. Additional installation steps are necessary to set up
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115 | the proper environment, which are performed by issuing the following
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116 | commands as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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117 | </para>
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118 |
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119 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -m700 -d /var/lib/sshd &&
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120 | chown -v root:sys /var/lib/sshd &&
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121 |
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122 | groupadd -g 50 sshd &&
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123 | useradd -c 'sshd PrivSep' -d /var/lib/sshd -g sshd -s /bin/false -u 50 sshd</userinput></screen>
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124 |
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125 | <para>
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126 | Install <application>OpenSSH</application> by running the following
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127 | commands:
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128 | </para>
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129 |
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130 | <screen><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr \
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131 | --sysconfdir=/etc/ssh \
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132 | --with-md5-passwords \
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133 | --with-privsep-path=/var/lib/sshd &&
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134 | make</userinput></screen>
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135 |
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136 | <para>
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137 | The testsuite requires an installed copy of <command>scp</command> to
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138 | complete the multiplexing tests. To run the test suite, first copy the
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139 | <command>scp</command> program to
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140 | <filename class="directory">/usr/bin</filename>, making sure that you
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141 | back up any existing copy first.
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142 | </para>
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143 |
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144 | <para>
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145 | To test the results, issue: <command>make tests</command>.
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146 | </para>
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147 |
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148 | <!-- commenting this, I get "all tests passed" [ ken ]
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149 | NB tests should be run as _user_ but the role in the comment is root
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150 |
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151 | commenting [ bruce ]: There are a couple of tests that want root.
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152 | The log mentions that SUDO is not set. These skipped tests are
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153 | ignored and the end says 'all tests passed' even when not root
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154 |
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155 | <para>
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156 | To run the test suite, issue the following commands:
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157 | </para>
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158 |
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159 | <screen role="root"><userinput>make tests 2>&1 | tee check.log
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160 | grep FATAL check.log</userinput></screen>
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161 |
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162 | <para>
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163 | If the above command produces no 'FATAL' errors, then proceed with the
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164 | installation, as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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165 | </para>-->
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166 | <para>
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167 | Now, as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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168 | </para>
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169 |
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170 | <screen role="root"><userinput>make install &&
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171 | install -v -m755 contrib/ssh-copy-id /usr/bin &&
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172 | install -v -m644 contrib/ssh-copy-id.1 /usr/share/man/man1 &&
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173 | install -v -m755 -d /usr/share/doc/openssh-&openssh-version; &&
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174 | install -v -m644 INSTALL LICENCE OVERVIEW README* /usr/share/doc/openssh-&openssh-version;</userinput></screen>
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175 | </sect2>
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176 |
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177 | <sect2 role="commands">
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178 | <title>Command Explanations</title>
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179 |
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180 | <para>
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181 | <parameter>--sysconfdir=/etc/ssh</parameter>: This prevents the
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182 | configuration files from being installed in
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183 | <filename class="directory">/usr/etc</filename>.
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184 | </para>
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185 |
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186 | <para>
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187 | <parameter>--with-md5-passwords</parameter>: This enables the use of MD5
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188 | passwords.
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189 | </para>
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190 |
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191 | <para>
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192 | <parameter>--with-pam</parameter>: This parameter enables
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193 | <application>Linux-PAM</application> support in the build.
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194 | </para>
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195 |
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196 | <para>
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197 | <parameter>--with-xauth=/usr/bin/xauth</parameter>: Set the default
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198 | location for the <command>xauth</command> binary for X authentication.
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199 | Change the location if <command>xauth</command> will be installed to a
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200 | different path. This can also be controlled from
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201 | <filename>sshd_config</filename> with the XAuthLocation keyword. You can
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202 | omit this switch if <application>Xorg</application> is already installed.
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203 | </para>
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204 |
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205 | <para>
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206 | <parameter>--with-kerberos5=/usr</parameter>: This option is used to
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207 | include Kerberos 5 support in the build.
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208 | </para>
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209 |
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210 | <para>
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211 | <parameter>--with-libedit</parameter>: This option enables line editing
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212 | and history features for <command>sftp</command>.
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213 | </para>
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214 |
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215 | </sect2>
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216 |
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217 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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218 | <title>Configuring OpenSSH</title>
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219 |
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220 | <sect3 id="openssh-config">
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221 | <title>Config Files</title>
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222 |
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223 | <para>
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224 | <filename>~/.ssh/*</filename>,
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225 | <filename>/etc/ssh/ssh_config</filename>, and
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226 | <filename>/etc/ssh/sshd_config</filename>
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227 | </para>
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228 |
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229 | <indexterm zone="openssh openssh-config">
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230 | <primary sortas="e-AA.ssh">~/.ssh/*</primary>
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231 | </indexterm>
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232 |
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233 | <indexterm zone="openssh openssh-config">
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234 | <primary sortas="e-etc-ssh-ssh_config">/etc/ssh/ssh_config</primary>
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235 | </indexterm>
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236 |
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237 | <indexterm zone="openssh openssh-config">
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238 | <primary sortas="e-etc-ssh-sshd_config">/etc/ssh/sshd_config</primary>
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239 | </indexterm>
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240 |
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241 | <para>
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242 | There are no required changes to any of these files. However,
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243 | you may wish to view the
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244 | <filename class='directory'>/etc/ssh/</filename> files and make any
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245 | changes appropriate for the security of your system. One recommended
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246 | change is that you disable
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247 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> login via
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248 | <command>ssh</command>. Execute the following command as the
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249 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user to disable
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250 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> login via
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251 | <command>ssh</command>:
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252 | </para>
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253 |
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254 | <screen role="root"><userinput>echo "PermitRootLogin no" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</userinput></screen>
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255 |
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256 | <para>
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257 | If you want to be able to log in without typing in your password, first
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258 | create ~/.ssh/id_rsa and ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub with
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259 | <command>ssh-keygen</command> and then copy ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub to
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260 | ~/.ssh/authorized_keys on the remote computer that you want to log into.
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261 | You'll need to change REMOTE_HOSTNAME for the hostname of the remote
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262 | computer and you'll also need to enter you password for the ssh command
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263 | to succeed:
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264 | </para>
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265 |
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266 | <screen><userinput>ssh-keygen &&
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267 | public_key="$(cat ~/.ssh/id_rsa.pub)" &&
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268 | ssh REMOTE_HOSTNAME "echo ${public_key} >> ~/.ssh/authorized_keys" &&
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269 | unset public_key</userinput></screen>
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270 |
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271 | <para>
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272 | Once you've got passwordless logins working it's actually more secure
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273 | than logging in with a password (as the private key is much longer than
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274 | most people's passwords). If you would like to now disable password
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275 | logins, as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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276 | </para>
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277 |
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278 |
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279 | <screen role="root"><userinput>echo "PasswordAuthentication no" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config &&
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280 | echo "ChallengeResponseAuthentication no" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</userinput></screen>
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281 |
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282 | <para>
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283 | If you added <application>LinuxPAM</application> support and you want
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284 | ssh to use it then you will need to add a configuration file for
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285 | <application>sshd</application> and enable use of
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286 | <application>LinuxPAM</application>. Note, ssh only uses PAM to check
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287 | passwords, if you've disabled password logins these commands are not
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288 | needed. If you want to use PAM issue the following commands as the
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289 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user:
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290 | </para>
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291 |
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292 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed 's@d/login@d/sshd@g' /etc/pam.d/login > /etc/pam.d/sshd &&
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293 | chmod 644 /etc/pam.d/sshd &&
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294 | echo "UsePAM yes" >> /etc/ssh/sshd_config</userinput></screen>
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295 |
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296 | <para>
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297 | Additional configuration information can be found in the man
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298 | pages for <command>sshd</command>, <command>ssh</command> and
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299 | <command>ssh-agent</command>.
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300 | </para>
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301 | </sect3>
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302 |
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303 | <sect3 id="openssh-init">
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304 | <title>Systemd Units</title>
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305 |
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306 | <para>
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307 | To start the <command>sshd</command> daemon at boot,
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308 | install the systemd units from the <xref linkend="bootscripts"/>
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309 | package by running the following command as the
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310 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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311 | </para>
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312 |
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313 | <indexterm zone="openssh openssh-init">
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314 | <primary sortas="f-sshd">sshd</primary>
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315 | </indexterm>
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316 |
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317 | <screen role="root"><userinput>make install-sshd</userinput></screen>
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318 |
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319 | <note>
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320 | <para>
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321 | This package comes with two types of units: A service file and a socket file.
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322 | The service file will start sshd daemon once at boot and it will keep running until the
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323 | system shuts down. The socket file will make systemd listen on sshd port (Default 22, needs
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324 | to be edited for anything else) and will start sshd daemon when something tries to connect
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325 | to that port and stop the daemon when the connection is terminated. This is
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326 | called socket activation.
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327 |
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328 | By default, the first method is used - sshd daemon is started at boot and stopped at shutdown.
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329 | If the socket method is desired, you need to run as the
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330 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
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331 |
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332 | <screen role="root"><userinput>systemctl stop sshd &&
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333 | systemctl disable sshd &&
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334 | systemctl enable sshd.socket &&
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335 | systemctl start sshd.socket</userinput></screen>
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336 | </para>
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337 | </note>
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338 |
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339 | </sect3>
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340 | </sect2>
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341 |
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342 | <sect2 role="content">
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343 | <title>Contents</title>
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344 |
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345 | <segmentedlist>
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346 | <segtitle>Installed Programs</segtitle>
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347 | <segtitle>Installed Libraries</segtitle>
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348 | <segtitle>Installed Directories</segtitle>
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349 |
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350 | <seglistitem>
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351 | <seg>
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352 | scp, sftp, sftp-server, slogin (symlink to ssh), ssh, sshd, ssh-add,
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353 | ssh-agent, ssh-copy-id, ssh-keygen, ssh-keyscan, ssh-keysign,
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354 | and ssh-pkcs11-helper
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355 | </seg>
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356 | <seg>
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357 | None
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358 | </seg>
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359 | <seg>
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360 | /etc/ssh,
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361 | /usr/libexec/openssh,
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362 | /usr/share/doc/openssh-&openssh-version;, and
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363 | /var/lib/sshd
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364 | </seg>
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365 | </seglistitem>
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366 | </segmentedlist>
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367 |
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368 | <variablelist>
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369 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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370 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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371 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
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372 |
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373 | <varlistentry id="scp">
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374 | <term><command>scp</command></term>
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375 | <listitem>
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376 | <para>
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377 | is a file copy program that acts like <command>rcp</command> except
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378 | it uses an encrypted protocol.
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379 | </para>
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380 | <indexterm zone="openssh scp">
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381 | <primary sortas="b-scp">scp</primary>
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382 | </indexterm>
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383 | </listitem>
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384 | </varlistentry>
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385 |
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386 | <varlistentry id="sftp">
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387 | <term><command>sftp</command></term>
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388 | <listitem>
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389 | <para>
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390 | is an FTP-like program that works over the SSH1 and SSH2 protocols.
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391 | </para>
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392 | <indexterm zone="openssh sftp">
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393 | <primary sortas="b-sftp">sftp</primary>
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394 | </indexterm>
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395 | </listitem>
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396 | </varlistentry>
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397 |
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398 | <varlistentry id="sftp-server">
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399 | <term><command>sftp-server</command></term>
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400 | <listitem>
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401 | <para>
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402 | is an SFTP server subsystem. This program is not normally called
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403 | directly by the user.
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404 | </para>
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405 | <indexterm zone="openssh sftp-server">
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406 | <primary sortas="b-sftp-server">sftp-server</primary>
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407 | </indexterm>
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408 | </listitem>
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409 | </varlistentry>
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410 |
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411 | <varlistentry id="slogin">
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412 | <term><command>slogin</command></term>
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413 | <listitem>
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414 | <para>
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415 | is a symlink to <command>ssh</command>.
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416 | </para>
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417 | <indexterm zone="openssh slogin">
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418 | <primary sortas="b-slogin">slogin</primary>
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419 | </indexterm>
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420 | </listitem>
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421 | </varlistentry>
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422 |
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423 | <varlistentry id="ssh">
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424 | <term><command>ssh</command></term>
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425 | <listitem>
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426 | <para>
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427 | is an <command>rlogin</command>/<command>rsh</command>-like client
|
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428 | program except it uses an encrypted protocol.
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429 | </para>
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430 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh">
|
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431 | <primary sortas="b-ssh">ssh</primary>
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432 | </indexterm>
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433 | </listitem>
|
---|
434 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
435 |
|
---|
436 | <varlistentry id="sshd">
|
---|
437 | <term><command>sshd</command></term>
|
---|
438 | <listitem>
|
---|
439 | <para>
|
---|
440 | is a daemon that listens for <command>ssh</command> login requests.
|
---|
441 | </para>
|
---|
442 | <indexterm zone="openssh sshd">
|
---|
443 | <primary sortas="b-sshd">sshd</primary>
|
---|
444 | </indexterm>
|
---|
445 | </listitem>
|
---|
446 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
447 |
|
---|
448 | <varlistentry id="ssh-add">
|
---|
449 | <term><command>ssh-add</command></term>
|
---|
450 | <listitem>
|
---|
451 | <para>
|
---|
452 | is a tool which adds keys to the <command>ssh-agent</command>.
|
---|
453 | </para>
|
---|
454 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-add">
|
---|
455 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-add">ssh-add</primary>
|
---|
456 | </indexterm>
|
---|
457 | </listitem>
|
---|
458 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
459 |
|
---|
460 | <varlistentry id="ssh-agent">
|
---|
461 | <term><command>ssh-agent</command></term>
|
---|
462 | <listitem>
|
---|
463 | <para>
|
---|
464 | is an authentication agent that can store private keys.
|
---|
465 | </para>
|
---|
466 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-agent">
|
---|
467 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-agent">ssh-agent</primary>
|
---|
468 | </indexterm>
|
---|
469 | </listitem>
|
---|
470 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
471 |
|
---|
472 | <varlistentry id="ssh-copy-id">
|
---|
473 | <term><command>ssh-copy-id</command></term>
|
---|
474 | <listitem>
|
---|
475 | <para>
|
---|
476 | is a script that enables logins on remote machine using local keys.
|
---|
477 | </para>
|
---|
478 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-copy-id">
|
---|
479 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-copy-id">ssh-copy-id</primary>
|
---|
480 | </indexterm>
|
---|
481 | </listitem>
|
---|
482 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
483 |
|
---|
484 | <varlistentry id="ssh-keygen">
|
---|
485 | <term><command>ssh-keygen</command></term>
|
---|
486 | <listitem>
|
---|
487 | <para>
|
---|
488 | is a key generation tool.
|
---|
489 | </para>
|
---|
490 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-keygen">
|
---|
491 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-keygen">ssh-keygen</primary>
|
---|
492 | </indexterm>
|
---|
493 | </listitem>
|
---|
494 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
495 |
|
---|
496 | <varlistentry id="ssh-keyscan">
|
---|
497 | <term><command>ssh-keyscan</command></term>
|
---|
498 | <listitem>
|
---|
499 | <para>
|
---|
500 | is a utility for gathering public host keys from a number of hosts.
|
---|
501 | </para>
|
---|
502 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-keyscan">
|
---|
503 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-keyscan">ssh-keyscan</primary>
|
---|
504 | </indexterm>
|
---|
505 | </listitem>
|
---|
506 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
507 |
|
---|
508 | <varlistentry id="ssh-keysign">
|
---|
509 | <term><command>ssh-keysign</command></term>
|
---|
510 | <listitem>
|
---|
511 | <para>
|
---|
512 | is used by <command>ssh</command> to access the local host keys and
|
---|
513 | generate the digital signature required during hostbased
|
---|
514 | authentication with SSH protocol version 2. This program is not
|
---|
515 | normally called directly by the user.
|
---|
516 | </para>
|
---|
517 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-keysign">
|
---|
518 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-keysign">ssh-keysign</primary>
|
---|
519 | </indexterm>
|
---|
520 | </listitem>
|
---|
521 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
522 |
|
---|
523 | <varlistentry id="ssh-pkcs11-helper">
|
---|
524 | <term><command>ssh-pkcs11-helper</command></term>
|
---|
525 | <listitem>
|
---|
526 | <para>
|
---|
527 | is a <command>ssh-agent</command> helper program for PKCS#11 support.
|
---|
528 | </para>
|
---|
529 | <indexterm zone="openssh ssh-pkcs11-helper">
|
---|
530 | <primary sortas="b-ssh-pkcs11-helper">ssh-pkcs11-helper</primary>
|
---|
531 | </indexterm>
|
---|
532 | </listitem>
|
---|
533 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
534 |
|
---|
535 | </variablelist>
|
---|
536 | </sect2>
|
---|
537 | </sect1>
|
---|