source: postlfs/virtualization/qemu-systemd.xml@ 54789f3

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
   "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
  %general-entities;

  <!ENTITY qemu-download-http "http://wiki.qemu.org/download/qemu-&qemu-version;.tar.bz2">
  <!ENTITY qemu-download-ftp  " ">
  <!ENTITY qemu-md5sum        "f469f2330bbe76e3e39db10e9ac4f8db">
  <!ENTITY qemu-size          "25 MB">
  <!ENTITY qemu-buildsize     "419 MB (with tests)">
  <!ENTITY qemu-time          "2.4 SBU (with tests)">
]>

<sect1 id="qemu" xreflabel="qemu-&qemu-version;">
  <?dbhtml filename="qemu.html"?>

  <sect1info>
    <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
    <date>$Date$</date>
  </sect1info>

  <title>qemu-&qemu-version;</title>

  <indexterm zone="qemu">
    <primary sortas="a-qemu">qemu</primary>
  </indexterm>

  <sect2 role="package">
    <title>Introduction to qemu</title>

    <para><application>qemu</application> is a full virtualization solution
    for Linux on x86 hardware containing virtualization extensions (Intel VT or
    AMD-V).</para>

    &lfs77_checked;

    <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Package Information</bridgehead>
    <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
      <listitem>
        <para>Download (HTTP): <ulink url="&qemu-download-http;"/></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Download (FTP): <ulink url="&qemu-download-ftp;"/></para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Download MD5 sum: &qemu-md5sum;</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Download size: &qemu-size;</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Estimated disk space required: &qemu-buildsize;</para>
      </listitem>
      <listitem>
        <para>Estimated build time: &qemu-time;</para>
      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

    <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Qemu Dependencies</bridgehead>

    <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Required</bridgehead>
    <para role="required">
      <xref linkend="glib2"/>,
      <xref linkend="python2"/>, and
      <xref linkend="x-window-system"/>
    </para>

    <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Recommended</bridgehead>
    <para role="recommended">
      <xref linkend="sdl"/>
    </para>

    <bridgehead renderas="sect4">Optional</bridgehead>
    <para role="optional">
      <xref linkend="alsa"/>,
      <xref linkend="bluez"/>,
      <xref linkend="check"/>,
      <xref linkend="curl"/>,
      <xref linkend="cyrus-sasl"/>,
      <xref linkend="gnutls"/>,
      <xref linkend="gtk2"/>,
      <xref linkend="gtk3"/>,
      <xref linkend="libusb"/>,
      <xref linkend="libgcrypt"/>,
      <xref linkend="lzo"/>,
      <xref linkend="nettle"/>,
      <xref linkend="nss"/> (for libcacard.so),
      <xref linkend="mesalib"/>, 
      <xref linkend="sdl"/>, and
      <xref linkend="vte"/>
      <ulink url="http://www.libssh2.org">libssh2</ulink>
    </para>

    <note>
      <para>
        This optional dependencies list is not comprehensive. See the output of
        <command>./configure --help</command> for a more complete list.
      </para>
    </note>

    <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
    <ulink url="&blfs-wiki;/qemu"/></para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 id='qemu-prereq'>
    <title>KVM Prerequisites</title>

    <para>Before building <application>qemu</application>, check to see if
    your processor supports Virtualization Technology (VT):</para>

    <screen><userinput>egrep '^flags.*(vmx|svm)' /proc/cpuinfo</userinput></screen>

    <para>If you get any output, you have VT technology (vmx for Intel
    processors and svm for AMD processors).  You then need to go into your
    system BIOS and ensure it is enabled.  After enabing, reboot back to your
    LFS instance.</para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="kernel" id='qemu-kernel'>
    <title>Kernel Configuration</title>

    <para>Enable the following options in the kernel configuration and
    recompile the kernel if necessary:</para>

<screen><literal>[*] Virtualization:  ---&gt;                            [CONFIG_VIRTUALIZATION]
  &lt;*/M&gt;   Kernel-based Virtual Machine (KVM) support [CONFIG_KVM]
  &lt;*/M&gt;     KVM for Intel processors support         [CONFIG_KVM_INTEL]
  &lt;*/M&gt;     KVM for AMD processors support           [CONFIG_KVM_AMD]</literal></screen>

    <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-kernel">
      <primary sortas="d-qemu">qemu</primary>
    </indexterm>

    <para>The Intel or AMD settings are not both required, but the one matching
    your system processor is required.</para>

    <para>For networking, check that <xref linkend='bridgeutils'/> is installed
    and the following options in the kernel configuration are enabled:</para>

<screen><literal>[*] Networking support  ---&gt;                         [CONFIG_NET]
  Networking options  ---&gt;
    &lt;*/M&gt; 802.1d Ethernet Bridging                   [CONFIG_BRIDGE]
Device Drivers  ---&gt;
  [*] Network device support  ---&gt;                   [CONFIG_NETDEVICES]
    &lt;*/M&gt;    Universal TUN/TAP device driver support [CONFIG_TUN]</literal></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="installation">
    <title>Installation of qemu</title>

    <para>Install <application>qemu</application> by running the following
    commands:</para>

      <note><para>Qemu is capable of running many targets. The build process
      is also capable of building multiple targets at one time in a
      comma delimited list assigned to <option>--target-list</option>. Run
      <command>./configure --help</command> to get a complete list of
      available targets.</para></note>

<screen><userinput>if [ $(uname -m) = i686 ]; then
   QEMU_ARCH=i386-softmmu
else
   QEMU_ARCH=x86_64-softmmu
fi

mkdir -vp build &amp;&amp;
cd        build &amp;&amp;

../configure --prefix=/usr          \
             --sysconfdir=/etc   \
             --target-list=$QEMU_ARCH  \
             --audio-drv-list=alsa     \
             --docdir=/usr/share/doc/qemu-&qemu-version; &amp;&amp;

unset QEMU_ARCH &amp;&amp;

make</userinput></screen>

    <para>To run the built in tests, run <command>make V=1 check</command>.
    One test is known to fail.</para>

    <para>Now, as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>make install &amp;&amp;
[ -e  /usr/lib/libcacard.so ] &amp;&amp;
chmod -v 755 /usr/lib/libcacard.so</userinput></screen>

    <para>
      You will need a dedicated group that will contain users (other than root)
      allowed to access the KVM device.  Create this group by running the following 
      command as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:
    </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>groupadd -g 61 kvm</userinput></screen>

    <para>
      Add any users that might use the KVM device to that group:
    </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>usermod -a -G kvm <replaceable>&lt;username&gt;</replaceable></userinput></screen>

    <para>
      You will also need to add a Udev rule so that the KVM device gets correct
      permissions:
    </para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /lib/udev/rules.d/65-kvm.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>KERNEL=="kvm", GROUP="kvm", MODE="0660"</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    <note><!--<para>The main program <command>qemu-system-x86_64</command> doesn't
    make a distinction between i386 and x86_64 so even on an i386 system you
    should use <emphasis>qemu-system-x86_64</emphasis></para>
    -->

    <para>For convenience you may want to create a symbolic link to run
    The installed program. For instance:</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>ln -sv qemu-system-`uname -m` /usr/bin/qemu</userinput></screen>
    </note>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="commands">
    <title>Command Explanations</title>

    <para>
      <parameter>--audio-drv-list=alsa</parameter>: This switch sets the audio driver
      to ALSA. For other drivers see the --audio-drv-list list in
      <command>configure</command>'s help output. The default audio driver is
      OSS.
    </para>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="configuration">
    <title>Configuring qemu</title>

    <para>To generate an image, run:</para>

    <screen><userinput>qemu-img create -f qcow2 vdisk.img 10G</userinput></screen>

    <para>Adjust the virtual disk size and image filename as desired.  The
    actual size of the file will be less than specified, but will expand as it
    is used.</para>

    <note><para>The following instructions assume you have created the optional
    symbolic link, <userinput>qemu</userinput>.  Additionally, you must run
    <userinput>qemu</userinput> from an X Window System based terminal.
    (either locally or over ssh).</para></note>

    <para>To install an operating system, download an iso of your choice or use
    a pre-installed cdrom device.  For the purposes of this example, use
    Fedora 16 that is downloaded as
    <filename>Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-LXDE.iso</filename> in the current
    directory.  Run the following:</para>

<screen><userinput>qemu -enable-kvm -hda vdisk.img            \
     -cdrom Fedora-16-x86_64-Live-LXDE.iso \
     -boot d                               \
     -m 384</userinput></screen>

    <para>Follow the normal installation procedures for the chosen
    distribution.  The -boot option specifies the boot order of drives as a
    string of drive letters. Valid drive letters are: a, b (floppy 1 and 2), c
    (first hard disk), d (first CD-ROM).  The -m option is the amount of memory
    to use for the virtual machine.  If you have sufficient memory (2G or
    more), 1G is a reasonable value.  For computers with 512MB of RAM it's safe
    to use -m 192, or even -m 128 (the default).  The -enable-kvm option allows
    for hardware acceleeration.  Without this switch, the emulation is
    relatively slow.</para>

    <para>To run the newly installed operating system, run:</para>

<screen><userinput>qemu -enable-kvm vdisk.img -m 384</userinput></screen>

    <para>You may have a problem with <parameter>--enable-kvm</parameter>. Also,
    you may want to define audio and video drivers, the number of cpu cores, and
    the number of threads. An alternative command to install the operating system is (see qemu
    man page for parameters definitions):</para>

<screen><userinput>qemu -enable-kvm             \
    -cdrom /home/fernando/ISO/linuxmint-17.1-mate-32bit.iso \
    -boot order=d             \
    -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G \
    -machine smm=off        \
    -soundhw es1370         \
    -cpu host               \
    -smp cores=4,threads=2  \
    -vga std                \
    vdisk.img</userinput></screen>

    <para>One parameter not appearing in the qemu man page is
    <parameter>-machine smm=off</parameter>, and it used to allow
    <parameter>-enable-kvm</parameter> in some systems. In order to run the
    machine, you can alternatively issue:</para>

<screen><userinput>qemu -enable-kvm          \
    -machine smm=off             \
    -boot order=d                \
    -m 1G,slots=3,maxmem=4G      \
    -soundhw es1370              \
    -cpu host                    \
    -smp cores=4,threads=2       \
    -vga vmware                  \
    -hda vdisk.img</userinput></screen>

    <para>Sometimes, you want the machine to have different screen sizes than
    the ones natively offered by the virtual graphics card. The example below is
    for the qemu vmware graphics card, which uses
    <xref linkend="xorg-vmware-driver"/> and is set to give the maximum screen size
    of 1600x900. As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user,
    issue the following:</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /usr/share/X11/xorg.conf.d/20-vmware.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal>Section        "Monitor"
   Identifier     "Monitor0"
   # cvt 1600 900
   # 1600x900 59.95 Hz (CVT 1.44M9) hsync:55.99 kHz; pclk: 118.25 MHz
   Modeline       "1600x900" 118.25 1600 1696 1856 2112  900 903 908 934 -hysnc +vsync
   Option         "PreferredMode" "1600x900"
   HorizSync      1-200
   VertRefresh    1-200
EndSection

Section           "Device"
   Identifier     "VMWare SVGA II Adapter"
   Option         "Monitor" "Default"
   Driver         "vmware"
EndSection

Section           "Screen"
   Identifier     "Default Screen"
   Device         "VMWare SVGA II Adapter"
   Monitor        "Monitor0"

   SubSection     "Display"
      Depth       24
      Modes       "1600x900" "1440x900" "1366x768" "1280x720" "800x480"
   EndSubSection
EndSection </literal>
EOF </userinput></screen>

    <para>New sizes will be available besides the native ones. You need to
    restart X in order to have the new sizes available.</para>

    <para><!--To add networking to the instance add "-net nic -net user" to the
    command above.--> qemu provides a DHCP server for the VM and, depending on
    the client system, sets up networking though the host.</para>

    <para>One problem with the above networking solution is that it does not
    provide the ability to connect with the local network.  To do that, there are
    several additional steps that need to be done, all as the <systemitem
    class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>

    <itemizedlist spacing="compact">
      <listitem>
        <para>Set up bridging using <xref linkend="bridgeutils"/>.</para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Allow the host system to forward IP packets.</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>sysctl -w net.ipv4.ip_forward=1</userinput></screen>

        <para>To make this permanent, add the command to
        <filename>/etc/sysctl.d/60-net-forward.conf:</filename></para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt;&gt; /etc/sysctl.d/60-net-forward.conf &lt;&lt; "EOF"
net.ipv4.ip_forward=1
EOF</userinput></screen>

      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Allow the network connection when running as a part of the 
        kvm group:</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>chgrp kvm  /usr/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper &amp;&amp;
chmod 4750 /usr/libexec/qemu-bridge-helper</userinput></screen>

      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>Set up a required configuration file:</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>echo 'allow br0' &gt; /etc/qemu/bridge.conf</userinput></screen>

      </listitem>

<!--
      <listitem>
        <para>Create scripts for qemu to attach the client network
        device, usually visible as tap0, to the host bridge.</para>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/qemu-ifup &lt;&lt; "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

switch=br0

if [ -n "$1" ]; then
  # Add new tap0 interface to bridge
  /usr/sbin/brctl addif $switch $1
else
  echo "Error: no interface specified"
  exit 1
fi

exit 0
EOF

chmod +x /etc/qemu-ifup</userinput></screen>

<screen role="root"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/qemu-ifdown &lt;&lt; "EOF"
#!/bin/bash

switch=br0

if [ -n "$1" ]; then
  # Remove tap0 interface from bridge
  /usr/sbin/brctl delif $switch $1
else
  echo "Error: no interface specified"
  exit 1
fi

exit 0
EOF

chmod +x /etc/qemu-ifdown</userinput></screen>

      </listitem>
    </itemizedlist>

      <note><para>The backslashes in the above script are for convenience
      for cut/paste operations.  The backslashes should <emphasis>not</emphasis>
      appear in the final scripts.</para></note>

    <itemizedlist spacing="compact"> -->
      <listitem>
        <!--<para>Start qemu with "-net nic -net tap" options.  </para>-->
        <para>Start qemu with "-net nic -net bridge" options.  </para>
      </listitem>

      <listitem>
        <para>If a connection, such as ssh, from the local network to the
        client VM is desired, the client should be configured
        with a static IP address.</para>
      </listitem>

    </itemizedlist>

  </sect2>

  <sect2 role="content">
    <title>Contents</title>

    <segmentedlist>
      <segtitle>Installed Programs</segtitle>
      <segtitle>Installed Library</segtitle>
      <segtitle>Installed Directories</segtitle>

      <seglistitem>
        <seg>
          ivshmem-client,
          ivshmem-server,
          qemu (symlink),
          qemu-ga,
          qemu-img,
          qemu-io,
          qemu-nbd,
          qemu-system-&lt;arch&gt;,
          virtfs-proxy-helper, and
          vscclient
        </seg>
        <seg>libcacard.so</seg>
        <seg>
          /etc/qemu, and
          /usr/share/doc/qemu-&qemu-version;
        </seg>
      </seglistitem>
    </segmentedlist>

    <variablelist>
      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Description</bridgehead>
      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>

      <varlistentry id="qemu-ga">
        <term><command>qemu-ga</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>implements support for QMP (QEMU Monitor Protocol) commands and
          events that terminate and originate respectively within the guest
          using an agent built as part of QEMU.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-ga">
            <primary sortas="b-qemu-ga">qemu-ga</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="qemu-img">
        <term><command>qemu-img</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>provides commands to manage QEMU disk images.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-img">
            <primary sortas="b-qemu-img">qemu-img</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="qemu-io">
        <term><command>qemu-io</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>is a diagnostic and manipulation program for (virtual) memory
          media.  It is still at an early stage of development.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-io">
            <primary sortas="b-qemu-io">qemu-io</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="qemu-nbd">
        <term><command>qemu-nbd</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>exports Qemu disk images using the QEMU Disk Network Block
          Device (NBD) protocol.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-nbd">
            <primary sortas="b-qemu-nbd">qemu-nbd</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="qemu-system">
        <term><command>qemu-system-x86_64</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>is the QEMU PC System emulator.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu qemu-system">
            <primary sortas="b-qemu-system">qemu-system-x86_64</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="virtfs-proxy-helper">
        <term><command>virtfs-proxy-helper</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>creates a socket pair or a named socket. QEMU and proxy helper
           communicate using this socket. QEMU proxy fs driver sends
           filesystem request to proxy helper and receives the response
           from it.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu virtfs-proxy-helper">
            <primary sortas="b-virtfs-proxy-helper">virtfs-proxy-helper</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="vscclient">
        <term><command>vscclient</command></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>implements a sockets interface to the virtual CCID reader
           on the guest.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu vscclient">
            <primary sortas="b-vscclient">vscclient</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

      <varlistentry id="libcacard">
        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libcacard.so</filename></term>
        <listitem>
          <para>is the Virtual Smart Card Emulator library.</para>
          <indexterm zone="qemu libcacard">
            <primary sortas="c-libcacard">libcacard.so</primary>
          </indexterm>
        </listitem>
      </varlistentry>

    </variablelist>

  </sect2>

</sect1>