[ab4fdfc] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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[e180a646] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="tuning-fontconfig">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="tuning-fontconfig.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
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| 12 | <title>Tuning Fontconfig</title>
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| 13 |
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| 14 | <indexterm zone="tuning-fontconfig">
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| 15 | <primary sortas="g-tuning-fontconfig">Tuning Fontconfig</primary>
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| 16 | </indexterm>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <sect2 id='fontconfig-overview' xreflabel="Overview of Fontconfig">
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| 19 | <title>Overview of Fontconfig</title>
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| 20 |
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| 21 | <!-- do not add individual indexterm entries for items within this page, they
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| 22 | all belong in section G (others) and not only do they add noise in longindex,
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| 23 | the links all point to the top of the page. -->
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| 24 |
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| 25 | <para>
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| 26 | If you only read text in English, and are happy with the common libre
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| 27 | fonts listed on the next page, you may never need to worry about the
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[82ea9e2] | 28 | details of how <application>Fontconfig</application> works. But there are
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[e180a646] | 29 | many things which can be altered if they do not suit your needs.
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| 30 | </para>
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| 31 |
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| 32 | <para>
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| 33 | Although this page is long, it barely scratches the surface and you will
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| 34 | be able to find many alternative views on the web (but please remember
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| 35 | that some things have changed over the years, for example the autohinter
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| 36 | is no longer the default). The aim here is to give you enough information
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[abbf9a3] | 37 | to understand the changes you are making, why they may not always work,
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| 38 | and to identify online information which is no-longer appropriate.
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| 39 | </para>
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| 40 |
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| 41 | <para>
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| 42 | Unfortunately, some of the terminology is ambiguous (e.g. 'font face' can
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[82ea9e2] | 43 | mean a name known to Fontconfig, <emphasis>or</emphasis> the ordinary,
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[1307636] | 44 | condensed, etc variations of a font) and 'style' can be used to
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| 45 | differentiate 'ordinary' from 'italic', or in describing some classes of
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| 46 | Serif fonts.
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[e180a646] | 47 | </para>
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| 48 |
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[9d8ea23] | 49 | <para>The following links are to assist navigation in this page.</para>
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| 50 | <itemizedlist>
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| 51 | <listitem>
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| 52 | <para><xref linkend="xft-font-protocol"/></para>
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| 53 | </listitem>
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| 54 | <listitem>
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| 55 | <para><xref linkend="useful-commands"/></para>
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| 56 | </listitem>
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| 57 | <listitem>
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| 58 | <para><xref linkend="the-various-files"/></para>
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| 59 | </listitem>
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| 60 | <listitem>
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| 61 | <para><xref linkend="rules-to-choose-a-font"/></para>
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| 62 | </listitem>
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| 63 | <listitem>
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| 64 | <para><xref linkend="hinting-and-antialiasing"/></para>
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| 65 | </listitem>
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| 66 | <listitem>
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| 67 | <para><xref linkend="disabling-bitmap-fonts"/></para>
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| 68 | </listitem>
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[fc07c4bc] | 69 | <listitem>
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| 70 | <para><xref linkend="synthetic-changes"/></para>
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| 71 | </listitem>
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[9d8ea23] | 72 | <listitem>
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| 73 | <para><xref linkend="adding-extra-directories"/></para>
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| 74 | </listitem>
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| 75 | <listitem>
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| 76 | <para><xref linkend="preferring-certain-fonts"/></para>
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| 77 | </listitem>
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| 78 | <listitem>
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| 79 | <para><xref linkend="fontconfig-user-docs"/></para>
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| 80 | </listitem>
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| 81 | <listitem>
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| 82 | <para><xref linkend="prefer-a-specific-font"/></para>
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| 83 | </listitem>
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| 84 | <listitem>
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| 85 | <para><xref linkend="prefer-chosen-CJK-fonts"/></para>
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| 86 | </listitem>
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| 87 | <listitem>
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| 88 | <para><xref linkend="editing-old-style-conf-files"/></para>
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| 89 | </listitem>
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[b52945a] | 90 | <listitem>
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| 91 | <para><xref linkend="font-weights"/></para>
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| 92 | </listitem>
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[dcc1b92] | 93 | <listitem>
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| 94 | <para><xref linkend="items-which-can-override-fontconfig"/></para>
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| 95 | </listitem>
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[9d8ea23] | 96 | <listitem>
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[ac35d3b] | 97 | <para><xref linkend="external-links"/></para>
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[9d8ea23] | 98 | </listitem>
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| 99 | </itemizedlist>
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| 100 |
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[e180a646] | 101 | </sect2>
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| 102 |
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| 103 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="xft-font-protocol" xreflabel="The Xft Font Protocol">
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| 104 | <title>The Xft Font Protocol</title>
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| 105 |
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| 106 | <para>
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| 107 | The Xft font protocol provides antialiased font rendering through
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| 108 | <application>freetype</application>, and fonts are controlled from the
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[82ea9e2] | 109 | client side using <application>Fontconfig</application> (except for
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[e180a646] | 110 | <xref linkend="rxvt-unicode"/> which can use fonts listed in
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| 111 | <filename>~/.Xresources</filename>, and <xref linkend="abiword"/> which
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[8251b48] | 112 | only uses the specified font). The default search path is <filename
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[e180a646] | 113 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts</filename> and <filename
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[8251b48] | 114 | class="directory">~/.local/share/fonts</filename>, although for the moment
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[e180a646] | 115 | the old and deprecated location <filename
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| 116 | class="directory">~/.fonts</filename> still works.
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| 117 | <application>Fontconfig</application> searches directories in its path
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| 118 | recursively and maintains a cache of the font characteristics in each
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[8251b48] | 119 | directory. If the cache appears to be out of date, it is ignored, and
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[e180a646] | 120 | information is fetched from the fonts themselves (that can take a few
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[8251b48] | 121 | seconds if you have a lot of fonts installed).
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[e180a646] | 122 | </para>
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| 123 |
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| 124 | <para>
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| 125 | If you've installed <application>Xorg</application> in any prefix
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| 126 | other than <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>, any
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| 127 | <application>X</application> fonts were not installed in a
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| 128 | location known to <application>Fontconfig</application>. Symlinks were
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| 129 | <!-- fonts-misc-ethiopic installs an OTF directory ! -->
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| 130 | created from the <filename class="directory">OTF</filename> and <filename
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| 131 | class="directory">TTF</filename> <application>X</application> font
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| 132 | directories to <filename
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[0262f7c] | 133 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts/X11-{OTF,TTF}</filename> in Xorg Fonts.
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| 134 | This allows <application>Fontconfig</application> to use the OpenType and
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| 135 | TrueType fonts provided by <application>X</application>, although many
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| 136 | people will prefer to use more modern fonts.
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[e180a646] | 137 | </para>
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| 138 |
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| 139 | <para>
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| 140 | <application>Fontconfig</application> uses names to define fonts.
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| 141 | Applications generally use generic font names such as "Monospace", "Sans"
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| 142 | and "Serif". <application>Fontconfig</application> resolves these names
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| 143 | to a font that has all characters that cover the orthography of the
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| 144 | language indicated by the locale settings.
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| 145 | </para>
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| 146 |
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| 147 | </sect2>
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| 148 |
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| 149 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="useful-commands" xreflabel="Useful Commands">
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| 150 | <title>Useful Commands</title>
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| 151 |
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| 152 | <para>
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[1307636] | 153 | The following commands may be helpful when working with
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| 154 | <application>Fontconfig</application>,
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[9d8ea23] | 155 | particularly if you are interested in overriding which font will be
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[69c8f9fa] | 156 | chosen.
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[e180a646] | 157 | </para>
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| 158 |
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| 159 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 160 | <command>fc-list | less</command> : shows a list of all available fonts
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[0262f7c] | 161 | (/path/to/filename: Font Name:style). If you installed a font and it
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| 162 | doesn't show, then the directory it is contained in is not readable by
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| 163 | your user.
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[e180a646] | 164 | </para>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 167 | <command>fc-match 'Font Name'</command> : tells you which font will
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[e180a646] | 168 | be used if the named font is requested. Typically you would use this to
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| 169 | see what happens if a font you have not installed is requested, but you
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| 170 | can also use it if the system is giving you a different font from
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[82ea9e2] | 171 | what you expected (perhaps because <application>Fontconfig</application>
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[8251b48] | 172 | does not think that the font supports your language).
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[e180a646] | 173 | </para>
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| 174 |
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| 175 | <para>
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[69c8f9fa] | 176 | <command>fc-match <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable></command> : shows which
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| 177 | font will be used in the current language for that
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| 178 | <!-- match style of TYPE in command and explanations -->
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| 179 | <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable> (Monospace, Sans, Serif <emphasis>(initial
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| 180 | capital letter is optional)</emphasis>). If that font does not map a
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| 181 | codepoint, <application>Fontconfig</application> can take a glyph from any
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| 182 | available font, even if it is not of the specified type. Any other value
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| 183 | for <replaceable>TYPE</replaceable> will be assumed to be Sans.
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[e180a646] | 184 | </para>
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| 185 |
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[92924fb8] | 186 | <para>
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| 187 | <command>fc-match 'Serif :lang=ja:weight=bold'</command> will tell you
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| 188 | which font and weight will be chosen for Japanese text in bold weight.
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| 189 | It does not mean that the reported font will necessarily be able to show
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| 190 | Japanese ideograms, so a fallback might be used, or some glyphs may be
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[cc460eb6] | 191 | missing. For language codes, use ISO-639 values such as 'fr', 'ja', 'zh-cn'.
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[9d8ea23] | 192 | Note that an unrecognized value such as just 'zh' will not return any
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[0262f7c] | 193 | match. To illustrate the fallback, on a system where both Noto Sans Mono
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[9d8ea23] | 194 | and DejaVu Sans Mono are installed, <command>fc-match 'monospace
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| 195 | :lang=en</command> shows Noto Sans Mono will be used, but if the lang is
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| 196 | changed to 'ar' (arabic) DejaVu Sans will be used.
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[92924fb8] | 197 | </para>
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| 198 |
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[e73a0309] | 199 | <para>
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| 200 | If you want to determine if a font file has hinting (many older fonts do not,
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| 201 | because it was patented) use <command>fc-query
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| 202 | <replaceable>/path/to/fontfile</replaceable> | grep 'fonthashint:'</command>:
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[95aa2bf] | 203 | which will report 'True(s)' or 'False(s)'. Some recent fonts with both TTF
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| 204 | and OTF versions will have hinting in the TTF files.
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[e73a0309] | 205 | </para>
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| 206 |
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[e180a646] | 207 | <para>
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| 208 | If you wish to know which font will be used for a string of text
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| 209 | (i.e. one or more glyphs, preceded by a space), paste the following
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| 210 | command and replace the <literal>xyz</literal> by the text you care
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| 211 | about:
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| 212 | </para>
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <para>
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| 215 | <command>FC_DEBUG=4 pango-view --font=monospace -t xyz | grep
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| 216 | family</command> : this requires <xref linkend="pango"/> and <xref
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| 217 | linkend="imagemagick"/> - it will invoke <xref linkend="display"/>
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| 218 | to show the text in a tiny window, and after closing that the last
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| 219 | line of the output will show which font was chosen. This is
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| 220 | particularly useful for CJK languages, and you can also pass a
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| 221 | language, e.g. PANGO_LANGUAGE=en;ja (English, then assume Japanese)
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[9d8ea23] | 222 | or just zh-cn (or other variants such as zh-sg or zh-tw).
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[e180a646] | 223 | </para>
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| 224 |
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| 225 | </sect2>
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| 226 |
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[9d8ea23] | 227 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="the-various-files" xreflabel="The configuration files">
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[3ff79015] | 228 | <title>The configuration files</title>
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[e180a646] | 229 |
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| 230 | <para>
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[bee7026] | 231 | The main files are in <filename class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d/</filename>,
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| 232 | which was intended to be a directory populated by symlinks to some of the files
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| 233 | in <filename class="directory">/usr/share/fontconfig/conf.avail/</filename>.
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| 234 | But many people, and some packages, create the files directly. Each file name
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[e180a646] | 235 | must be in the form of two digits, a dash, somename.conf and they are read in
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| 236 | sequence.
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| 237 | </para>
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| 238 |
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| 239 | <para>
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| 240 | By convention, the numbers are assigned as follows:
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| 241 | </para>
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| 242 |
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| 243 | <itemizedlist>
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| 244 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 245 | <para>
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| 246 | 00-09 extra font directories
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| 247 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 248 | </listitem>
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| 249 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 250 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 251 | 10-19 system rendering defaults (such as antialiasing)
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[71df408] | 252 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 253 | </listitem>
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| 254 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 255 | <para>
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| 256 | 20-29 font rendering options
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| 257 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 258 | </listitem>
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| 259 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 260 | <para>
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| 261 | 30-39 family substitution
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| 262 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 263 | </listitem>
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| 264 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 265 | <para>
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| 266 | 40-49 map family to generic type
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| 267 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 268 | </listitem>
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| 269 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 270 | <para>
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| 271 | 50-59 load alternate config files
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| 272 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 273 | </listitem>
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| 274 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 275 | <para>
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| 276 | 60-69 generic aliases, map generic to family
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| 277 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 278 | </listitem>
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| 279 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 280 | <para>
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| 281 | 70-79 adjust which fonts are available
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| 282 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 283 | </listitem>
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| 284 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 285 | <para>
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| 286 | 80-89 match target scan (modify scanned patterns)
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| 287 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 288 | </listitem>
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| 289 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 290 | <para>
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| 291 | 90-99 font synthesis
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| 292 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 293 | </listitem>
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| 294 | </itemizedlist>
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| 295 |
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| 296 | <para>
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| 297 | You can also have a personal <filename>fonts.conf</filename> in
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[8251b48] | 298 | $XDG_CONFIG_HOME (which is <filename
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| 299 | class="directory">~/.config/fontconfig/</filename>).
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[e180a646] | 300 | </para>
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| 301 |
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| 302 | </sect2>
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| 303 |
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| 304 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="rules-to-choose-a-font" xreflabel="The rules to choose a font">
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| 305 | <title>The rules to choose a font</title>
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| 306 |
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| 307 | <para>
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| 308 | If the requested font is installed, and provided it contains the
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| 309 | codepoints <emphasis>required</emphasis> for the current language (in the
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| 310 | source, see the .orth files in the <filename
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| 311 | class="directory">fc-lang/</filename> directory), it will be used.
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| 312 | </para>
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| 313 |
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| 314 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 315 | However, if the document or page requested a font which is not installed
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[e180a646] | 316 | (or, occasionally, does not contain all the required codepoints) the
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| 317 | following rules come into play: First,
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| 318 | <filename>30-metric-aliases.conf</filename> is used to map aliases for
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[1f9b99f] | 319 | some fonts with the same metrics (same size, etc). Note that there are
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| 320 | both weak and strong aliases so that aliases for one form such as
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[18024d6] | 321 | Helvetica or Times New Roman can be satisfied by the other style, i.e.
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[f101c437] | 322 | anything which is an alias of Arial or Times in those examples. some
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[3d1f9716] | 323 | examples of Latin fonts with the same metrics can be found in the
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| 324 | 'Substitutes' PDFs at <ulink
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[0262f7c] | 325 | url="http://zarniwhoop.uk/files/PDF-substitutes/">zarniwhoop.uk.</ulink>
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[f101c437] | 326 | </para>
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| 327 |
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| 328 | <para>
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[1f9b99f] | 329 | After that, an unknown font will be searched for in
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| 330 | <filename>45-latin.conf</filename>:
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[d1d1e5d] | 331 | 'Latin' covers Cyrillic and Greek, and now also maps system-ui fonts which
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| 332 | are used for User Interface messages in other alphabets. If the font
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[fe9d1b1d] | 333 | is found it will be mapped as serif, sans-serif, monospace, fantasy,
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| 334 | cursive, or system-ui. Otherwise, 49-sansserif.conf will assume it is
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[1f9b99f] | 335 | Sans.
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| 336 | </para>
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| 337 | <para>
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| 338 | Then <filename>60-latin.conf</filename>
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| 339 | provides ordered lists of the fallbacks - <xref linkend="noto-fonts"/>
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[e180a646] | 340 | will be used if you installed them. Cyrillic and Greek appear to be
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[3ff79015] | 341 | treated in the same way.All of these files prefer
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[e180a646] | 342 | commercial fonts if they are present, although modern libre fonts are
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[1f9b99f] | 343 | often at least equal. Finally, if a codepoint is still not found it can
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| 344 | be taken from any available system font. The following details only
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| 345 | mention freely available fonts.
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| 346 | </para>
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| 347 |
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| 348 | <para>
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[0262f7c] | 349 | Default Persian fonts are dealt with in
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[3ff79015] | 350 | <filename>65-fonts-persian.conf</filename>. It looks as if all the listed
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| 351 | fonts are commercial. Using fonts that support Persian (which has its own
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| 352 | variant of the arabic alphabet, and its own font styles) is outside the
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| 353 | skills of the BLFS editors.
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| 354 | </para>
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| 355 |
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| 356 | <para>
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[1307636] | 357 | All remaining scripts for which <application>Fontconfig</application> has
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| 358 | preferences (CJK scripts,
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[3ff79015] | 359 | Indic scripts) are dealt with in <filename>65-nonlatin.conf</filename>.
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| 360 | These are again nominally grouped as Serif, Sans-Serif, Monospace. Of the
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| 361 | free fonts, WenQuanYi Zen Hei (Pan-CJK Sans) comes first for both Serif
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| 362 | and for Sans. Therefore, if you install this as a fallback but want to
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| 363 | use different fonts for Japanese or Korean you will need to set up a
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| 364 | preference. Similarly, the old fireflysung Serif font is also listed for
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| 365 | Sans.
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| 366 | </para>
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| 367 |
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| 368 | <para>
|
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| 369 | After Pan-CJK and Chinese fonts come several Japanese fonts and then
|
---|
| 370 | several Korean fonts (both split appropriately between Sans and Serif).
|
---|
| 371 | Finally come the various Lohit Indic families (one font file per script),
|
---|
| 372 | labelled as both Sans and Serif.
|
---|
| 373 | </para>
|
---|
| 374 |
|
---|
| 375 | <para>
|
---|
| 376 | The Monospace fonts listed in <filename>65-nonlatin.conf</filename> do
|
---|
| 377 | not include WenQuanYi Zen Hei although that will be available as a
|
---|
| 378 | fallback if installed. Several Japanese Gothic fonts are listed, followed
|
---|
| 379 | by AR PL KaitiM GB (a zh-sc 'Brush' font), AR PL Serif fonts for zh-sc
|
---|
| 380 | (SungtiL) and zh-tw (Mingti2L), some Korean Sans fonts and the various
|
---|
| 381 | Lohit Indic families.
|
---|
| 382 | </para>
|
---|
| 383 |
|
---|
| 384 | <para>
|
---|
| 385 | For UI fonts, various Noto Sans UI fonts are the only listed free fonts.
|
---|
| 386 | </para>
|
---|
| 387 |
|
---|
| 388 | <para>
|
---|
| 389 | The various Noto CJK fonts are <emphasis>not</emphasis> among the listed
|
---|
| 390 | fonts, possibly the RedHat developers preferred other fonts. These now
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 391 | come in many variations, and most users who use these will not install
|
---|
[3ff79015] | 392 | any other CJK fonts.
|
---|
| 393 | </para>
|
---|
| 394 |
|
---|
| 395 | <para>
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 396 | Before Fontconfig-2.14, the first preferred Latin font family was Bitstream
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 397 | Vera. In practice that was rarely used because it covered so little. After
|
---|
| 398 | that, DejaVu was the next preferred family, so people were recommended to
|
---|
| 399 | install that. That has now changed, Bitstream Vera has been replaced by the
|
---|
| 400 | relevant Noto fonts (Serif, Sans, Sans Mono), so these will be preferred if
|
---|
| 401 | they have been installed, followed by DejaVu.
|
---|
| 402 | </para>
|
---|
| 403 |
|
---|
| 404 | <para>
|
---|
| 405 | For serif, Times New Roman could have been aliased from Liberation Serif or
|
---|
| 406 | Tinos, and Times from TeX Gyre Termes, so although the named fonts are not
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 407 | free, the metric-compatible fonts can be used. Ignoring other non-free fonts,
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 408 | the remaining order for serif is: Times New Roman, Luxi Serif, Nimbus Roman
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 409 | No9 L, and Times. In practice, that means those fonts at the end of the list
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 410 | are unlikely to be used unless a web page asks for them.
|
---|
| 411 | </para>
|
---|
| 412 |
|
---|
| 413 | <para>
|
---|
| 414 | For sans-serif, the remaining order is anything mapped to Arial, Luxi Sans,
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 415 | Nimbus Sans L, and anything mapped to Helvetica.
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 416 | </para>
|
---|
| 417 |
|
---|
| 418 | <para>
|
---|
| 419 | The remaining alternatives for monospace are Inconsolata, anything mapped
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 420 | to Courier New, Luxi Mono, Nimbus Mono, and anything mapped to Courier.
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 421 | </para>
|
---|
| 422 |
|
---|
| 423 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 424 | For 'fantasy' there are no free fonts, so
|
---|
| 425 | <application>Fontconfig</application> will fall back to sans-serif.
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 426 | </para>
|
---|
| 427 |
|
---|
| 428 | <para>
|
---|
| 429 | For 'cursive', the only free font is TeX Gyre Chorus as an alias for
|
---|
[1307636] | 430 | ITC Zapf chancery, otherwise <application>Fontconfig</application> will
|
---|
| 431 | again fall back to sans-serif.
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 432 | </para>
|
---|
| 433 |
|
---|
| 434 | <para>
|
---|
| 435 | The system-ui category is unusual. It is for interface messages, so some
|
---|
[d1d1e5d] | 436 | scripts need special versions to fit in the available space. For Latin,
|
---|
[18024d6] | 437 | Greek and Cyrillic an ordinary sans font should fit without problems. However,
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 438 | the first preferred font is Cantarell, followed by Noto Sans UI. Cantarell
|
---|
[d1d1e5d] | 439 | started as a Latin sans-serif font, that has been forked in Gnome under
|
---|
[1f9b99f] | 440 | the same name but they only provide the source. The Noto Sans UI fonts are
|
---|
| 441 | for other languages.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 442 | </para>
|
---|
| 443 |
|
---|
[c068b99] | 444 | <para>
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 445 | Since Fontconfig-2.12.5, there is also generic family matching for some
|
---|
[8251b48] | 446 | emoji and math fonts, please see {45,60}-generic.conf.
|
---|
[c068b99] | 447 | </para>
|
---|
| 448 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 449 | <para>
|
---|
| 450 | In the rare cases where a font does not contain all the expected
|
---|
| 451 | codepoints, see 'Trial the First:' at <xref
|
---|
| 452 | linkend="I-stared-into-the-fontconfig"/> for the long details.
|
---|
| 453 | </para>
|
---|
| 454 |
|
---|
| 455 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 456 |
|
---|
[3470d743] | 457 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="hinting-and-antialiasing" xreflabel="Hinting and Anti-aliasing">
|
---|
[e180a646] | 458 | <title>Hinting and Anti-aliasing</title>
|
---|
| 459 |
|
---|
| 460 | <para>
|
---|
| 461 | It is possible to change how, or if, fonts are hinted. The following
|
---|
| 462 | example file contains the default settings, but with comments. The
|
---|
| 463 | settings are very much down to the user's preferences and to the choice
|
---|
| 464 | of fonts, so a change which improves some pages may worsen others. The
|
---|
| 465 | preferred location for this file is:
|
---|
| 466 | <filename>~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf</filename>
|
---|
| 467 | </para>
|
---|
| 468 |
|
---|
| 469 | <para>
|
---|
| 470 | To try out different settings, you may need to exit from Xorg and then
|
---|
[8251b48] | 471 | run <command>startx</command> again so that all applications use the new
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 472 | settings. Several things can override the fontconfig settings, see
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 473 | <xref linkend="items-which-can-override-fontconfig"/> below for more
|
---|
| 474 | details. To explore the possibilities, create a file for your user:
|
---|
[e180a646] | 475 | </para>
|
---|
| 476 |
|
---|
[6bc10a26] | 477 | <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv ~/.config/fontconfig &&
|
---|
[e180a646] | 478 | cat > ~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 479 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 480 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 481 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 482 |
|
---|
| 483 | <match target="font" >
|
---|
| 484 | <!-- autohint was the old automatic hinter when hinting was patent
|
---|
| 485 | protected, so turn it off to ensure any hinting information in the font
|
---|
| 486 | itself is used, this is the default -->
|
---|
[6bc10a26] | 487 | <edit mode="assign" name="autohint"> <bool>false</bool></edit>
|
---|
[024b208] | 488 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 489 | <!-- hinting is enabled by default -->
|
---|
| 490 | <edit mode="assign" name="hinting"> <bool>true</bool></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 491 |
|
---|
[87fc185] | 492 | <!-- for the lcdfilter see https://www.spasche.net/files/lcdfiltering/ -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 493 | <edit mode="assign" name="lcdfilter"> <const>lcddefault</const></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 494 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 495 | <!-- options for hintstyle:
|
---|
| 496 | hintfull: is supposed to give a crisp font that aligns well to the
|
---|
[f072b06f] | 497 | character-cell grid but at the cost of its proper shape. However, anything
|
---|
| 498 | using Pango >= 1.44 will not support full hinting, Pango now uses harfbuzz
|
---|
| 499 | for hinting. Apps which use Skia (e.g. Chromium, Firefox) should not be
|
---|
| 500 | affected by this. <!-- https://github.com/harfbuzz/harfbuzz/issues/2394 -->
|
---|
[024b208] | 501 |
|
---|
[f98db52] | 502 | hintmedium: is reported to be broken.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 503 | hintslight is the default: - supposed to be more fuzzy but retains shape.
|
---|
[8558044] | 504 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 505 | hintnone: seems to turn hinting off.
|
---|
| 506 | The variations are marginal and results vary with different fonts -->
|
---|
| 507 | <edit mode="assign" name="hintstyle"> <const>hintslight</const></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 508 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 509 | <!-- antialiasing is on by default and really helps for faint characters
|
---|
| 510 | and also for 'xft:' fonts used in rxvt-unicode -->
|
---|
| 511 | <edit mode="assign" name="antialias"> <bool>true</bool></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 512 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 513 | <!-- subpixels are usually rgb, see
|
---|
| 514 | http://www.lagom.nl/lcd-test/subpixel.php -->
|
---|
| 515 | <edit mode="assign" name="rgba"> <const>rgb</const></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 516 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 517 | <!-- thanks to the Arch wiki for the lcd and subpixel links -->
|
---|
| 518 | </match>
|
---|
| 519 |
|
---|
| 520 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 521 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 522 |
|
---|
| 523 | <para>
|
---|
[f98db52] | 524 | You will now need to edit the file in your preferred editor. Many of the
|
---|
| 525 | different settings give very subtle differences and the results may differ
|
---|
| 526 | for some of the fonts you use.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 527 | </para>
|
---|
| 528 |
|
---|
[f98db52] | 529 | <note>
|
---|
| 530 | <para>
|
---|
| 531 | Hinting, if enabled, is done in <application>FreeType</application>.
|
---|
| 532 | Since FreeType-2.7 the default TrueType interpreter is v40. The
|
---|
| 533 | original v35 hinter could be enabled by an environment variable, but
|
---|
| 534 | is only really appropriate to original Microsoft TTF fonts (Arial, etc).
|
---|
| 535 | The v38 hinter (Infinality) is not built by default and all the options
|
---|
| 536 | to tune it have been removed. For full details see <xref
|
---|
| 537 | linkend="subpixel-hinting"/> (Spoiler: there is NO sub-pixel hinting,
|
---|
| 538 | the code simply ignores <emphasis>all</emphasis> horizontal hinting
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 539 | instructions).
|
---|
[f98db52] | 540 | </para>
|
---|
[9fc45066] | 541 |
|
---|
| 542 | <para>
|
---|
| 543 | Xorg assumes screens have 96 dots per inch (DPI). Most LCD screens are
|
---|
| 544 | close to this, but some people detect colour fringing if their screen
|
---|
| 545 | diverges from that size. See <xref linkend="calc-dpi"/>.
|
---|
| 546 | </para>
|
---|
| 547 |
|
---|
| 548 | <para>
|
---|
| 549 | If you have a High DPI screen (often described as '4K' or larger) you
|
---|
| 550 | will probably use larger font sizes and benefit from disabling hinting.
|
---|
| 551 | </para>
|
---|
[f98db52] | 552 | </note>
|
---|
| 553 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 554 | <para>
|
---|
| 555 | For more examples see the blfs-support thread which started at <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 556 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00128.html">2016-09/00128</ulink>,
|
---|
[e180a646] | 557 | particularly <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 558 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00137.html">2016-09/00137</ulink>,
|
---|
[e180a646] | 559 | and the original poster's preferred solution at <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 560 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00147.html">2016-09/00147</ulink>.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 561 | There are other examples in <xref linkend="arch-fontconfig"/> and <xref
|
---|
| 562 | linkend="gentoo-fontconfig"/>.
|
---|
| 563 | </para>
|
---|
| 564 |
|
---|
| 565 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 566 |
|
---|
| 567 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="disabling-bitmap-fonts" xreflabel="Disabling Bitmap fonts">
|
---|
| 568 | <title>Disabling Bitmap Fonts</title>
|
---|
| 569 |
|
---|
| 570 | <para>
|
---|
| 571 | In previous versions of BLFS, the ugly old Xorg bitmap fonts were
|
---|
| 572 | installed. Now, many people will not need to install any of them. But if
|
---|
| 573 | for some reason you have installed one or more bitmap fonts, you can
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 574 | prevent them from being used by <application>Fontconfig</application> by
|
---|
[8251b48] | 575 | creating the following file as the &root; user :
|
---|
[e180a646] | 576 | </para>
|
---|
| 577 |
|
---|
| 578 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/conf.d/70-no-bitmaps.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 579 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 580 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 581 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 582 | <!-- Reject bitmap fonts -->
|
---|
| 583 | <selectfont>
|
---|
| 584 | <rejectfont>
|
---|
| 585 | <pattern>
|
---|
| 586 | <patelt name="scalable"><bool>false</bool></patelt>
|
---|
| 587 | </pattern>
|
---|
| 588 | </rejectfont>
|
---|
| 589 | </selectfont>
|
---|
| 590 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 591 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 592 |
|
---|
| 593 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 594 |
|
---|
[fc07c4bc] | 595 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="synthetic-changes" xreflabel="Synthetic changes">
|
---|
| 596 | <title>Synthetic changes</title>
|
---|
| 597 |
|
---|
| 598 | <para>
|
---|
| 599 | In <filename>90-synthetic.conf</filename> there are examples of applying
|
---|
| 600 | synthetic slanting and emboldening to a font. The synthetic emboldening can
|
---|
| 601 | be applied to a visibly faint font, but the results are not always as
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 602 | expected: With just the embolden, <application>Epiphany</application> showed
|
---|
| 603 | darker fonts while <application>Firefox</application> did not - so although
|
---|
| 604 | <application>Cairo</application> is now used by
|
---|
[fc07c4bc] | 605 | <application>firefox</application> the comment about setting Weight is still
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 606 | valid. But setting both, <application>Epiphany</application> will show bold
|
---|
| 607 | text by default, but it will show heavy text if markup for bold is used. In both
|
---|
| 608 | cases, neither
|
---|
[fc07c4bc] | 609 | <application>libreOffice</application> nor <application>falkon</application>
|
---|
| 610 | showed bolder text.
|
---|
| 611 | </para>
|
---|
| 612 |
|
---|
| 613 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 614 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 615 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="adding-extra-directories" xreflabel="Adding extra font directories">
|
---|
| 616 | <title>Adding extra font directories</title>
|
---|
| 617 |
|
---|
| 618 | <para>
|
---|
| 619 | Normally, system fonts and user fonts are installed in directories beneath
|
---|
| 620 | the locations specified in <xref linkend="xft-font-protocol"/> and there
|
---|
| 621 | is no obvious reason to put them elsewhere. However, a full BLFS install
|
---|
| 622 | of <xref linkend="texlive"/> puts many fonts in <filename
|
---|
| 623 | class="directory">/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/</filename>
|
---|
| 624 | in the <filename class="directory">opentype/</filename> and <filename
|
---|
| 625 | class="directory">truetype/</filename> subdirectories. Although pulling in
|
---|
| 626 | all of these files may appear useful (it allows you to use them in non
|
---|
| 627 | <application>TeX</application> programs), there are several problems with
|
---|
| 628 | such an approach:
|
---|
| 629 | </para>
|
---|
| 630 |
|
---|
| 631 | <orderedlist>
|
---|
| 632 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 633 | <para>
|
---|
[8251b48] | 634 | There are hundreds of files, which makes selecting fonts difficult.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 635 | </para>
|
---|
| 636 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 637 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 638 | <para>
|
---|
| 639 | Some of the files do odd things, such as displaying semaphore flags
|
---|
| 640 | instead of ASCII letters, or mapping cyrillic codepoints to character
|
---|
| 641 | forms appropriate to Old Church Slavonic instead of the expected
|
---|
| 642 | current shapes: fine if that is what you need, but painful for normal
|
---|
| 643 | use.
|
---|
| 644 | </para>
|
---|
| 645 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 646 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 647 | <para>
|
---|
| 648 | Several fonts have multiple sizes and impenetrable short names, which
|
---|
[8251b48] | 649 | both make selecting the correct font even more difficult.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 650 | </para>
|
---|
| 651 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 652 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 653 | <para>
|
---|
| 654 | When a font is added to CTAN, it is accompanied by TeX packages to use
|
---|
| 655 | it in the old engines (<application>xelatex</application> does not
|
---|
| 656 | normally need this), and then the version is often frozen whilst the
|
---|
| 657 | font is separately maintained. Some of these fonts such as <xref
|
---|
| 658 | linkend="dejavu-fonts"/> are probably already installed on your BLFS
|
---|
| 659 | system in a newer version, and if you have multiple versions of a font
|
---|
| 660 | it is unclear which one will be used by
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 661 | <application>Fontconfig</application>.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 662 | </para>
|
---|
| 663 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 664 | </orderedlist>
|
---|
| 665 |
|
---|
| 666 | <para>
|
---|
| 667 | However, it is sometimes useful to look at these fonts in non-TeX
|
---|
| 668 | applications, if only to see whether you wish to install a current
|
---|
| 669 | version. If you have installed all of <application>texlive</application>,
|
---|
| 670 | the following example will make one of the Arkandis Open Type fonts
|
---|
| 671 | available to other applications, and all three of the ParaType TrueType
|
---|
| 672 | fonts. Adjust or repeat the lines as desired, to either make all the
|
---|
| 673 | <filename class="directory">opentype/</filename> or <filename
|
---|
| 674 | class="directory">truetype</filename>fonts available, or to select
|
---|
| 675 | different font directories. As the <systemitem
|
---|
| 676 | class="username">root</systemitem> user:
|
---|
| 677 | </para>
|
---|
| 678 |
|
---|
| 679 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 680 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 681 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 682 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 683 | <dir>/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/arkandis/berenisadf</dir>
|
---|
| 684 | <dir>/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/truetype/paratype</dir>
|
---|
| 685 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 686 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 687 |
|
---|
| 688 | <para>
|
---|
| 689 | If you do this, remember to change all instances of the year in that file
|
---|
| 690 | when you upgrade <application>texlive</application> to a later release.
|
---|
| 691 | </para>
|
---|
| 692 |
|
---|
| 693 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 694 |
|
---|
| 695 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="preferring-certain-fonts" xreflabel="Preferring certain fonts">
|
---|
| 696 | <title>Preferring certain fonts</title>
|
---|
| 697 |
|
---|
| 698 | <para>
|
---|
[895b457] | 699 | With the exception of web pages which use WOFF fonts and either supply
|
---|
| 700 | them or link to google to download them, web pages have traditionally
|
---|
| 701 | suggested a list of preferred font family names if they cared (e.g.
|
---|
| 702 | Times New Roman, Serif). There are many reasons why people may wish to
|
---|
| 703 | have pages which specify a preferred font use a different font, or
|
---|
| 704 | prefer specific fonts in Monospace or Sans or Serif. As you will expect,
|
---|
| 705 | there a number of different ways of achieving this.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 706 | </para>
|
---|
| 707 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 708 | </sect2>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 709 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 710 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="fontconfig-user-docs" xreflabel="Fontconfig user documentation">
|
---|
| 711 | <title>Fontconfig user documentation</title>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 712 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 713 | <para>
|
---|
| 714 | <application>Fontconfig</application> installs user documentation that
|
---|
| 715 | includes an example 'User configuration file' which among other things
|
---|
| 716 | prefers <xref linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> (a Sans font) if a
|
---|
| 717 | <emphasis>Serif</emphasis> font is requested for Chinese (this part
|
---|
| 718 | might be anachronistic unless you have non-free Chinese fonts, because
|
---|
| 719 | in <filename>65-nonlatin.conf</filename> this font is already among the
|
---|
| 720 | preferred fonts when Serif is specified for Chinese) and to prefer the
|
---|
| 721 | modern <xref linkend="VLGothic"/> font if a Sans font is specified on a
|
---|
| 722 | Japanese page (otherwise a couple of other fonts would be preferred if
|
---|
| 723 | they have been installed).
|
---|
| 724 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 725 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 726 | <para>
|
---|
| 727 | If you have installed the current version, the user documentation is
|
---|
| 728 | available in HTML, PDF, and text versions at <filename
|
---|
| 729 | class="directory">/usr/share/doc/fontconfig-&fontconfig-version;/</filename>
|
---|
| 730 | : change the version if you installed a different one.
|
---|
| 731 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 732 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 733 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 734 |
|
---|
| 735 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="prefer-a-specific-font" xreflabel="Prefer a specific font">
|
---|
| 736 | <title>Prefer a specific font</title>
|
---|
| 737 |
|
---|
| 738 | <para>
|
---|
| 739 | As an example, if for some reason you wished to use the <ulink
|
---|
| 740 | url="https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nimbus-roman-no9-l">Nimbus Roman
|
---|
| 741 | No9 L</ulink> font wherever Times New Roman is referenced (it is
|
---|
| 742 | metrically similar, and preferred for Times Roman, but the Serif font
|
---|
| 743 | from <xref linkend="liberation-fonts"/> will be preferred for the Times
|
---|
| 744 | <emphasis>New</emphasis> Roman font if installed), as an individual user
|
---|
| 745 | you could install the font and then create the following file:
|
---|
| 746 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 747 |
|
---|
| 748 | <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv ~/.config/fontconfig/conf.d &&
|
---|
| 749 | cat > ~/.config/fontconfig/conf.d/35-prefer-nimbus-for-timesnew.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 750 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 751 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 752 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 753 | <!-- prefer Nimbus Roman No9 L for Times New Roman as well as for Times,
|
---|
| 754 | without this Tinos and Liberation Serif take precedence for Times New Roman
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 755 | before Fontconfig falls back to whatever matches Times -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 756 | <alias binding="same">
|
---|
| 757 | <family>Times New Roman</family>
|
---|
| 758 | <accept>
|
---|
| 759 | <family>Nimbus Roman No9 L</family>
|
---|
| 760 | </accept>
|
---|
| 761 | </alias>
|
---|
| 762 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 763 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 764 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 765 | <para>
|
---|
| 766 | This is something you would normally do in an individual user's
|
---|
| 767 | settings, but the file in this case has been prefixed '35-' so that it
|
---|
| 768 | could, if desired, be used system-wide in <filename
|
---|
| 769 | class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d/</filename>.
|
---|
| 770 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 771 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 772 | </sect2>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 773 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 774 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="prefer-chosen-CJK-fonts" xreflabel="Preferring chosen CJK fonts">
|
---|
| 775 | <title>Prefer chosen CJK fonts</title>
|
---|
| 776 |
|
---|
| 777 | <para>
|
---|
| 778 | The following example of a local configuration (i.e. one that applies
|
---|
| 779 | for all users of the machine) does several things. It is particularly
|
---|
| 780 | appropriate where no language is specified, or for reading CJK text
|
---|
| 781 | in a non-CJK locale, and where the Japanese forms of the codepoints
|
---|
| 782 | shared with Chinese are preferred. In particular, alternative
|
---|
| 783 | approaches would be to specify a Chinese font ahead of the Japanese
|
---|
| 784 | font, meaning that only Kana symbols will be used from the Japanese
|
---|
| 785 | font, or to not specify DejaVu so that the first font in each set
|
---|
| 786 | of preferences is preferred for text using Latin alphabets.
|
---|
| 787 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 788 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 789 | <orderedlist>
|
---|
| 790 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 791 | <para>
|
---|
| 792 | If a Serif font is specified, it prefers <xref linkend="dejavu-fonts"/>.
|
---|
| 793 | If Han codepoints are found, or the Japanese language is specified,
|
---|
| 794 | the Mincho font from <xref linkend="IPAex"/> will be used. If Hangul
|
---|
| 795 | codepoints are found or the Korean language is specified, UnBatang
|
---|
| 796 | (see <xref linkend="Korean-fonts"/>) will be used: Change that line
|
---|
| 797 | If you installed a different Korean serif font. After that,
|
---|
| 798 | <xref linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> (Sans, but a default for Serif
|
---|
| 799 | and monospace) is used. A previous version of this page mentioned
|
---|
| 800 | using UMing which is a Traditional Chinese font that ships
|
---|
| 801 | with an old conf file preferring it for zh-tw and zh-hk language
|
---|
| 802 | codes (and for sans-serif and monospace). But without the conf file,
|
---|
| 803 | <application>Fontconfig</application> will only treat it as suitable
|
---|
| 804 | for zh-hk.
|
---|
| 805 | The conf file needs to be edited to current style and will then be
|
---|
| 806 | prepended, so specifying UMing does not belong in this
|
---|
| 807 | <filename>local.conf</filename> file.
|
---|
| 808 | </para>
|
---|
| 809 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 810 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 811 | <para>
|
---|
| 812 | For Sans Serif preferences again start with <xref linkend="dejavu-fonts"/>,
|
---|
| 813 | then <xref linkend="VLGothic"/> for Japanese before falling back to
|
---|
| 814 | WenQuanYi Zen Hei which is Sans and covers both Chinese and Korean
|
---|
| 815 | Hangul.
|
---|
| 816 | </para>
|
---|
| 817 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 818 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 819 | <para>
|
---|
| 820 | The Monospace fonts are forced to the preferred Sans fonts. If the
|
---|
| 821 | text is in Chinese or Korean then <xref
|
---|
| 822 | linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> will be used.
|
---|
| 823 | </para>
|
---|
| 824 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 825 | </orderedlist>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 826 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 827 | <para>
|
---|
| 828 | In a non-CJK locale, the result is that suitable fonts will be used for
|
---|
| 829 | all variants of Chinese, Japanese and Hangul Korean (but Japanese variants
|
---|
| 830 | of the glyphs shared with Chinese Han will be used). All other languages
|
---|
| 831 | should already work if a font is present. As the <systemitem
|
---|
| 832 | class="username">root</systemitem> user:
|
---|
| 833 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 834 |
|
---|
| 835 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/local.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 836 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 837 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 838 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 839 | <alias>
|
---|
| 840 | <family>serif</family>
|
---|
| 841 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 842 | <family>DejaVu Serif</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 843 | <family>IPAexMincho</family>
|
---|
| 844 | <!-- WenQuanYi is preferred as Serif in 65-nonlatin.conf,
|
---|
| 845 | override that so a real Korean font can be used for Serif -->
|
---|
| 846 | <family>UnBatang</family>
|
---|
| 847 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 848 | </alias>
|
---|
| 849 | <alias>
|
---|
| 850 | <family>sans-serif</family>
|
---|
| 851 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 852 | <family>DejaVu Sans</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 853 | <family>VL Gothic</family>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 854 | <!-- This assumes WenQuanYi is good enough for Korean Sans -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 855 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 856 | </alias>
|
---|
| 857 | <alias>
|
---|
| 858 | <family>monospace</family>
|
---|
| 859 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 860 | <family>DejaVu Sans Mono</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 861 | <family>VL Gothic</family>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 862 | <!-- This assumes WenQuanYi is good enough for Korean Monospace -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 863 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 864 | </alias>
|
---|
| 865 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 866 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 867 |
|
---|
| 868 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 869 |
|
---|
| 870 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="editing-old-style-conf-files"
|
---|
| 871 | xreflabel="Editing Old-Style conf files">
|
---|
[8251b48] | 872 | <title>Editing Old-Style conf files</title>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 873 |
|
---|
| 874 | <para>
|
---|
| 875 | Some fonts, particularly Chinese fonts, ship with conf files which can be
|
---|
| 876 | installed in <filename class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d</filename>.
|
---|
| 877 | However, if you do that and then use a terminal to run any command which
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 878 | uses <application>Fontconfig</application> you may see error messages such
|
---|
[e180a646] | 879 | as :
|
---|
| 880 | </para>
|
---|
| 881 |
|
---|
| 882 | <para>
|
---|
| 883 | <literal>Fontconfig warning: "/etc/fonts/conf.d/69-odofonts.conf", line
|
---|
| 884 | 14: Having multiple <family> in <alias> isn't supported and
|
---|
| 885 | may not work as expected</literal>.
|
---|
| 886 | </para>
|
---|
| 887 |
|
---|
| 888 | <para>
|
---|
| 889 | In practice, these old rules do not work. For non-CJK users,
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 890 | <application>Fontconfig</application> will usually do a good job
|
---|
[e180a646] | 891 | <emphasis>without</emphasis> these rules. Their origin dates back to when
|
---|
| 892 | CJK users needed handcrafted bitmaps to be legible at small sizes, and
|
---|
| 893 | those looked ugly next to antialiased Latin glyphs - they preferred to
|
---|
| 894 | use the same CJK font for the Latin glyphs. There is a side-effect of
|
---|
| 895 | doing this : the (Serif) font is often also used for Sans, and in such a
|
---|
| 896 | situation the (English) text in <application>Gtk</application> menus will
|
---|
| 897 | use this font - compared to system fonts, as well as being serif it is
|
---|
| 898 | both faint and rather small. That can make it uncomfortable to read.
|
---|
| 899 | </para>
|
---|
| 900 |
|
---|
| 901 | <para>
|
---|
| 902 | Nevertheless, these old conf files can be fixed if you wish to use them.
|
---|
| 903 | The following example is the first part of
|
---|
| 904 | <filename>64-arphic-uming.conf</filename> from <xref linkend="UMing"/> -
|
---|
[8251b48] | 905 | there are many more similar items which also need changing :
|
---|
[e180a646] | 906 | </para>
|
---|
| 907 |
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 908 | <screen role="root">
|
---|
[e180a646] | 909 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 910 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 911 | <string>zh-cn</string>
|
---|
| 912 | <string>zh-sg</string>
|
---|
| 913 | </test>
|
---|
| 914 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 915 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 916 | </test>
|
---|
| 917 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 918 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 919 | </edit>
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 920 | </match>
|
---|
| 921 | </screen>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 922 |
|
---|
| 923 | <para>
|
---|
| 924 | The process to correct this is straightforward but tedious - for every
|
---|
[8251b48] | 925 | item which produces an error message, using your editor (as the &root;
|
---|
| 926 | user), edit the installed
|
---|
[e180a646] | 927 | file to repeat the whole block as many times as there are multiple
|
---|
| 928 | variables, then reduce each example to have only one of them. You may
|
---|
| 929 | wish to work on one error at a time, save the file after each fix, and
|
---|
| 930 | from a separate term run a command such as <command>fc-list 2>&1 |
|
---|
| 931 | less</command> to see that the fix worked. For the block above, the fixed
|
---|
| 932 | version will be :
|
---|
| 933 | </para>
|
---|
| 934 |
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 935 | <screen role="root">
|
---|
[e180a646] | 936 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 937 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 938 | <string>zh-cn</string>
|
---|
| 939 | </test>
|
---|
| 940 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 941 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 942 | </test>
|
---|
| 943 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 944 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 945 | </edit>
|
---|
| 946 | </match>
|
---|
| 947 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 948 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 949 | <string>zh-sg</string>
|
---|
| 950 | </test>
|
---|
| 951 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 952 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 953 | </test>
|
---|
| 954 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 955 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 956 | </edit>
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 957 | </match>
|
---|
| 958 | </screen>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 959 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 960 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 961 |
|
---|
| 962 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="font-weights" xreflabel="About font weights">
|
---|
| 963 | <title>About font weights</title>
|
---|
[b52945a] | 964 |
|
---|
| 965 | <para>
|
---|
| 966 | When this page and the next page were first created, Latin fonts came
|
---|
| 967 | with a maximum of two weights - either Regular or Book (Book typically
|
---|
| 968 | has a larger X-height to make it easier to read in large blocks of text),
|
---|
[18024d6] | 969 | and Bold - and perhaps an Italic (or Slant) style. A few fonts also had
|
---|
[b52945a] | 970 | Condensed faces (to fit more text into a line and usually only used when
|
---|
| 971 | specified). Without CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) markup, text used the
|
---|
| 972 | Regular or Book weight except when <b> ... </b> markup was
|
---|
[18024d6] | 973 | used for bold text. Italic styles would be invoked by <i> ... </i>
|
---|
[b52945a] | 974 | markup, along with the bold markup for Bold Italic.
|
---|
| 975 | </para>
|
---|
| 976 |
|
---|
| 977 | <para>
|
---|
[18024d6] | 978 | Some faces now contain up to 9 weights, possibly also with a variable font
|
---|
[b52945a] | 979 | (to save space by including all the alternatives in one file and possibly
|
---|
| 980 | allowing intermediate weights). For most desktop users who do not need this
|
---|
| 981 | wide range of weights for creating content, it is simpler to only install
|
---|
[18024d6] | 982 | one or two weights. If a face has individual weights plus a variable font,
|
---|
| 983 | the variable font is usually in the top level of the supplied directory,
|
---|
[b52945a] | 984 | with individual weights in a <filename class="directory">static/</filename>
|
---|
| 985 | subdirectory. Except when initially reviewing a font, it makes no sense to
|
---|
[18024d6] | 986 | install both static and variable, nor all the possible weights.
|
---|
[b52945a] | 987 | </para>
|
---|
| 988 |
|
---|
| 989 | <para>
|
---|
| 990 | The weights are labelled from 100 (Thin) to 900 (Black or Heavy) in CSS
|
---|
| 991 | terminology, with 400 being normal and 700 bold. The full set of weights
|
---|
| 992 | is described at <xref linkend="css-weights"/>.
|
---|
| 993 | </para>
|
---|
| 994 |
|
---|
| 995 | <para>
|
---|
| 996 | If you have installed a font with a range of weights, you can copy <ulink
|
---|
| 997 | url="https://&lfs-domainname;/~ken/font-weights.html">font-weights.html</ulink>
|
---|
[cc460eb6] | 998 | to your local machine. As shipped it will use your default Serif font assuming
|
---|
[b52945a] | 999 | you have one. Edit it to point to a specific installed font using the name
|
---|
[1307636] | 1000 | known to <application>Fontconfig</application> (also in the *EDITME FONTNAME*
|
---|
| 1001 | text items) and open it
|
---|
[b52945a] | 1002 | from your desktop browser. You can also use it to look at a font with only
|
---|
| 1003 | two installed weights, e.g. for testing to see if you prefer other weights.
|
---|
| 1004 | </para>
|
---|
| 1005 |
|
---|
| 1006 | <para>
|
---|
| 1007 | Despite the details in that Mozilla link, it appears that if only normal and
|
---|
| 1008 | bold weights are installed, SemiBold (600) will be shown using bold.
|
---|
| 1009 | </para>
|
---|
| 1010 |
|
---|
| 1011 | <para>
|
---|
| 1012 | There seems to be a little scope for changing which weights are used for
|
---|
| 1013 | normal and bold <emphasis>if only two weights have been installed</emphasis>.
|
---|
| 1014 | Firefox, and probably other browsers, will look for the next weight heavier
|
---|
| 1015 | than normal. If that is less than bold (Medium, maybe SemiBold - uncertain)
|
---|
| 1016 | it will be used for normal and then the next higher weight, if any will be
|
---|
| 1017 | used for bold, allowing you to make the fonts slightly darker. Conversely,
|
---|
| 1018 | if only a weight less than normal has been installed, such as Light, that
|
---|
| 1019 | will be used for both normal and bold weights (the upward search happens
|
---|
| 1020 | first).
|
---|
| 1021 | </para>
|
---|
| 1022 |
|
---|
| 1023 | <para>
|
---|
| 1024 | If you remove some weights of a system font, you may need to run
|
---|
| 1025 | <command>fc-cache</command> as the &root; user and then log out completely
|
---|
| 1026 | to clear caches associated with your user.
|
---|
| 1027 | <!-- I don't know for sure that there are user caches retained until you
|
---|
| 1028 | log out, but certainly leaving X and restarting the browser is not always
|
---|
| 1029 | adequate : ken -->
|
---|
| 1030 | </para>
|
---|
| 1031 |
|
---|
[9c1319c] | 1032 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 1033 |
|
---|
| 1034 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="items-which-can-override-fontconfig" xreflabel="Items which can override Fontconfig">
|
---|
| 1035 | <title>Items which can override Fontconfig</title>
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1036 |
|
---|
| 1037 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1038 | Several desktop environments, as well as some programs, will use
|
---|
| 1039 | <application>Fontconfig</application>
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1040 | to find fonts but may override certain things.
|
---|
| 1041 | </para>
|
---|
| 1042 |
|
---|
| 1043 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1044 | <application>GNOME</application>: The settings in
|
---|
| 1045 | org.gnome.desktop.interface can be updated with
|
---|
| 1046 | <application>dconf-editor</application>. You can set the fonts to your
|
---|
| 1047 | preference and desired point size. To use the fonts chosen by
|
---|
| 1048 | <application>Fontconfig</application> specify e.g. 'Sans 12', Serif 11',
|
---|
| 1049 | 'Mono 10' as desired. Also review the antialiasing, hinting and rgba
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 1050 | settings. Alternatively, <xref linkend="gnome-tweaks"/> can also update
|
---|
| 1051 | the font settings in a GUI form.
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1052 | </para>
|
---|
| 1053 |
|
---|
| 1054 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1055 | <application>LXQt</application>: Change font settings as necessary to
|
---|
| 1056 | match <application>Fontconfig</application> in
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1057 | <application>lxqt-config-appearance</application>.
|
---|
| 1058 | </para>
|
---|
| 1059 |
|
---|
| 1060 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1061 | <application>KDE Plasma</application>: The settings can be adjusted in
|
---|
| 1062 | <application>System Settings</application> under Appearance -> Fonts. This
|
---|
| 1063 | will create or modify <filename>~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf</filename>
|
---|
| 1064 | although <filename>~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf</filename>, if
|
---|
| 1065 | installed, can override that.
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1066 | </para>
|
---|
| 1067 |
|
---|
| 1068 | <para>
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 1069 | <application>Xfce desktop</application>: The settings can be adjusted in
|
---|
[68448b94] | 1070 | <application>Settings</application> -> Appearance -> Fonts. Specify your
|
---|
[18024d6] | 1071 | preferred fonts, e.g. 'Sans Regular' (to use the normal face and weight
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1072 | rather than Bold and/or Italic) and adjust the point size in the option.
|
---|
| 1073 | Review the Rendering and DPI options.
|
---|
| 1074 | </para>
|
---|
| 1075 |
|
---|
| 1076 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1077 | <application>Firefox</application>: This browser allows you to specify its
|
---|
| 1078 | default fonts. For the 115esr series use the 'Hamburger' menu to go to
|
---|
| 1079 | Preferences, General, and under Fonts -> Advanced select Sans Serif, Serif
|
---|
| 1080 | or Monospace as appropriate if you wish to use the fonts which match
|
---|
| 1081 | <application>Fontconfig</application>. Set the point sizes as desired. In
|
---|
| 1082 | later versions, the settings are at Preferences -> Fonts.
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1083 | </para>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 1084 |
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1085 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1086 | <application>Libreoffice</application>: Tests using English text with an
|
---|
| 1087 | old Japanese font (HanaMinA) which supports several European languages but
|
---|
| 1088 | had only one weight and no italics or slant showed that although
|
---|
| 1089 | <application>Libreoffice</application> uses
|
---|
| 1090 | <application>Fontconfig</application> to find the font, it created its own
|
---|
| 1091 | bold or slanted text. It is not clear if it will do the same where a font
|
---|
| 1092 | actually has bold weight or an italic style. Also, documentation shows
|
---|
| 1093 | that <application>Libreoffice</application> has its own substitution rules
|
---|
| 1094 | for when a codepoint is not found in the selected font, but is unclear if
|
---|
| 1095 | those rules apply on Linux using Fontconfig.
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1096 | </para>
|
---|
| 1097 |
|
---|
| 1098 | <para>
|
---|
[1307636] | 1099 | <application>Pango</application>: as noted in the example
|
---|
| 1100 | <filename>~/.config/fontconfig</filename> above, anything using Pango-1.44
|
---|
| 1101 | (from 2019) or later now uses <application>Harfbuzz</application> for
|
---|
| 1102 | hinting, not <application>FreeType</application>, and
|
---|
| 1103 | <literal>hintfull</literal> is not supported.
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1104 | </para>
|
---|
| 1105 |
|
---|
[0262f7c] | 1106 | <para>
|
---|
| 1107 | <application>Thunderbird</application>: The font settings can be changed
|
---|
| 1108 | by going to "Edit -> Settings" and then scrolling down to "Fonts &
|
---|
| 1109 | Colors".
|
---|
| 1110 | </para>
|
---|
| 1111 |
|
---|
[dcc1b92] | 1112 | </sect2>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 1113 |
|
---|
[ac35d3b] | 1114 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="external-links" xreflabel="External Links">
|
---|
| 1115 | <title>External Links</title>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 1116 |
|
---|
| 1117 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="I-stared-into-the-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 1118 | xreflabel="I stared into the fontconfig">I stared into the fontconfig ...</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1119 |
|
---|
| 1120 | <para>
|
---|
| 1121 | The blog entries by <ulink
|
---|
| 1122 | url="https://eev.ee/blog/2015/05/20/i-stared-into-the-fontconfig-and-the-fontconfig-stared-back-at-me/">Eevee</ulink>
|
---|
[82ea9e2] | 1123 | are particularly useful if <application>Fontconfig</application> does not
|
---|
[e180a646] | 1124 | think your chosen font supports your language, and for preferring some
|
---|
| 1125 | non-MS Japanese fonts when an ugly MS font is already installed.
|
---|
| 1126 | </para>
|
---|
| 1127 |
|
---|
[f98db52] | 1128 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="subpixel-hinting"
|
---|
| 1129 | xreflabel="subpixel-hinting">subpixel-hinting</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1130 |
|
---|
| 1131 | <para>The documentation of the FreeType v40 interpreter at <ulink
|
---|
| 1132 | url="https://freetype.org/freetype2/docs/hinting/subpixel-hinting.html">freetype
|
---|
| 1133 | docs</ulink>
|
---|
| 1134 | explains how the current hinter works, and why the previous (slow) Infinality
|
---|
| 1135 | interpreter was replaced.
|
---|
| 1136 | </para>
|
---|
| 1137 |
|
---|
[9fc45066] | 1138 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="calc-dpi"
|
---|
| 1139 | xreflabel="calc-dpi">Calculating DPI</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1140 |
|
---|
| 1141 | <para>An old answer at <ulink
|
---|
| 1142 | url="https://askubuntu.com/questions/197828/how-to-find-and-change-the-screen-dpi/">askubuntu</ulink>
|
---|
[cc460eb6] | 1143 | gives some detail on calculating a screen's dots per inch, but essentially
|
---|
[9fc45066] | 1144 | you just measure the width and height of the visible panel, convert to
|
---|
| 1145 | inches if using metric measurements, and divide by the number of pixels.
|
---|
| 1146 | You can then pass <option>-dpi <replaceable>90</replaceable></option> when
|
---|
| 1147 | you start Xorg, using your own value.
|
---|
| 1148 | </para>
|
---|
| 1149 |
|
---|
[b52945a] | 1150 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="css-weights"
|
---|
| 1151 | xreflabel="Table of CSS font weights">Table of CSS font weights</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1152 |
|
---|
| 1153 | <para>Perhaps more than you ever wished to know is at <ulink
|
---|
| 1154 | url="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/CSS/font-weight">Mozilla
|
---|
| 1155 | CSS docs</ulink>.
|
---|
| 1156 | </para>
|
---|
| 1157 |
|
---|
[690b50d] | 1158 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="ttfautohint"
|
---|
| 1159 | xreflabel="Applying autohinting to a font">Applying autohinting to a font</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1160 |
|
---|
| 1161 | <para>
|
---|
| 1162 | If you are using hinting and have a TTF (not OTF) font which lacks hints
|
---|
| 1163 | but permits you to fork it, you might be able to apply hints using <ulink
|
---|
| 1164 | url="https://freetype.org/ttfautohint/">ttfautohint</ulink> which is based
|
---|
| 1165 | on the old autohinter. As of version 1.8.4 it fails to build without Qt5.
|
---|
| 1166 | <!-- switch exists, configure passes but build fails -->
|
---|
| 1167 | </para>
|
---|
| 1168 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 1169 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="arch-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 1170 | xreflabel="Fontconfig in the Arch wiki">Fontconfig in the Arch wiki</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1171 |
|
---|
| 1172 | <para>
|
---|
| 1173 | Arch has a lot of information in its wiki at <ulink
|
---|
| 1174 | url="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/font_configuration">font_configuration</ulink>.
|
---|
| 1175 | </para>
|
---|
| 1176 |
|
---|
| 1177 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="gentoo-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 1178 | xreflabel="Fontconfig in the Gentoo wiki">Fontconfig in the Gentoo wiki</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 1179 |
|
---|
| 1180 | <para>
|
---|
| 1181 | Gentoo has some information in its wiki at <ulink
|
---|
| 1182 | url="https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> although
|
---|
| 1183 | a lot of the details (what to enable, and Infinality) are specific to
|
---|
| 1184 | Gentoo.
|
---|
| 1185 | </para>
|
---|
| 1186 |
|
---|
| 1187 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 1188 |
|
---|
| 1189 | </sect1>
|
---|