[e180a646] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="tuning-fontconfig">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="tuning-fontconfig.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 |
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| 12 | <title>Tuning Fontconfig</title>
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| 13 |
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| 14 | <indexterm zone="tuning-fontconfig">
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| 15 | <primary sortas="g-tuning-fontconfig">Tuning Fontconfig</primary>
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| 16 | </indexterm>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <sect2 id='fontconfig-overview' xreflabel="Overview of Fontconfig">
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| 19 | <title>Overview of Fontconfig</title>
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| 20 |
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| 21 | <!-- do not add individual indexterm entries for items within this page, they
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| 22 | all belong in section G (others) and not only do they add noise in longindex,
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| 23 | the links all point to the top of the page. -->
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| 24 |
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| 25 | <para>
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| 26 | If you only read text in English, and are happy with the common libre
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| 27 | fonts listed on the next page, you may never need to worry about the
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| 28 | details of how <application>fontconfig</application> works. But there are
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| 29 | many things which can be altered if they do not suit your needs.
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| 30 | </para>
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| 31 |
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| 32 | <para>
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| 33 | Although this page is long, it barely scratches the surface and you will
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| 34 | be able to find many alternative views on the web (but please remember
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| 35 | that some things have changed over the years, for example the autohinter
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| 36 | is no longer the default). The aim here is to give you enough information
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| 37 | to understand the changes you are making.
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| 38 | </para>
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| 39 |
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| 40 | </sect2>
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| 41 |
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| 42 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="xft-font-protocol" xreflabel="The Xft Font Protocol">
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| 43 | <title>The Xft Font Protocol</title>
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| 44 |
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| 45 | <para>
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| 46 | The Xft font protocol provides antialiased font rendering through
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| 47 | <application>freetype</application>, and fonts are controlled from the
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| 48 | client side using <application>fontconfig</application> (except for
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| 49 | <xref linkend="rxvt-unicode"/> which can use fonts listed in
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| 50 | <filename>~/.Xresources</filename>, and <xref linkend="abiword"/> which
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[8251b48] | 51 | only uses the specified font). The default search path is <filename
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[e180a646] | 52 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts</filename> and <filename
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[8251b48] | 53 | class="directory">~/.local/share/fonts</filename>, although for the moment
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[e180a646] | 54 | the old and deprecated location <filename
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| 55 | class="directory">~/.fonts</filename> still works.
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| 56 | <application>Fontconfig</application> searches directories in its path
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| 57 | recursively and maintains a cache of the font characteristics in each
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[8251b48] | 58 | directory. If the cache appears to be out of date, it is ignored, and
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[e180a646] | 59 | information is fetched from the fonts themselves (that can take a few
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[8251b48] | 60 | seconds if you have a lot of fonts installed).
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[e180a646] | 61 | </para>
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| 62 |
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| 63 | <para>
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| 64 | If you've installed <application>Xorg</application> in any prefix
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| 65 | other than <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>, any
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| 66 | <application>X</application> fonts were not installed in a
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| 67 | location known to <application>Fontconfig</application>. Symlinks were
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| 68 | <!-- fonts-misc-ethiopic installs an OTF directory ! -->
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| 69 | created from the <filename class="directory">OTF</filename> and <filename
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| 70 | class="directory">TTF</filename> <application>X</application> font
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| 71 | directories to <filename
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| 72 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts/X11-{OTF,TTF}</filename>. This allows
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| 73 | <application>Fontconfig</application> to use the OpenType and TrueType
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| 74 | fonts provided by <application>X</application>, although many people will
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| 75 | prefer to use more modern fonts.
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| 76 | </para>
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| 77 |
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| 78 | <para>
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| 79 | <application>Fontconfig</application> uses names to define fonts.
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| 80 | Applications generally use generic font names such as "Monospace", "Sans"
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| 81 | and "Serif". <application>Fontconfig</application> resolves these names
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| 82 | to a font that has all characters that cover the orthography of the
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| 83 | language indicated by the locale settings.
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| 84 | </para>
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| 85 |
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| 86 | </sect2>
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| 87 |
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| 88 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="useful-commands" xreflabel="Useful Commands">
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| 89 | <title>Useful Commands</title>
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| 90 |
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| 91 | <para>
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| 92 | The following commands may be helpful when working with fontconfig:
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| 93 | </para>
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| 94 |
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| 95 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 96 | <command>fc-list | less</command> : shows a list of all available fonts
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[e180a646] | 97 | (/path/to/filename: Font Name:style). If you installed a font more than
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| 98 | 30 seconds ago but it does not show, then it or one of its directories is
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| 99 | not readable by your user.
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| 100 | </para>
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| 101 |
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| 102 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 103 | <command>fc-match 'Font Name'</command> : tells you which font will
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[e180a646] | 104 | be used if the named font is requested. Typically you would use this to
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| 105 | see what happens if a font you have not installed is requested, but you
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| 106 | can also use it if the system is giving you a different font from
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| 107 | what you expected (perhaps because <application>fontconfig</application>
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[8251b48] | 108 | does not think that the font supports your language).
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[e180a646] | 109 | </para>
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| 110 |
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| 111 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 112 | <command>fc-match -a 'Type' | less</command> : provides a list of all
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[e180a646] | 113 | fonts which can be used for that type (Monospace, Sans, Serif). Note that
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| 114 | in-extremis <application>fontconfig</application> will take a glyph from
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| 115 | any available font, even if it is not of the specified type, and unless it
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| 116 | knows about the font's type it will assume it is Sans.
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| 117 | </para>
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| 118 |
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[92924fb8] | 119 | <para>
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| 120 | <command>fc-match 'Serif :lang=ja:weight=bold'</command> will tell you
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| 121 | which font and weight will be chosen for Japanese text in bold weight.
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| 122 | It does not mean that the reported font will necessarily be able to show
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| 123 | Japanese ideograms, so a fallback might be used, or some glyphs may be
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| 124 | missing.
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| 125 | </para>
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| 126 |
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[e180a646] | 127 | <para>
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| 128 | If you wish to know which font will be used for a string of text
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| 129 | (i.e. one or more glyphs, preceded by a space), paste the following
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| 130 | command and replace the <literal>xyz</literal> by the text you care
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| 131 | about:
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| 132 | </para>
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| 133 |
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| 134 | <para>
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| 135 | <command>FC_DEBUG=4 pango-view --font=monospace -t xyz | grep
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| 136 | family</command> : this requires <xref linkend="pango"/> and <xref
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| 137 | linkend="imagemagick"/> - it will invoke <xref linkend="display"/>
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| 138 | to show the text in a tiny window, and after closing that the last
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| 139 | line of the output will show which font was chosen. This is
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| 140 | particularly useful for CJK languages, and you can also pass a
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| 141 | language, e.g. PANGO_LANGUAGE=en;ja (English, then assume Japanese)
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| 142 | or just zh-cn (or other variants - 'zh' on its own is not valid).
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| 143 | </para>
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| 144 |
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| 145 | </sect2>
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| 146 |
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| 147 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="the-various-files" xreflabel="The various files">
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| 148 | <title>The various files</title>
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| 149 |
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| 150 | <para>
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[bee7026] | 151 | The main files are in <filename class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d/</filename>,
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| 152 | which was intended to be a directory populated by symlinks to some of the files
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| 153 | in <filename class="directory">/usr/share/fontconfig/conf.avail/</filename>.
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| 154 | But many people, and some packages, create the files directly. Each file name
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[e180a646] | 155 | must be in the form of two digits, a dash, somename.conf and they are read in
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| 156 | sequence.
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| 157 | </para>
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| 158 |
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| 159 | <para>
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| 160 | By convention, the numbers are assigned as follows:
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| 161 | </para>
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| 162 |
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| 163 | <itemizedlist>
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| 164 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 165 | <para>
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| 166 | 00-09 extra font directories
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| 167 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 168 | </listitem>
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| 169 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 170 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 171 | 10-19 system rendering defaults (such as antialiasing)
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[71df408] | 172 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 173 | </listitem>
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| 174 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 175 | <para>
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| 176 | 20-29 font rendering options
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| 177 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 178 | </listitem>
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| 179 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 180 | <para>
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| 181 | 30-39 family substitution
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| 182 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 183 | </listitem>
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| 184 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 185 | <para>
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| 186 | 40-49 map family to generic type
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| 187 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 188 | </listitem>
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| 189 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 190 | <para>
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| 191 | 50-59 load alternate config files
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| 192 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 193 | </listitem>
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| 194 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 195 | <para>
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| 196 | 60-69 generic aliases, map generic to family
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| 197 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 198 | </listitem>
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| 199 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 200 | <para>
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| 201 | 70-79 adjust which fonts are available
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| 202 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 203 | </listitem>
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| 204 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 205 | <para>
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| 206 | 80-89 match target scan (modify scanned patterns)
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| 207 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 208 | </listitem>
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| 209 | <listitem>
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[71df408] | 210 | <para>
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| 211 | 90-99 font synthesis
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| 212 | </para>
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[e180a646] | 213 | </listitem>
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| 214 | </itemizedlist>
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| 215 |
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| 216 | <para>
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| 217 | You can also have a personal <filename>fonts.conf</filename> in
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[8251b48] | 218 | $XDG_CONFIG_HOME (which is <filename
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| 219 | class="directory">~/.config/fontconfig/</filename>).
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[e180a646] | 220 | </para>
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| 221 |
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| 222 | </sect2>
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| 223 |
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| 224 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="rules-to-choose-a-font" xreflabel="The rules to choose a font">
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| 225 | <title>The rules to choose a font</title>
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| 226 |
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| 227 | <para>
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| 228 | If the requested font is installed, and provided it contains the
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| 229 | codepoints <emphasis>required</emphasis> for the current language (in the
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| 230 | source, see the .orth files in the <filename
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| 231 | class="directory">fc-lang/</filename> directory), it will be used.
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| 232 | </para>
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| 233 |
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[06ec28b7] | 234 | <note>
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| 235 | <para>
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| 236 | In fontconfig-2.14 the defaults were changed to Noto fonts. Some of the
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| 237 | detail here is out of date and will be revised.
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| 238 | </para>
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| 239 | </note>
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| 240 |
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[e180a646] | 241 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 242 | However, if the document or page requested a font which is not installed
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[e180a646] | 243 | (or, occasionally, does not contain all the required codepoints) the
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| 244 | following rules come into play: First,
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| 245 | <filename>30-metric-aliases.conf</filename> is used to map aliases for
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[1f9b99f] | 246 | some fonts with the same metrics (same size, etc). Note that there are
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| 247 | both weak and strong aliases so that aliases for one form such as
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| 248 | Helvetica or Times New Roman can be stisfied by the other style, i.e.
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| 249 | anything which is an alias of Arial or Times in those examples.
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| 250 | After that, an unknown font will be searched for in
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| 251 | <filename>45-latin.conf</filename>:
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[fe9d1b1d] | 252 | 'latin' covers cyrillic and greek, and now also maps system-ui fonts which
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| 253 | are used for User Interface messages in non-latin alphabets. If the font
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| 254 | is found it will be mapped as serif, sans-serif, monospace, fantasy,
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| 255 | cursive, or system-ui. Otherwise, 49-sansserif.conf will assume it is
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[1f9b99f] | 256 | Sans.
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| 257 | </para>
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| 258 | <para>
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| 259 | Then <filename>60-latin.conf</filename>
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| 260 | provides ordered lists of the fallbacks - <xref linkend="noto-fonts"/>
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[e180a646] | 261 | will be used if you installed them. Cyrillic and Greek appear to be
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| 262 | treated in the same way. There are similar files with a 65- prefix for
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| 263 | Persian and other non-latin writing systems. All of these files prefer
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| 264 | commercial fonts if they are present, although modern libre fonts are
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[1f9b99f] | 265 | often at least equal. Finally, if a codepoint is still not found it can
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| 266 | be taken from any available system font. The following details only
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| 267 | mention freely available fonts.
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| 268 | </para>
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| 269 |
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| 270 | <para>
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| 271 | Before fontconfig-2.14, the first preferred font family was Bitstream
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| 272 | Vera. In practice that was rarely used because it covered so little. After
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| 273 | that, DejaVu was the next preferred family, so people were recommended to
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| 274 | install that. That has now changed, Bitstream Vera has been replaced by the
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| 275 | relevant Noto fonts (Serif, Sans, Sans Mono), so these will be preferred if
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| 276 | they have been installed, followed by DejaVu.
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| 277 | </para>
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| 278 |
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| 279 | <para>
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| 280 | For serif, Times New Roman could have been aliased from Liberation Serif or
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| 281 | Tinos, and Times from TeX Gyre Termes, so although the named fonts are not
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| 282 | free, the metric-compatilbe fonts can be used. Ignoring other non-free fonts,
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| 283 | the remaining order for serif is: Times New Roman, Luxi Serif, Nimbus Roman
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| 284 | No9 L, Times. In practice, that means those fonts at the end of the list
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| 285 | are unlikely to be used unless a web page asks for them.
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| 286 | </para>
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| 287 |
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| 288 | <para>
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| 289 | For sans-serif, the remaining order is anything mapped to Arial, Luxi Sans,
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| 290 | Nimbus Sans L, anything mapped to Helvetica.
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| 291 | </para>
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| 292 |
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| 293 | <para>
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| 294 | The remaining alternatives for monospace are Inconsolata, anything mapped
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| 295 | to Courier New, Luxi Mono, Nimbus Mono, anything mapped to Courier.
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| 296 | </para>
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| 297 |
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| 298 | <para>
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| 299 | For 'fantasy' there are no free fonts, so fontconfig will fall back to
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| 300 | sans-serif.
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| 301 | </para>
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| 302 |
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| 303 | <para>
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| 304 | For 'cursive', the only free font is TeX Gyre Chorus as an alias for
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| 305 | ITC Zapf chancery, otherwise fontconfig will again fall back to sans-serif.
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| 306 | </para>
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| 307 |
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| 308 | <para>
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| 309 | The system-ui category is unusual. It is for interface messages, so some
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| 310 | scripts need special versions to fit in the available space. For latin,
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| 311 | greek and cyrillic a normal sans font should fit without problems. However,
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| 312 | the first preferred font is Cantarell, followed by Noto Sans UI. Cantarell
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| 313 | started as a latin sans-serif font, that has been forked in gnome under
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| 314 | the same name but they only provide the source. The Noto Sans UI fonts are
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| 315 | for other languages.
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[e180a646] | 316 | </para>
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| 317 |
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[c068b99] | 318 | <para>
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[8251b48] | 319 | Since fontconfig-2.12.5, there is also generic family matching for some
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| 320 | emoji and math fonts, please see {45,60}-generic.conf.
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[c068b99] | 321 | </para>
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| 322 |
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[e180a646] | 323 | <para>
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| 324 | In the rare cases where a font does not contain all the expected
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| 325 | codepoints, see 'Trial the First:' at <xref
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| 326 | linkend="I-stared-into-the-fontconfig"/> for the long details.
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| 327 | </para>
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| 328 |
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| 329 | </sect2>
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| 330 |
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[3470d743] | 331 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="hinting-and-antialiasing" xreflabel="Hinting and Anti-aliasing">
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[e180a646] | 332 | <title>Hinting and Anti-aliasing</title>
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| 333 |
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| 334 | <para>
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| 335 | It is possible to change how, or if, fonts are hinted. The following
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| 336 | example file contains the default settings, but with comments. The
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| 337 | settings are very much down to the user's preferences and to the choice
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| 338 | of fonts, so a change which improves some pages may worsen others. The
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| 339 | preferred location for this file is:
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| 340 | <filename>~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf</filename>
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| 341 | </para>
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| 342 |
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| 343 | <para>
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| 344 | To try out different settings, you may need to exit from Xorg and then
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[8251b48] | 345 | run <command>startx</command> again so that all applications use the new
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| 346 | settings. If you use GNOME, KDE, or LXQt, their desktops can override
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| 347 | these changes. To explore the possibilities, create a file for your user:
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[e180a646] | 348 | </para>
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| 349 |
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[6bc10a26] | 350 | <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv ~/.config/fontconfig &&
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[e180a646] | 351 | cat > ~/.config/fontconfig/fonts.conf << "EOF"
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| 352 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
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| 353 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
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| 354 | <fontconfig>
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| 355 |
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| 356 | <match target="font" >
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| 357 | <!-- autohint was the old automatic hinter when hinting was patent
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| 358 | protected, so turn it off to ensure any hinting information in the font
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| 359 | itself is used, this is the default -->
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[6bc10a26] | 360 | <edit mode="assign" name="autohint"> <bool>false</bool></edit>
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[024b208] | 361 |
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[e180a646] | 362 | <!-- hinting is enabled by default -->
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| 363 | <edit mode="assign" name="hinting"> <bool>true</bool></edit>
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[8558044] | 364 |
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[87fc185] | 365 | <!-- for the lcdfilter see https://www.spasche.net/files/lcdfiltering/ -->
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[e180a646] | 366 | <edit mode="assign" name="lcdfilter"> <const>lcddefault</const></edit>
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[8558044] | 367 |
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[e180a646] | 368 | <!-- options for hintstyle:
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| 369 | hintfull: is supposed to give a crisp font that aligns well to the
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| 370 | character-cell grid but at the cost of its proper shape.
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[024b208] | 371 |
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[e180a646] | 372 | hintmedium: poorly documented, maybe a synonym for hintfull.
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| 373 | hintslight is the default: - supposed to be more fuzzy but retains shape.
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[8558044] | 374 |
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[e180a646] | 375 | hintnone: seems to turn hinting off.
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| 376 | The variations are marginal and results vary with different fonts -->
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| 377 | <edit mode="assign" name="hintstyle"> <const>hintslight</const></edit>
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[8558044] | 378 |
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[e180a646] | 379 | <!-- antialiasing is on by default and really helps for faint characters
|
---|
| 380 | and also for 'xft:' fonts used in rxvt-unicode -->
|
---|
| 381 | <edit mode="assign" name="antialias"> <bool>true</bool></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 382 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 383 | <!-- subpixels are usually rgb, see
|
---|
| 384 | http://www.lagom.nl/lcd-test/subpixel.php -->
|
---|
| 385 | <edit mode="assign" name="rgba"> <const>rgb</const></edit>
|
---|
[8558044] | 386 |
|
---|
[e180a646] | 387 | <!-- thanks to the Arch wiki for the lcd and subpixel links -->
|
---|
| 388 | </match>
|
---|
| 389 |
|
---|
| 390 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 391 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 392 |
|
---|
| 393 | <para>
|
---|
| 394 | You will now need to edit the file in your preferred editor.
|
---|
| 395 | </para>
|
---|
| 396 |
|
---|
| 397 | <para>
|
---|
| 398 | For more examples see the blfs-support thread which started at <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 399 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00128.html">2016-09/00128</ulink>,
|
---|
[e180a646] | 400 | particularly <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 401 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00137.html">2016-09/00137</ulink>,
|
---|
[e180a646] | 402 | and the original poster's preferred solution at <ulink
|
---|
[6679bb0] | 403 | url="https://lists.linuxfromscratch.org/sympa/arc/blfs-support/2016-09/msg00147.html">2016-09/00147</ulink>.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 404 | There are other examples in <xref linkend="arch-fontconfig"/> and <xref
|
---|
| 405 | linkend="gentoo-fontconfig"/>.
|
---|
| 406 | </para>
|
---|
| 407 |
|
---|
| 408 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 409 |
|
---|
| 410 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="disabling-bitmap-fonts" xreflabel="Disabling Bitmap fonts">
|
---|
| 411 | <title>Disabling Bitmap Fonts</title>
|
---|
| 412 |
|
---|
| 413 | <para>
|
---|
| 414 | In previous versions of BLFS, the ugly old Xorg bitmap fonts were
|
---|
| 415 | installed. Now, many people will not need to install any of them. But if
|
---|
| 416 | for some reason you have installed one or more bitmap fonts, you can
|
---|
[8251b48] | 417 | prevent them from being used by <application>fontconfig</application> by
|
---|
| 418 | creating the following file as the &root; user :
|
---|
[e180a646] | 419 | </para>
|
---|
| 420 |
|
---|
| 421 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/conf.d/70-no-bitmaps.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 422 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 423 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 424 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 425 | <!-- Reject bitmap fonts -->
|
---|
| 426 | <selectfont>
|
---|
| 427 | <rejectfont>
|
---|
| 428 | <pattern>
|
---|
| 429 | <patelt name="scalable"><bool>false</bool></patelt>
|
---|
| 430 | </pattern>
|
---|
| 431 | </rejectfont>
|
---|
| 432 | </selectfont>
|
---|
| 433 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 434 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 435 |
|
---|
| 436 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 437 |
|
---|
| 438 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="adding-extra-directories" xreflabel="Adding extra font directories">
|
---|
| 439 | <title>Adding extra font directories</title>
|
---|
| 440 |
|
---|
| 441 | <para>
|
---|
| 442 | Normally, system fonts and user fonts are installed in directories beneath
|
---|
| 443 | the locations specified in <xref linkend="xft-font-protocol"/> and there
|
---|
| 444 | is no obvious reason to put them elsewhere. However, a full BLFS install
|
---|
| 445 | of <xref linkend="texlive"/> puts many fonts in <filename
|
---|
| 446 | class="directory">/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/</filename>
|
---|
| 447 | in the <filename class="directory">opentype/</filename> and <filename
|
---|
| 448 | class="directory">truetype/</filename> subdirectories. Although pulling in
|
---|
| 449 | all of these files may appear useful (it allows you to use them in non
|
---|
| 450 | <application>TeX</application> programs), there are several problems with
|
---|
| 451 | such an approach:
|
---|
| 452 | </para>
|
---|
| 453 |
|
---|
| 454 | <orderedlist>
|
---|
| 455 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 456 | <para>
|
---|
[8251b48] | 457 | There are hundreds of files, which makes selecting fonts difficult.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 458 | </para>
|
---|
| 459 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 460 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 461 | <para>
|
---|
| 462 | Some of the files do odd things, such as displaying semaphore flags
|
---|
| 463 | instead of ASCII letters, or mapping cyrillic codepoints to character
|
---|
| 464 | forms appropriate to Old Church Slavonic instead of the expected
|
---|
| 465 | current shapes: fine if that is what you need, but painful for normal
|
---|
| 466 | use.
|
---|
| 467 | </para>
|
---|
| 468 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 469 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 470 | <para>
|
---|
| 471 | Several fonts have multiple sizes and impenetrable short names, which
|
---|
[8251b48] | 472 | both make selecting the correct font even more difficult.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 473 | </para>
|
---|
| 474 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 475 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 476 | <para>
|
---|
| 477 | When a font is added to CTAN, it is accompanied by TeX packages to use
|
---|
| 478 | it in the old engines (<application>xelatex</application> does not
|
---|
| 479 | normally need this), and then the version is often frozen whilst the
|
---|
| 480 | font is separately maintained. Some of these fonts such as <xref
|
---|
| 481 | linkend="dejavu-fonts"/> are probably already installed on your BLFS
|
---|
| 482 | system in a newer version, and if you have multiple versions of a font
|
---|
| 483 | it is unclear which one will be used by
|
---|
| 484 | <application>fontconfig</application>.
|
---|
| 485 | </para>
|
---|
| 486 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 487 | </orderedlist>
|
---|
| 488 |
|
---|
| 489 | <para>
|
---|
| 490 | However, it is sometimes useful to look at these fonts in non-TeX
|
---|
| 491 | applications, if only to see whether you wish to install a current
|
---|
| 492 | version. If you have installed all of <application>texlive</application>,
|
---|
| 493 | the following example will make one of the Arkandis Open Type fonts
|
---|
| 494 | available to other applications, and all three of the ParaType TrueType
|
---|
| 495 | fonts. Adjust or repeat the lines as desired, to either make all the
|
---|
| 496 | <filename class="directory">opentype/</filename> or <filename
|
---|
| 497 | class="directory">truetype</filename>fonts available, or to select
|
---|
| 498 | different font directories. As the <systemitem
|
---|
| 499 | class="username">root</systemitem> user:
|
---|
| 500 | </para>
|
---|
| 501 |
|
---|
| 502 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/conf.d/09-texlive.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 503 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 504 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 505 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 506 | <dir>/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/opentype/arkandis/berenisadf</dir>
|
---|
| 507 | <dir>/opt/texlive/&texlive-year;/texmf-dist/fonts/truetype/paratype</dir>
|
---|
| 508 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 509 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 510 |
|
---|
| 511 | <para>
|
---|
| 512 | If you do this, remember to change all instances of the year in that file
|
---|
| 513 | when you upgrade <application>texlive</application> to a later release.
|
---|
| 514 | </para>
|
---|
| 515 |
|
---|
| 516 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 517 |
|
---|
| 518 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="preferring-certain-fonts" xreflabel="Preferring certain fonts">
|
---|
| 519 | <title>Preferring certain fonts</title>
|
---|
| 520 |
|
---|
| 521 | <para>
|
---|
[895b457] | 522 | With the exception of web pages which use WOFF fonts and either supply
|
---|
| 523 | them or link to google to download them, web pages have traditionally
|
---|
| 524 | suggested a list of preferred font family names if they cared (e.g.
|
---|
| 525 | Times New Roman, Serif). There are many reasons why people may wish to
|
---|
| 526 | have pages which specify a preferred font use a different font, or
|
---|
| 527 | prefer specific fonts in Monospace or Sans or Serif. As you will expect,
|
---|
| 528 | there a number of different ways of achieving this.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 529 | </para>
|
---|
| 530 |
|
---|
| 531 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="fontconfig-user-docs"
|
---|
| 532 | xreflabel="fontconfig-user-docs">Fontconfig user docs</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 533 |
|
---|
| 534 | <para>
|
---|
| 535 | <application>Fontconfig</application> installs user documentation that
|
---|
| 536 | includes an example 'User configuration file' which among other things
|
---|
[4e207bb] | 537 | prefers <xref linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> (a Sans font) if a
|
---|
[e180a646] | 538 | <emphasis>Serif</emphasis> font is requested for Chinese (this part
|
---|
| 539 | might be anachronistic unless you have non-free Chinese fonts, because
|
---|
| 540 | in <filename>65-nonlatin.conf</filename> this font is already among the
|
---|
| 541 | preferred fonts when Serif is specified for Chinese) and to prefer the
|
---|
| 542 | modern <xref linkend="VLGothic"/> font if a Sans font is specified on a
|
---|
| 543 | Japanese page (otherwise a couple of other fonts would be preferred if
|
---|
| 544 | they have been installed).
|
---|
| 545 | </para>
|
---|
| 546 |
|
---|
| 547 | <para>
|
---|
| 548 | If you have installed the current version, the user documentation is
|
---|
[8251b48] | 549 | available in HTML, PDF, and text versions at <filename
|
---|
[e180a646] | 550 | class="directory">/usr/share/doc/fontconfig-&fontconfig-version;/</filename>
|
---|
| 551 | : change the version if you installed a different one.
|
---|
| 552 | </para>
|
---|
| 553 |
|
---|
| 554 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="prefer-a-specific-font"
|
---|
| 555 | xreflabel="fontconfig-prefer-specific-font">Prefer a specific font</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 556 |
|
---|
| 557 | <para>
|
---|
| 558 | As an example, if for some reason you wished to use the <ulink
|
---|
| 559 | url="https://www.fontsquirrel.com/fonts/nimbus-roman-no9-l">Nimbus Roman
|
---|
| 560 | No9 L</ulink> font wherever Times New Roman is referenced (it is
|
---|
| 561 | metrically similar, and preferred for Times Roman, but the Serif font
|
---|
| 562 | from <xref linkend="liberation-fonts"/> will be preferred for the Times
|
---|
| 563 | <emphasis>New</emphasis> Roman font if installed), as an individual user
|
---|
| 564 | you could install the font and then create the following file:
|
---|
| 565 | </para>
|
---|
| 566 |
|
---|
| 567 | <screen><userinput>mkdir -pv ~/.config/fontconfig/conf.d &&
|
---|
| 568 | cat > ~/.config/fontconfig/conf.d/35-prefer-nimbus-for-timesnew.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 569 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 570 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 571 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 572 | <!-- prefer Nimbus Roman No9 L for Times New Roman as well as for Times,
|
---|
| 573 | without this Tinos and Liberation Serif take precedence for Times New Roman
|
---|
| 574 | before fontconfig falls back to whatever matches Times -->
|
---|
| 575 | <alias binding="same">
|
---|
| 576 | <family>Times New Roman</family>
|
---|
| 577 | <accept>
|
---|
| 578 | <family>Nimbus Roman No9 L</family>
|
---|
| 579 | </accept>
|
---|
| 580 | </alias>
|
---|
| 581 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 582 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 583 |
|
---|
| 584 | <para>
|
---|
| 585 | This is something you would normally do in an individual user's
|
---|
| 586 | settings, but the file in this case has been prefixed '35-' so that it
|
---|
| 587 | could, if desired, be used system-wide in <filename
|
---|
| 588 | class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d/</filename>.
|
---|
| 589 | </para>
|
---|
| 590 |
|
---|
| 591 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="prefer-chosen-CJK-fonts"
|
---|
| 592 | xreflabel="Prefer chosen CJK fonts">Prefer chosen CJK fonts</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 593 |
|
---|
| 594 | <para>
|
---|
| 595 | The following example of a local configuration (i.e. one that applies
|
---|
[24975c4] | 596 | for all users of the machine) does several things. It is particularly
|
---|
| 597 | appropriate where no language is specified, or for reading CJK text
|
---|
| 598 | in a non-CJK locale, and where the Japanese forms of the codepoints
|
---|
| 599 | shared with Chinese are preferred. In particular, alternative
|
---|
| 600 | approaches would be to specify a Chinese font ahead of the Japanese
|
---|
| 601 | font, meaning that only Kana symbols will be used from the Japanese
|
---|
| 602 | font, or to not specify DejaVu so that the first font in each set
|
---|
| 603 | of preferences is preferred for text using latin alphabets.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 604 | </para>
|
---|
| 605 |
|
---|
| 606 | <orderedlist>
|
---|
| 607 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 608 | <para>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 609 | If a Serif font is specified, it prefers <xref linkend="dejavu-fonts"/>.
|
---|
| 610 | If Han codepoints are found, or the Japanese language is specified,
|
---|
| 611 | the Mincho font from <xref linkend="IPAex"/> will be used. If Hangul
|
---|
| 612 | codepoints are found or the Korean language is specified, UnBatang
|
---|
| 613 | (see <xref linkend="Korean-fonts"/>) will be used: Change that line
|
---|
| 614 | If you installed a different Korean serif font. After that,
|
---|
| 615 | <xref linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> (Sans, but a default for Serif
|
---|
| 616 | and monospace) is used. A previous version of this page mentioned
|
---|
| 617 | using UMing which is a traditional-style chinese font that ships
|
---|
| 618 | with an old conf file preferring it for zh-tw and zh-hk language
|
---|
| 619 | codes (and for sans-serif and monospace). But without the conf file,
|
---|
| 620 | fontconfig will only treat it as suitable for zh-hk.
|
---|
| 621 | The conf file needs to be edited to current style and will then be
|
---|
| 622 | prepended, so specifying UMing does not belong in this
|
---|
| 623 | <filename>local.conf</filename> file.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 624 | </para>
|
---|
| 625 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 626 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 627 | <para>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 628 | For Sans Serif preferences again start with <xref linkend="dejavu-fonts"/>,
|
---|
| 629 | then <xref linkend="VLGothic"/> for Japanese before falling back to
|
---|
| 630 | WenQuanYi Zen Hei which is Sans and covers both Chinese and Korean
|
---|
| 631 | Hangul.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 632 | </para>
|
---|
| 633 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 634 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 635 | <para>
|
---|
| 636 | The Monospace fonts are forced to the preferred Sans fonts. If the
|
---|
[24975c4] | 637 | text is in Chinese or Korean then <xref
|
---|
| 638 | linkend="wenquanyi-zenhei"/> will be used.
|
---|
[e180a646] | 639 | </para>
|
---|
| 640 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 641 | </orderedlist>
|
---|
| 642 |
|
---|
| 643 | <para>
|
---|
| 644 | In a non-CJK locale, the result is that suitable fonts will be used for
|
---|
[24975c4] | 645 | all variants of Chinese, Japanese and Hangul Korean (but Japanese variants
|
---|
| 646 | of the glyphs shared with Chinese Han will be used). All other languages
|
---|
[e180a646] | 647 | should already work if a font is present. As the <systemitem
|
---|
| 648 | class="username">root</systemitem> user:
|
---|
| 649 | </para>
|
---|
| 650 |
|
---|
| 651 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat > /etc/fonts/local.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 652 | <literal><?xml version='1.0'?>
|
---|
| 653 | <!DOCTYPE fontconfig SYSTEM 'fonts.dtd'>
|
---|
| 654 | <fontconfig>
|
---|
| 655 | <alias>
|
---|
| 656 | <family>serif</family>
|
---|
| 657 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 658 | <family>DejaVu Serif</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 659 | <family>IPAexMincho</family>
|
---|
| 660 | <!-- WenQuanYi is preferred as Serif in 65-nonlatin.conf,
|
---|
| 661 | override that so a real Korean font can be used for Serif -->
|
---|
| 662 | <family>UnBatang</family>
|
---|
| 663 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 664 | </alias>
|
---|
| 665 | <alias>
|
---|
| 666 | <family>sans-serif</family>
|
---|
| 667 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 668 | <family>DejaVu Sans</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 669 | <family>VL Gothic</family>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 670 | <!-- This assumes WenQuanYi is good enough for Korean Sans -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 671 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 672 | </alias>
|
---|
| 673 | <alias>
|
---|
| 674 | <family>monospace</family>
|
---|
| 675 | <prefer>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 676 | <family>DejaVu Sans Mono</family>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 677 | <family>VL Gothic</family>
|
---|
[24975c4] | 678 | <!-- This assumes WenQuanYi is good enough for Korean Monospace -->
|
---|
[e180a646] | 679 | </prefer>
|
---|
| 680 | </alias>
|
---|
| 681 | </fontconfig></literal>
|
---|
| 682 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 683 |
|
---|
| 684 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 685 |
|
---|
| 686 |
|
---|
| 687 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="editing-old-style-conf-files"
|
---|
| 688 | xreflabel="Editing Old-Style conf files">
|
---|
[8251b48] | 689 | <title>Editing Old-Style conf files</title>
|
---|
[e180a646] | 690 |
|
---|
| 691 | <para>
|
---|
| 692 | Some fonts, particularly Chinese fonts, ship with conf files which can be
|
---|
| 693 | installed in <filename class="directory">/etc/fonts/conf.d</filename>.
|
---|
| 694 | However, if you do that and then use a terminal to run any command which
|
---|
| 695 | uses <application>fontconfig</application> you may see error messages such
|
---|
| 696 | as :
|
---|
| 697 | </para>
|
---|
| 698 |
|
---|
| 699 | <para>
|
---|
| 700 | <literal>Fontconfig warning: "/etc/fonts/conf.d/69-odofonts.conf", line
|
---|
| 701 | 14: Having multiple <family> in <alias> isn't supported and
|
---|
| 702 | may not work as expected</literal>.
|
---|
| 703 | </para>
|
---|
| 704 |
|
---|
| 705 | <para>
|
---|
| 706 | In practice, these old rules do not work. For non-CJK users,
|
---|
| 707 | <application>fontconfig</application> will usually do a good job
|
---|
| 708 | <emphasis>without</emphasis> these rules. Their origin dates back to when
|
---|
| 709 | CJK users needed handcrafted bitmaps to be legible at small sizes, and
|
---|
| 710 | those looked ugly next to antialiased Latin glyphs - they preferred to
|
---|
| 711 | use the same CJK font for the Latin glyphs. There is a side-effect of
|
---|
| 712 | doing this : the (Serif) font is often also used for Sans, and in such a
|
---|
| 713 | situation the (English) text in <application>Gtk</application> menus will
|
---|
| 714 | use this font - compared to system fonts, as well as being serif it is
|
---|
| 715 | both faint and rather small. That can make it uncomfortable to read.
|
---|
| 716 | </para>
|
---|
| 717 |
|
---|
| 718 | <para>
|
---|
| 719 | Nevertheless, these old conf files can be fixed if you wish to use them.
|
---|
| 720 | The following example is the first part of
|
---|
| 721 | <filename>64-arphic-uming.conf</filename> from <xref linkend="UMing"/> -
|
---|
[8251b48] | 722 | there are many more similar items which also need changing :
|
---|
[e180a646] | 723 | </para>
|
---|
| 724 |
|
---|
| 725 | <para>
|
---|
| 726 | <literallayout>
|
---|
| 727 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 728 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 729 | <string>zh-cn</string>
|
---|
| 730 | <string>zh-sg</string>
|
---|
| 731 | </test>
|
---|
| 732 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 733 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 734 | </test>
|
---|
| 735 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 736 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 737 | </edit>
|
---|
| 738 | </match></literallayout>
|
---|
| 739 | </para>
|
---|
| 740 |
|
---|
| 741 | <para>
|
---|
| 742 | The process to correct this is straightforward but tedious - for every
|
---|
[8251b48] | 743 | item which produces an error message, using your editor (as the &root;
|
---|
| 744 | user), edit the installed
|
---|
[e180a646] | 745 | file to repeat the whole block as many times as there are multiple
|
---|
| 746 | variables, then reduce each example to have only one of them. You may
|
---|
| 747 | wish to work on one error at a time, save the file after each fix, and
|
---|
| 748 | from a separate term run a command such as <command>fc-list 2>&1 |
|
---|
| 749 | less</command> to see that the fix worked. For the block above, the fixed
|
---|
| 750 | version will be :
|
---|
| 751 | </para>
|
---|
| 752 |
|
---|
| 753 | <para>
|
---|
| 754 | <literallayout>
|
---|
| 755 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 756 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 757 | <string>zh-cn</string>
|
---|
| 758 | </test>
|
---|
| 759 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 760 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 761 | </test>
|
---|
| 762 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 763 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 764 | </edit>
|
---|
| 765 | </match>
|
---|
| 766 | <match target="pattern">
|
---|
| 767 | <test qual="any" name="lang" compare="contains">
|
---|
| 768 | <string>zh-sg</string>
|
---|
| 769 | </test>
|
---|
| 770 | <test qual="any" name="family">
|
---|
| 771 | <string>serif</string>
|
---|
| 772 | </test>
|
---|
| 773 | <edit name="family" mode="prepend" binding="strong">
|
---|
| 774 | <string>AR PL UMing CN</string>
|
---|
| 775 | </edit>
|
---|
| 776 | </match></literallayout>
|
---|
| 777 | </para>
|
---|
| 778 |
|
---|
| 779 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 780 |
|
---|
| 781 |
|
---|
| 782 | <sect2 role="configuration" id="see-also" xreflabel="See Also">
|
---|
| 783 | <title>See Also</title>
|
---|
| 784 |
|
---|
| 785 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="I-stared-into-the-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 786 | xreflabel="I stared into the fontconfig">I stared into the fontconfig ...</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 787 |
|
---|
| 788 | <para>
|
---|
| 789 | The blog entries by <ulink
|
---|
| 790 | url="https://eev.ee/blog/2015/05/20/i-stared-into-the-fontconfig-and-the-fontconfig-stared-back-at-me/">Eevee</ulink>
|
---|
| 791 | are particularly useful if <application>fontconfig</application> does not
|
---|
| 792 | think your chosen font supports your language, and for preferring some
|
---|
| 793 | non-MS Japanese fonts when an ugly MS font is already installed.
|
---|
| 794 | </para>
|
---|
| 795 |
|
---|
| 796 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="arch-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 797 | xreflabel="Fontconfig in the Arch wiki">Fontconfig in the Arch wiki</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 798 |
|
---|
| 799 | <para>
|
---|
| 800 | Arch has a lot of information in its wiki at <ulink
|
---|
| 801 | url="https://wiki.archlinux.org/index.php/font_configuration">font_configuration</ulink>.
|
---|
| 802 | </para>
|
---|
| 803 |
|
---|
| 804 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3" id="gentoo-fontconfig"
|
---|
| 805 | xreflabel="Fontconfig in the Gentoo wiki">Fontconfig in the Gentoo wiki</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 806 |
|
---|
| 807 | <para>
|
---|
| 808 | Gentoo has some information in its wiki at <ulink
|
---|
| 809 | url="https://wiki.gentoo.org/wiki/Fontconfig">Fontconfig</ulink> although
|
---|
| 810 | a lot of the details (what to enable, and Infinality) are specific to
|
---|
| 811 | Gentoo.
|
---|
| 812 | </para>
|
---|
| 813 |
|
---|
| 814 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 815 |
|
---|
| 816 | </sect1>
|
---|