[feeb99a] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[6732c094] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[feeb99a] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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[3f72a148] | 8 | <sect1 id="x-setup" xreflabel="X Window System Components">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="x-setup.html"?>
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[feeb99a] | 10 |
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[84b64f2] | 11 | <sect1info>
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[93f3de5] | 12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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| 13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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[84b64f2] | 14 | </sect1info>
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[0bfe309a] | 15 |
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[84b64f2] | 16 | <title>X Window System Components</title>
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[0bfe309a] | 17 |
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[3f72a148] | 18 | <sect2 role="configuration" id='xconfig'>
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| 19 | <title>Configuring The X Window System</title>
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| 20 |
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[c51ade2] | 21 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
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| 22 | <ulink url='&blfs-wiki;/XWindowSystemComponents'/></para>
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| 23 |
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[3f72a148] | 24 | <para>If you've installed the X Window System in any prefix other
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[9f12e36] | 25 | than <filename>/usr</filename>, as the
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[3f72a148] | 26 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, add
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| 27 | <filename class="directory">
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[9f12e36] | 28 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/lib</filename> to
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| 29 | the <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename> file and run
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| 30 | <command>ldconfig</command>. Additionally, while still the
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| 31 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, ensure
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[3f72a148] | 32 | <filename class="directory">
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| 33 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/bin</filename>
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| 34 | and <filename class="directory">
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| 35 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/lib/pkgconfig</filename>
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| 36 | are added to your <envar>PATH</envar> and <envar>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</envar>
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| 37 | environment variables, respectively. Instructions for doing this are
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| 38 | described in the section <xref linkend='postlfs-config-profile'/>.</para>
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| 39 |
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| 40 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user
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| 41 | create a basic X Window System configuration file with the following
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| 42 | commands:</para>
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| 43 |
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| 44 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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| 45 | <screen><userinput>cd ~ &&
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| 46 | Xorg -configure</userinput></screen>
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| 47 |
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| 48 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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| 49 | <screen><userinput>cd ~ &&
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| 50 | XFree86 -configure</userinput></screen>
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| 51 |
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| 52 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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| 53 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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| 54 | </indexterm>
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| 55 |
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| 56 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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| 57 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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| 58 | </indexterm>
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| 59 |
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[9f12e36] | 60 | <para>The screen will go black and you may hear some clicking of the
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[3f72a148] | 61 | monitor. This command will create a file in your
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[9f12e36] | 62 | home directory, <filename>xorg.conf.new</filename> for
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| 63 | <application>Xorg</application>, or <filename>XF86Config.new</filename>
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[3f72a148] | 64 | for <application>XFree86</application>.</para>
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| 65 |
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| 66 | <para>Edit the newly created configuration file to suit your system. The
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[96ffdca] | 67 | details of the files are located in the <filename>xorg.conf.5x</filename>
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[9f12e36] | 68 | and <filename>XF86Config.5x</filename> man
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[3f72a148] | 69 | pages. Some things you may want to do are:</para>
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| 70 |
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| 71 | <itemizedlist>
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| 72 | <listitem>
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| 73 | <para>Section "Files". Change the order of the font paths searched.
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| 74 | You may want to put 100dpi fonts ahead of 75dpi fonts if your system
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| 75 | normally comes up closer to 100 dots per inch. You may want to remove
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| 76 | some font directories completely.</para>
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| 77 | </listitem>
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| 78 | <listitem>
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[c51ade2] | 79 | <para>Section "Module". If you are going to install NVIDIA
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[3f72a148] | 80 | drivers, remove the "dri" line.</para>
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| 81 | </listitem>
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| 82 | <listitem>
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| 83 | <para>Sections "InputDevice". You may want to change the
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| 84 | keyboard autorepeat rate by adding
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| 85 | <option>Option "Autorepeat" "250 30"</option>.</para>
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| 86 | </listitem>
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| 87 | <listitem>
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| 88 | <para>Section "Monitor". Specify the <option>VertRefresh</option>
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| 89 | and <option>HorizSync</option> values if the system does not
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| 90 | automatically detect the monitor and its values.</para>
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| 91 | </listitem>
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| 92 | <listitem>
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| 93 | <para>Section "Device". You may want to set some of the options
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| 94 | available for your selected video driver. A description of the driver
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| 95 | parameters is in the man page for your driver.</para>
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| 96 | </listitem>
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| 97 | <listitem><para>Section "Screen". Add a DefaultDepth statement such as:
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| 98 | <option>DefaultDepth 24</option>. In the SubSection for your
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| 99 | default depth, add a modes line such as:
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| 100 | <option>Modes "1600x1200" "1280x1024" "1024x768"</option>. The first
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| 101 | mode listed will normally be the starting resolution.</para>
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| 102 | </listitem>
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| 103 | </itemizedlist>
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| 104 |
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| 105 | <para>Test the system with one of the following commands:</para>
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| 106 |
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| 107 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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| 108 | <screen><userinput>X -config ~/xorg.conf.new</userinput></screen>
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| 109 |
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| 110 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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| 111 | <screen><userinput>XFree86 -xf86config ~/XF86Config.new</userinput></screen>
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| 112 |
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| 113 | <para>You will only get a gray background with an X-shaped mouse cursor,
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| 114 | but it confirms the system is working. Exit with
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| 115 | <keycap>Control+Alt+Backspace</keycap>. If the system does not work, take
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[9f12e36] | 116 | a look at <filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> or
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[3f72a148] | 117 | <filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> to see what went
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| 118 | wrong.</para>
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| 119 |
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| 120 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, create
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[9f12e36] | 121 | the configuration directory and move the configuration file to the new
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[3f72a148] | 122 | directory:</para>
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| 123 |
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| 124 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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[4f46a03b] | 125 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -m644 -D ~/xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf</userinput></screen>
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[3f72a148] | 126 |
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| 127 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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[4f46a03b] | 128 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -m644 -D ~/XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config</userinput></screen>
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[3f72a148] | 129 |
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[9f12e36] | 130 | <para>As a convenience, Xorg-&xorg7-version; users should populate the
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[7be99f2c] | 131 | <filename class="directory">/etc/X11</filename> directory with symlinks
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[9f12e36] | 132 | to various configuration directories that were located in
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[7be99f2c] | 133 | <filename class="directory">/etc/X11</filename> with previous
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| 134 | versions of <application>Xorg</application>. This step is not needed
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[c51ade2] | 135 | for users of Xorg-&xorg-version; or XFree86. Execute the following
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[9f12e36] | 136 | commands as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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[7be99f2c] | 137 | user:</para>
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| 138 |
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[4f46a03b] | 139 | <screen><userinput role="root">mkdir $XORG_PREFIX/share/X11/twm &&
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[7be99f2c] | 140 | ln -svt /etc/X11 \
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[4f46a03b] | 141 | $XORG_PREFIX/lib/X11/{fs,lbxproxy,proxymngr,rstart} \
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| 142 | $XORG_PREFIX/lib/X11/{xdm,xinit,xserver,xsm} \
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| 143 | $XORG_PREFIX/share/X11/{app-defaults,twm,xkb}</userinput></screen>
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[7be99f2c] | 144 |
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[3f72a148] | 145 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, create
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| 146 | <filename>.xinitrc</filename>:</para>
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| 147 |
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| 148 | <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.xinitrc << "EOF"
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| 149 | <literal># Begin .xinitrc file
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| 150 | xterm -g 80x40+0+0 &
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| 151 | xclock -g 100x100-0+0 &
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| 152 | twm</literal>
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| 153 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 154 |
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| 155 | <para>This provides an initial screen with a small clock that is
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| 156 | managed by a simple window manager, Tab Window Manager. For details of
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| 157 | <command>twm</command>, see the man page.</para>
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| 158 |
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[7be99f2c] | 159 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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| 160 | <primary sortas="e-AA.xinitrc">~/.xinitrc</primary>
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| 161 | </indexterm>
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| 162 |
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[3f72a148] | 163 | <note>
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[9f12e36] | 164 | <para>Both the default, and the BLFS configuration for
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[e257101] | 165 | <application>Xorg</application> include <application>xterm</application>.
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| 166 | <application>Xorg</application>'s modular distribution no longer includes
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[9f12e36] | 167 | <application>xterm</application>, and
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| 168 | as a result, the <command>startx</command> command will fail if you have
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[3f72a148] | 169 | not installed <xref linkend="xterm2"/> when using the modular X Window
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[9f12e36] | 170 | System. You can remove the <application>xterm</application> line in the
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| 171 | above config file to test the xserver, or install one of the other
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[e257101] | 172 | terminal emulators and make appropriate changes.</para>
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[3f72a148] | 173 | </note>
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| 174 |
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| 175 | <para>When needed, the X Window System creates the directory
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| 176 | <filename class='directory'>/tmp/.ICE-unix</filename> if it does not
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| 177 | exist. If this directory is not owned by
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| 178 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>,
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| 179 | the X Window System delays startup by a few seconds and also
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| 180 | appends a warning to the logfile. This also affects startup of other
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| 181 | applications. To improve performance, it is advisable to manually create
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[9f12e36] | 182 | the directory before the X Window System uses it. Add the file creation
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| 183 | to <filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> that is sourced by
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[3f72a148] | 184 | the <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs</filename> startup script.</para>
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| 185 |
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| 186 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat >> /etc/sysconfig/createfiles << "EOF"
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| 187 | /tmp/.ICE-unix dir 1777 root root
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| 188 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 189 |
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| 190 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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| 191 | <primary
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| 192 | sortas="e-etc-sysconfig-createfiles">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</primary>
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| 193 | </indexterm>
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| 194 |
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| 195 | <para>Start <application>X</application> with:</para>
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| 196 |
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| 197 | <screen><userinput>startx</userinput></screen>
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| 198 |
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| 199 | <para>and a basic functional <application>X Window
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| 200 | System</application> should be displayed.</para>
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| 201 |
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| 202 | <para>For a list of the package contents and a description of the commands,
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| 203 | see the sections in the <xref linkend='xfree86-contents'/>.</para>
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| 204 |
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| 205 | </sect2>
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| 206 |
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[84b64f2] | 207 | <sect2 id='dri'>
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| 208 | <title>Checking Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) Installation</title>
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[feeb99a] | 209 |
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[84b64f2] | 210 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 211 | <primary sortas="g-DRI">DRI</primary>
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| 212 | </indexterm>
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[feeb99a] | 213 |
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[84b64f2] | 214 | <para>DRI is a framework for allowing software to access graphics hardware
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| 215 | in a safe and efficient manner. It is installed in
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| 216 | <application>X</application> by default if you have a supported video card.
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[c51ade2] | 217 | To enable direct rendering using the OpenGL implementation from
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| 218 | <xref linkend="mesalib"/> (built separately with <xref linkend="xorg7"/>
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[25a6c5c2] | 219 | or included with <xref linkend="xfree86"/>),
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[c51ade2] | 220 | the "glx" and "dri" modules must be loaded. Additionally, the created
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| 221 | device nodes in <filename class="directory">/dev/dri</filename> must
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| 222 | have proper permissions for your users. A sample
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| 223 | <filename>XF86config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
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| 224 | file might look like this:</para>
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| 225 |
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| 226 | <screen><literal>Section "Module"
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| 227 | ...
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| 228 | Load "glx"
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| 229 | Load "dri"
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| 230 | ...
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| 231 | EndSection
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| 232 | ...
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| 233 | Section "DRI"
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| 234 | Group "video"
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| 235 | Mode 0660
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| 236 | EndSection</literal></screen>
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| 237 |
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| 238 | <note><para>DRI configuration may differ if you are using alternate
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| 239 | drivers, such as those from
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| 240 | <ulink url="http://www.nvidia.com/page/home.html">NVIDIA</ulink> or
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| 241 | <ulink url="http://www.ati.com/">ATI</ulink>.</para>
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| 242 | </note>
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| 243 |
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| 244 | <para>To check if DRI is installed properly, check the log file
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[84b64f2] | 245 | <filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> or
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| 246 | <filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> for statements like:</para>
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| 247 |
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| 248 | <screen><literal>(II) R128(0): Direct rendering enabled</literal></screen>
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| 249 |
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| 250 | <para>From an <command>xterm</command>, run <command>glxinfo</command>
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| 251 | and look for the phrase:</para>
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[310960e4] | 252 |
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[7f2584b7] | 253 | <screen><computeroutput>direct rendering: Yes</computeroutput></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 254 |
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[c51ade2] | 255 | <para>If direct rendering is not enabled, you can add verbosity by
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| 256 | running <command>LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose glxinfo</command>. This will
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| 257 | show the drivers, device nodes and files used by the DRI system.</para>
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| 258 |
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[84b64f2] | 259 | <para>You can also run the test program <command>glxgears</command>.
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| 260 | This program brings up a window with three gears turning. The
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| 261 | <command>xterm</command> will display how many frames were drawn every
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| 262 | five seconds, so this is a reasonable benchmark. The window is scalable,
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| 263 | and the frames drawn per second is highly dependent on the size of
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| 264 | the window.</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 265 |
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[84b64f2] | 266 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 267 | <primary sortas="b-glxgears">glxgears</primary>
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| 268 | </indexterm>
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[0bfe309a] | 269 |
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[84b64f2] | 270 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 271 | <primary sortas="b-glxinfo">glxinfo</primary>
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| 272 | </indexterm>
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[0bfe309a] | 273 |
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[84b64f2] | 274 | <para>For troubleshooting problems, check the DRI Users Guide at
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| 275 | <ulink url="http://dri.sourceforge.net/doc/DRIuserguide.html"/>.</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 276 |
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[84b64f2] | 277 | </sect2>
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[feeb99a] | 278 |
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| 279 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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| 280 |
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[84b64f2] | 281 | <sect2 id='fonts'>
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[43d8a509] | 282 | <title>Setting up Fonts</title>
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[84b64f2] | 283 |
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[43d8a509] | 284 | <para>There are two font systems in the
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| 285 | <application>X Window System</application>. The first is the
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| 286 | core X font protocol, and the second is Xft. Toolkits that use the core
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| 287 | X font protocol include Xt, Xaw, Motif clones and GTK+-1.2. Toolkits that
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| 288 | use Xft include GTK+-2 and Qt and use <application>Fontconfig</application>
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| 289 | for control. Both font systems should be configured for proper font
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| 290 | coverage in the <application>X Window System</application>.</para>
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[84b64f2] | 291 |
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| 292 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 293 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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| 294 | </indexterm>
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| 295 |
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| 296 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 297 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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| 298 | </indexterm>
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| 299 |
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| 300 | <sect3>
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[43d8a509] | 301 | <title>Core X Font Protocol</title>
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[84b64f2] | 302 |
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[43d8a509] | 303 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 304 | <primary sortas="g-core-x-font">Core X Font Protocol</primary>
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[84b64f2] | 305 | </indexterm>
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| 306 |
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[43d8a509] | 307 | <para>The core X font protocol finds fonts from the server configuration
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[9f12e36] | 308 | file (<filename>xorg.conf</filename> or <filename>XF86Config</filename>).
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[96ffdca] | 309 | If no font paths exist in the configuration file, the server will fall
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[43d8a509] | 310 | back to an internal hard-coded path. Assuming the prefix for your
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| 311 | <application>X</application> installation is
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| 312 | <filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6</filename>, the core fonts will
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| 313 | reside in subdirectories of <filename
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| 314 | class="directory">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>. For each
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| 315 | directory in the path, the server reads three files:</para>
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| 316 |
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| 317 | <itemizedlist>
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| 318 | <listitem>
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| 319 | <para><filename>fonts.dir</filename> - maps font files to font
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| 320 | names; updated with <command>mkfontdir</command></para>
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| 321 | </listitem>
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| 322 | <listitem>
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| 323 | <para><filename>fonts.alias</filename> - defines aliases (such as
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| 324 | "9x18") for existing fonts</para>
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| 325 | </listitem>
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| 326 | <listitem>
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| 327 | <para><filename>fonts.scale</filename> - lists scalable fonts;
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| 328 | updated with <command>mkfontscale</command></para>
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| 329 | </listitem>
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| 330 | </itemizedlist>
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| 331 |
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| 332 | <para>The core X fonts protocol uses names such as
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[9f12e36] | 333 | <systemitem>-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1</systemitem>.
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[43d8a509] | 334 | These fonts are rendered by the <application>X</application> server
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| 335 | without antialiasing. The server itself uses the "cursor" font for
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| 336 | painting the mouse cursor, and the protocol specification requires the
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| 337 | font "fixed" to be available.</para>
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| 338 |
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| 339 | <para>Scalable fonts, such as Type1 and TrueType, are read from
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| 340 | <filename>fonts.scale</filename> files by the server. The core X font
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| 341 | system uses the "freetype" module for non-antialiased rendering of these
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| 342 | fonts. Ensure that the "freetype" module is loaded in the
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| 343 | <filename>XF86config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
|
---|
| 344 | file by adding it to the "Module" section:</para>
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 345 |
|
---|
| 346 | <screen><literal>Section "Module"
|
---|
| 347 | ...
|
---|
| 348 | Load "freetype"
|
---|
| 349 | ...
|
---|
| 350 | EndSection</literal></screen>
|
---|
| 351 |
|
---|
[9f12e36] | 352 | <para>The character set used is part of the font name, e.g. "-iso8859-1".
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 353 | It is important that applications which support a non-English interface
|
---|
[9f12e36] | 354 | specify the character set correctly so that the proper glyphs are used.
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 355 | This can be controlled through the <application>X</application>
|
---|
| 356 | resources, which will be described later.</para>
|
---|
| 357 |
|
---|
| 358 | <para>In some cases, applications rely upon the fonts named "fixed" or
|
---|
| 359 | something like "9x18". In these cases, it is important that the
|
---|
| 360 | <filename>fonts.alias</filename> file specifies the correct character
|
---|
| 361 | set. Users of ISO-8859-<replaceable>X</replaceable> encodings where
|
---|
| 362 | <replaceable>X</replaceable> != 1 should modify the
|
---|
| 363 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file by
|
---|
| 364 | replacing the "iso8859-1" string with the proper encoding name. This is
|
---|
| 365 | accomplished by running the following command as the <systemitem
|
---|
| 366 | class="username">root</systemitem> user, substituting the proper value
|
---|
[c5c2654] | 367 | for <replaceable><X></replaceable>:</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 368 |
|
---|
[c5c2654] | 369 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's,iso8859-1\( \|$\),iso8859-<replaceable><X></replaceable>\1,g' \
|
---|
[db292f6] | 370 | /usr/lib/X11/fonts/{75dpi,100dpi,misc}/fonts.alias</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 371 |
|
---|
| 372 | <para>Users of Cyrillic fonts have properly defined aliases in
|
---|
| 373 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/fonts.alias</filename>. However,
|
---|
| 374 | this file will not be used unless the <filename
|
---|
| 375 | class="directory">/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic</filename> directory is
|
---|
| 376 | first in the font search path. Otherwise, the
|
---|
| 377 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file will be
|
---|
| 378 | used.</para>
|
---|
| 379 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 380 | </sect3>
|
---|
| 381 |
|
---|
[784ddf5] | 382 | <sect3 id="xft-font-protocol" xreflabel="Xft Font Protocol">
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 383 | <title>Xft Font Protocol</title>
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 384 |
|
---|
| 385 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 386 | <primary sortas="g-truetype">TrueType Fonts</primary>
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 387 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 388 |
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 389 | <para>Xft provides antialiased font rendering through
|
---|
| 390 | <application>Freetype</application>, and fonts are controlled from the
|
---|
| 391 | client side using <application>Fontconfig</application>. The default
|
---|
| 392 | search path is <filename class="directory">/usr/share/fonts</filename>
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 393 | and <filename class="directory">~/.fonts</filename>.
|
---|
| 394 | <application>Fontconfig</application> searches directories in its
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 395 | path recursively and maintains a cache of the font characteristics in
|
---|
| 396 | <filename>fonts.cache-1</filename> files in each directory. If the cache
|
---|
| 397 | appears to be out of date, it is ignored, and information is (slowly)
|
---|
| 398 | fetched from the fonts themselves. This cache
|
---|
| 399 | can be regenerated using the <command>fc-cache</command> command at any
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 400 | time. You can see the list of fonts known by
|
---|
| 401 | <application>Fontconfig</application> by running the command
|
---|
| 402 | <command>fc-list</command>.</para>
|
---|
| 403 |
|
---|
| 404 | <para>The <application>X</application> fonts were not installed in a
|
---|
| 405 | location known to <application>Fontconfig</application>. This prevents
|
---|
| 406 | <application>Fontconfig</application> from using the poorly rendered
|
---|
| 407 | Type 1 fonts or the non-scalable bitmapped fonts. Symlinks were created
|
---|
| 408 | from the <filename class="directory">OTF</filename> and <filename
|
---|
| 409 | class="directory">TTF</filename> <application>X</application> font
|
---|
| 410 | directories to <filename
|
---|
| 411 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts/X11-{OTF,TTF}</filename>. This allows
|
---|
| 412 | <application>Fontconfig</application> to use the OpenType and TrueType
|
---|
| 413 | fonts provided by <application>X</application> (which are scalable and
|
---|
| 414 | of higher quality).</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 415 |
|
---|
| 416 | <para><application>Fontconfig</application> uses names such as
|
---|
| 417 | "Monospace 12" to define fonts. Applications generally use generic font
|
---|
[9f12e36] | 418 | names such as "Monospace", "Sans" and "Serif".
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 419 | <application>Fontconfig</application> resolves these names to a font that
|
---|
| 420 | has all characters that cover the orthography of the language indicated
|
---|
| 421 | by the locale settings. Knowledge of these font names is included in
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 422 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>. Fonts that are not listed
|
---|
| 423 | in this file are still usable by <application>Fontconfig</application>,
|
---|
| 424 | but they will not be accessible by the generic family names.</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 425 |
|
---|
| 426 | <para>Standard scalable fonts that come with <application>X</application>
|
---|
| 427 | provide very poor Unicode coverage. You may notice in applications that
|
---|
| 428 | use <application>Xft</application> that some characters appear as a box
|
---|
| 429 | with four binary digits inside. In this case, a font set with the
|
---|
| 430 | available glyphs has not been found. Other times, applications that
|
---|
| 431 | don't use other font families by default and don't accept substitutions
|
---|
| 432 | from <application>Fontconfig</application> will display blank lines when
|
---|
[9f12e36] | 433 | the default font doesn't cover the orthography of the user's language.
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 434 | This happens, e.g., with <application>Fluxbox</application> in the
|
---|
| 435 | ru_RU.KOI8-R locale.</para>
|
---|
| 436 |
|
---|
| 437 | <para>In order to provide greater Unicode coverage, it is recommended
|
---|
| 438 | that you install these fonts:</para>
|
---|
| 439 |
|
---|
| 440 | <itemizedlist>
|
---|
| 441 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 442 | <para><ulink url="http://dejavu.sourceforge.net/">DejaVu fonts</ulink>
|
---|
| 443 | - These fonts are replacements for the Bitstream Vera fonts and
|
---|
| 444 | provide Latin-based scripts with accents and Cyrillic glyphs.
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 445 | The DejaVu fonts by are not aliased to the generic family names
|
---|
| 446 | by default, so <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> will
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 447 | have to be edited for it to be recognized by the generic names such
|
---|
| 448 | as "Sans". This will be described below.</para>
|
---|
| 449 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 450 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 451 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 452 | url="http://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/freefont/">FreeFont</ulink>
|
---|
| 453 | - This set of fonts covers nearly every non-CJK character, but is not
|
---|
| 454 | visually pleasing. <application>Fontconfig</application> will use it
|
---|
| 455 | as a last resort to substitute generic font family names.</para>
|
---|
| 456 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 457 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 458 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 459 | url="http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/">Microsoft Core fonts</ulink>
|
---|
| 460 | - These fonts provide slightly worse Unicode coverage than FreeFont,
|
---|
| 461 | but are better hinted. Be sure to read the license before using
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 462 | them. These fonts are listed in the
|
---|
| 463 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 464 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 465 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 466 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 467 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/FireFly">Firefly New Sung font</ulink>
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 468 | - This font provides Chinese coverage. This font is not listed in
|
---|
| 469 | the <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.
|
---|
| 470 | </para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 471 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 472 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 473 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 474 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/Arphic">Arphic fonts</ulink> -
|
---|
| 475 | A similar set of Chinese fonts to the Firefly New Sung font.
|
---|
[9f12e36] | 476 | These fonts are listed in the
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 477 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.
|
---|
| 478 | </para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 479 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 480 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 481 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 482 | url="http://sourceforge.jp/projects/efont/">Kochi fonts</ulink> -
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 483 | These provide Japanese characters, and they are listed in the aliases
|
---|
| 484 | in <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> by default.</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 485 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 486 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 487 | <para><ulink
|
---|
| 488 | url="http://kldp.net/projects/baekmuk/">Baekmuk fonts</ulink>
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 489 | - These fonts provide Korean coverage, and they are listed in the
|
---|
| 490 | aliases in <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> by default.
|
---|
| 491 | </para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 492 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 493 | </itemizedlist>
|
---|
| 494 |
|
---|
| 495 | <para>The list above will not provide complete Unicode coverage. For
|
---|
| 496 | more information, please visit the <ulink
|
---|
| 497 | url="http://unifont.org/fontguide/">Unicode Font Guide</ulink>.</para>
|
---|
| 498 |
|
---|
| 499 | <para>As an example, consider the installation of the DejaVu fonts. From
|
---|
| 500 | the unpacked source directory, run the following commands as the
|
---|
| 501 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
|
---|
| 502 |
|
---|
| 503 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -d -m755 /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
|
---|
| 504 | install -v -m644 *.ttf /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
|
---|
| 505 | fc-cache -v /usr/share/fonts/dejavu</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 506 |
|
---|
| 507 | <para>Earlier it was mentioned that <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>
|
---|
| 508 | could be modified to use DejaVu using the default family names. Since
|
---|
[96ffdca] | 509 | DejaVu is a replacement for Bitstream Vera fonts, it can be substituted
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 510 | for that family. Visually inspect the <filename>fonts.conf</filename> to
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 511 | see how fonts are grouped together under the generic family names within
|
---|
| 512 | <alias> tags and a preference list is created within <prefer>
|
---|
| 513 | tags. To replace Bitstream Vera with DejaVu, run the following command as
|
---|
| 514 | the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
|
---|
[43d8a509] | 515 |
|
---|
| 516 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's/<family>Bitstream Vera/<family>DejaVu/' /etc/fonts/fonts.conf</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[19bf3801] | 517 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 518 | <!--
|
---|
[646d9189] | 519 | <screen><userinput><command>sed -i -e '/^<\/fontconfig>/i\
|
---|
| 520 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF</dir>\
|
---|
| 521 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>' /etc/fonts/local.conf</command></userinput></screen>
|
---|
[19bf3801] | 522 | -->
|
---|
[1663c2b5] | 523 |
|
---|
[c51ade2] | 524 | <para>To see which fonts will be used as the generic fonts in your locale,
|
---|
| 525 | run the command <command>fc-match monospace</command>. Substitute "sans" or
|
---|
| 526 | "serif" to see the fonts that will be used for those aliases.
|
---|
| 527 | </para>
|
---|
[1663c2b5] | 528 |
|
---|
| 529 | </sect3>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 530 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 531 | </sect2>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 532 |
|
---|
| 533 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 534 |
|
---|
| 535 | <sect2>
|
---|
| 536 | <title>Setting up Keyboards</title>
|
---|
| 537 |
|
---|
| 538 | <para>In this version of <application>X</application>, non-Latin
|
---|
| 539 | keyboard layouts do not include Latin configurations as was previous
|
---|
| 540 | practice. To set up a keyboard for Latin and non-Latin input, change
|
---|
| 541 | the XkbLayout keyboard driver option in the InputDevice section
|
---|
| 542 | of the <filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
|
---|
| 543 | file. For example:</para>
|
---|
| 544 |
|
---|
| 545 | <screen><literal>Section "InputDevice"
|
---|
| 546 | Identifier "Keyboard0"
|
---|
[4f46a03b] | 547 | Driver "kbd"
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 548 | Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
|
---|
| 549 | Option "XkbLayout" "en_US,ru"
|
---|
| 550 | Option "XkbOptions" "grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
|
---|
| 551 | EndSection</literal></screen>
|
---|
| 552 |
|
---|
| 553 | <para>In this example, you can use the <keycap>Alt+Shift</keycap>
|
---|
| 554 | combination to switch between keyboard layouts and use the Scroll Lock
|
---|
| 555 | LED to indicate when the second layout is active.</para>
|
---|
| 556 |
|
---|
| 557 | </sect2>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 558 |
|
---|
| 559 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
| 560 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 561 | <sect2 id='xdm'>
|
---|
| 562 | <title>Setting up XDM</title>
|
---|
| 563 |
|
---|
| 564 | <para><command>xdm</command> provides a graphical logon capability and
|
---|
| 565 | is normally set up in <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Most of the
|
---|
| 566 | information you need to customize <command>xdm</command> is found in
|
---|
| 567 | its man page. To execute <command>xdm</command> during bootup, change
|
---|
| 568 | the initdefault level to 5 and add the following lines to
|
---|
| 569 | <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>:</para>
|
---|
[0bfe309a] | 570 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 571 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
|
---|
| 572 | <primary sortas="b-xdm">xdm</primary>
|
---|
| 573 | </indexterm>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 574 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 575 | <screen><literal># Run xdm as a separate service
|
---|
| 576 | x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon</literal></screen>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 577 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 578 | <para>If <application>Linux-PAM</application> is installed on your
|
---|
| 579 | system, you should create a PAM entry for <command>xdm</command> by
|
---|
| 580 | duplicating the <command>login</command> entry using the following
|
---|
| 581 | command:</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 582 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 583 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
|
---|
| 584 | <primary sortas="e-etc-pam.d/xdm">/etc/pam.d/xdm</primary>
|
---|
| 585 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 586 |
|
---|
[96ffdca] | 587 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cp -v /etc/pam.d/login /etc/pam.d/xdm</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 588 |
|
---|
| 589 | </sect2>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 590 |
|
---|
| 591 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
| 592 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 593 | <sect2 id='x-resources'>
|
---|
| 594 | <title>Using X Resources</title>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 595 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 596 | <para>There are many options that can be set in
|
---|
| 597 | <application>X</application> and <application>X</application>
|
---|
| 598 | clients via resources. Typically resources are set in the
|
---|
| 599 | <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file.</para>
|
---|
[0bfe309a] | 600 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 601 | <para>The layout of the <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file
|
---|
| 602 | consists of a list of specifications in the form of</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 603 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 604 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
|
---|
| 605 | <primary sortas="e-AA.xresources">~/.Xresources</primary>
|
---|
| 606 | </indexterm>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 607 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 608 | <screen><literal>object.subobject[.subobject...].attribute: value</literal></screen>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 609 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 610 | <para>Components of a resource specification are linked together by
|
---|
| 611 | either <emphasis>tight</emphasis>, represented by a dot (.), or
|
---|
| 612 | <emphasis>loose</emphasis>, represented by an asterisk (*), bindings.
|
---|
| 613 | A tight binding indicates that the components on either side of the
|
---|
| 614 | dot must be directly next to each other as defined in a specific
|
---|
| 615 | implementation. An asterisk is a wildcard character that means that
|
---|
| 616 | any number of levels in a defined hierarchy can be between the components.
|
---|
| 617 | For example, X offers two special cursors: redglass and whiteglass. To
|
---|
| 618 | use one of these resources, you need to add the following line:</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 619 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 620 | <screen><literal>Xcursor.theme: whiteglass</literal></screen>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 621 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 622 | <para>However, you can specify the background for all clients with:</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 623 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 624 | <screen><literal>*background: blue</literal></screen>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 625 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 626 | <para>More specific resource variables will override less specific
|
---|
| 627 | names.</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 628 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 629 | <para>Resource definitions can be found in the man pages for each
|
---|
| 630 | respective client.</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 631 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 632 | <para>In order to load your resources, the <command>xrdb</command>
|
---|
| 633 | program must be called with the appropriate parameters. Typically,
|
---|
| 634 | the first time resources are loaded, you use:</para>
|
---|
[310960e4] | 635 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 636 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -load <filename></userinput></screen>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 637 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 638 | <para>To add resources to <application>X</application>'s database
|
---|
| 639 | in memory, use:</para>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 640 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 641 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -merge <filename></userinput></screen>
|
---|
[0bfe309a] | 642 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 643 | <para>The <command>xrdb</command> instruction is usually placed in
|
---|
| 644 | <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename>.
|
---|
| 645 | To get more information, see the <command>xrdb</command> man page.</para>
|
---|
[310960e4] | 646 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 647 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
|
---|
| 648 | <primary sortas="b-xrdb">xrdb</primary>
|
---|
| 649 | </indexterm>
|
---|
[feeb99a] | 650 |
|
---|
[84b64f2] | 651 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 652 |
|
---|
| 653 | </sect1>
|
---|