[feeb99a] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[ff769b8c] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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[feeb99a] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="x-setup">
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[84b64f2] | 9 | <?dbhtml filename="xfree86-setup.html"?>
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[feeb99a] | 10 |
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[84b64f2] | 11 | <sect1info>
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| 12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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| 13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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| 14 | </sect1info>
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[0bfe309a] | 15 |
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[84b64f2] | 16 | <title>X Window System Components</title>
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[0bfe309a] | 17 |
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[84b64f2] | 18 | <sect2 id='dri'>
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| 19 | <title>Checking Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) Installation</title>
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[feeb99a] | 20 |
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[84b64f2] | 21 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 22 | <primary sortas="g-DRI">DRI</primary>
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| 23 | </indexterm>
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[feeb99a] | 24 |
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[84b64f2] | 25 | <para>DRI is a framework for allowing software to access graphics hardware
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| 26 | in a safe and efficient manner. It is installed in
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| 27 | <application>X</application> by default if you have a supported video card.
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| 28 | To check if DRI is installed properly, check the log file
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| 29 | <filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> or
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| 30 | <filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> for statements like:</para>
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| 31 |
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| 32 | <screen><literal>(II) R128(0): Direct rendering enabled</literal></screen>
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| 33 |
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| 34 | <para>From an <command>xterm</command>, run <command>glxinfo</command>
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| 35 | and look for the phrase:</para>
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[310960e4] | 36 |
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[7f2584b7] | 37 | <screen><computeroutput>direct rendering: Yes</computeroutput></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 38 |
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[84b64f2] | 39 | <para>You can also run the test program <command>glxgears</command>.
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| 40 | This program brings up a window with three gears turning. The
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| 41 | <command>xterm</command> will display how many frames were drawn every
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| 42 | five seconds, so this is a reasonable benchmark. The window is scalable,
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| 43 | and the frames drawn per second is highly dependent on the size of
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| 44 | the window.</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 45 |
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[84b64f2] | 46 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 47 | <primary sortas="b-glxgears">glxgears</primary>
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| 48 | </indexterm>
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[0bfe309a] | 49 |
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[84b64f2] | 50 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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| 51 | <primary sortas="b-glxinfo">glxinfo</primary>
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| 52 | </indexterm>
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[0bfe309a] | 53 |
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[84b64f2] | 54 | <para>For troubleshooting problems, check the DRI Users Guide at
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| 55 | <ulink url="http://dri.sourceforge.net/doc/DRIuserguide.html"/>.</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 56 |
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[84b64f2] | 57 | </sect2>
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[feeb99a] | 58 |
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| 59 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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| 60 |
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[84b64f2] | 61 | <sect2 id='fonts'>
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[43d8a509] | 62 | <title>Setting up Fonts</title>
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[84b64f2] | 63 |
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[43d8a509] | 64 | <para>There are two font systems in the
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| 65 | <application>X Window System</application>. The first is the
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| 66 | core X font protocol, and the second is Xft. Toolkits that use the core
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| 67 | X font protocol include Xt, Xaw, Motif clones and GTK+-1.2. Toolkits that
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| 68 | use Xft include GTK+-2 and Qt and use <application>Fontconfig</application>
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| 69 | for control. Both font systems should be configured for proper font
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| 70 | coverage in the <application>X Window System</application>.</para>
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[84b64f2] | 71 |
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| 72 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 73 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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| 74 | </indexterm>
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| 75 |
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| 76 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 77 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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| 78 | </indexterm>
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| 79 |
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| 80 | <sect3>
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[43d8a509] | 81 | <title>Core X Font Protocol</title>
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[84b64f2] | 82 |
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[43d8a509] | 83 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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| 84 | <primary sortas="g-core-x-font">Core X Font Protocol</primary>
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[84b64f2] | 85 | </indexterm>
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| 86 |
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[43d8a509] | 87 | <para>The core X font protocol finds fonts from the server configuration
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| 88 | file (<filename>xorg.conf</filename> or <filename>XF86Config</filename>).
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| 89 | If no font paths exist in the configurations file, the server will fall
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| 90 | back to an internal hard-coded path. Assuming the prefix for your
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| 91 | <application>X</application> installation is
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| 92 | <filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6</filename>, the core fonts will
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| 93 | reside in subdirectories of <filename
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| 94 | class="directory">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>. For each
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| 95 | directory in the path, the server reads three files:</para>
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| 96 |
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| 97 | <itemizedlist>
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| 98 | <listitem>
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| 99 | <para><filename>fonts.dir</filename> - maps font files to font
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| 100 | names; updated with <command>mkfontdir</command></para>
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| 101 | </listitem>
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| 102 | <listitem>
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| 103 | <para><filename>fonts.alias</filename> - defines aliases (such as
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| 104 | "9x18") for existing fonts</para>
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| 105 | </listitem>
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| 106 | <listitem>
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| 107 | <para><filename>fonts.scale</filename> - lists scalable fonts;
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| 108 | updated with <command>mkfontscale</command></para>
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| 109 | </listitem>
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| 110 | </itemizedlist>
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| 111 |
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| 112 | <para>The core X fonts protocol uses names such as
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| 113 | <systemitem>-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1</systemitem>.
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| 114 | These fonts are rendered by the <application>X</application> server
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| 115 | without antialiasing. The server itself uses the "cursor" font for
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| 116 | painting the mouse cursor, and the protocol specification requires the
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| 117 | font "fixed" to be available.</para>
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| 118 |
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| 119 | <para>Scalable fonts, such as Type1 and TrueType, are read from
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| 120 | <filename>fonts.scale</filename> files by the server. The core X font
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| 121 | system uses the "freetype" module for non-antialiased rendering of these
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| 122 | fonts. Ensure that the "freetype" module is loaded in the
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| 123 | <filename>XF86config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
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| 124 | file by adding it to the "Module" section:</para>
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[84b64f2] | 125 |
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| 126 | <screen><literal>Section "Module"
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| 127 | ...
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| 128 | Load "freetype"
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| 129 | ...
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| 130 | EndSection</literal></screen>
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| 131 |
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[43d8a509] | 132 | <para>The character set used is part of the font name, e.g. "-iso8859-1".
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| 133 | It is important that applications which support a non-English interface
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| 134 | specify the character set correctly so that the proper glyphs are used.
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| 135 | This can be controlled through the <application>X</application>
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| 136 | resources, which will be described later.</para>
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| 137 |
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| 138 | <para>In some cases, applications rely upon the fonts named "fixed" or
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| 139 | something like "9x18". In these cases, it is important that the
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| 140 | <filename>fonts.alias</filename> file specifies the correct character
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| 141 | set. Users of ISO-8859-<replaceable>X</replaceable> encodings where
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| 142 | <replaceable>X</replaceable> != 1 should modify the
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| 143 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file by
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| 144 | replacing the "iso8859-1" string with the proper encoding name. This is
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| 145 | accomplished by running the following command as the <systemitem
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| 146 | class="username">root</systemitem> user, substituting the proper value
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| 147 | for <replaceable>[X]</replaceable>:</para>
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| 148 |
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| 149 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's,iso8859-1\( \|$\),iso8859-<replaceable>[X]</replaceable>\1,g' \
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| 150 | /usr/share/fonts/{75dpi,100dpi,misc}/fonts.alias</userinput></screen>
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| 151 |
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| 152 | <para>Users of Cyrillic fonts have properly defined aliases in
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| 153 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/fonts.alias</filename>. However,
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| 154 | this file will not be used unless the <filename
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| 155 | class="directory">/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic</filename> directory is
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| 156 | first in the font search path. Otherwise, the
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| 157 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file will be
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| 158 | used.</para>
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| 159 |
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[84b64f2] | 160 | </sect3>
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| 161 |
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| 162 | <sect3>
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[43d8a509] | 163 | <title>Xft Font Protocol</title>
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[84b64f2] | 164 |
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| 165 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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[43d8a509] | 166 | <primary sortas="g-truetype">TrueType Fonts</primary>
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[84b64f2] | 167 | </indexterm>
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| 168 |
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[43d8a509] | 169 | <para>Xft provides antialiased font rendering through
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| 170 | <application>Freetype</application>, and fonts are controlled from the
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| 171 | client side using <application>Fontconfig</application>. The default
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| 172 | search path is <filename class="directory">/usr/share/fonts</filename>
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| 173 | and <filename class="directory">~/.fonts</filename>.
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| 174 | When installing <application>X</application>, symlinks were created from
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| 175 | the <filename class="directory">OTF</filename> and <filename
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| 176 | class="directory">TTF</filename> <application>X</application> font
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| 177 | directories to <filename
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| 178 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts/X11-{OTF,TTF}</filename>. This
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| 179 | prevents <application>Fontconfig</application> from using the poorly
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| 180 | rendered Type1 fonts or the non-scalable bitmapped fonts.</para>
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| 181 |
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| 182 | <para><application>Fontconfig</application> searches directories in its
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| 183 | path recursively and maintains a cache of the font characteristics in
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| 184 | <filename>fonts.cache-1</filename> files in each directory. If the cache
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| 185 | appears to be out of date, it is ignored, and information is (slowly)
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| 186 | fetched from the fonts themselves. This cache
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| 187 | can be regenerated using the <command>fc-cache</command> command at any
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| 188 | time.</para>
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| 189 |
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| 190 | <para><application>Fontconfig</application> uses names such as
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| 191 | "Monospace 12" to define fonts. Applications generally use generic font
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| 192 | names such as "Monospace", "Sans" and "Serif".
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| 193 | <application>Fontconfig</application> resolves these names to a font that
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| 194 | has all characters that cover the orthography of the language indicated
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| 195 | by the locale settings. Knowledge of these font names is included in
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| 196 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>.</para>
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| 197 |
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| 198 | <para>Standard scalable fonts that come with <application>X</application>
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| 199 | provide very poor Unicode coverage. You may notice in applications that
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| 200 | use <application>Xft</application> that some characters appear as a box
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| 201 | with four binary digits inside. In this case, a font set with the
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| 202 | available glyphs has not been found. Other times, applications that
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| 203 | don't use other font families by default and don't accept substitutions
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| 204 | from <application>Fontconfig</application> will display blank lines when
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| 205 | the default font doesn't cover the orthography of the user's language.
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| 206 | This happens, e.g., with <application>Fluxbox</application> in the
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| 207 | ru_RU.KOI8-R locale.</para>
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| 208 |
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| 209 | <para>In order to provide greater Unicode coverage, it is recommended
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| 210 | that you install these fonts:</para>
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| 211 |
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| 212 | <itemizedlist>
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| 213 | <listitem>
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| 214 | <para><ulink url="http://dejavu.sourceforge.net/">DejaVu fonts</ulink>
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| 215 | - These fonts are replacements for the Bitstream Vera fonts and
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| 216 | provide Latin-based scripts with accents and Cyrillic glyphs.
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| 217 | <application>Fontconfig</application> does not know about the DejaVu
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| 218 | fonts by default, so <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> will
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| 219 | have to be edited for it to be recognized by the generic names such
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| 220 | as "Sans". This will be described below.</para>
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| 221 | </listitem>
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| 222 | <listitem>
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| 223 | <para><ulink
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| 224 | url="http://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/freefont/">FreeFont</ulink>
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| 225 | - This set of fonts covers nearly every non-CJK character, but is not
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| 226 | visually pleasing. <application>Fontconfig</application> will use it
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| 227 | as a last resort to substitute generic font family names.</para>
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| 228 | </listitem>
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| 229 | <listitem>
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| 230 | <para><ulink
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| 231 | url="http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/">Microsoft Core fonts</ulink>
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| 232 | - These fonts provide slightly worse Unicode coverage than FreeFont,
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| 233 | but are better hinted. Be sure to read the license before using
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| 234 | them. <application>Fontconfig</application> knows about them by
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| 235 | default.</para>
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| 236 | </listitem>
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| 237 | <listitem>
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| 238 | <para><ulink
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| 239 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/FireFly">Firefly New Sung font</ulink>
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| 240 | - This font provides Chinese coverage. However,
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| 241 | <application>Fontconfig</application>does not know about this font
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| 242 | by default.</para>
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| 243 | </listitem>
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| 244 | <listitem>
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| 245 | <para><ulink
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| 246 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/Arphic">Arphic fonts</ulink> -
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| 247 | A similar set of Chinese fonts to the Firefly New Sung font.
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| 248 | <application>Fontconfig</application> knows about these fonts by
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| 249 | default and will substitute them for generic family names.</para>
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| 250 | </listitem>
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| 251 | <listitem>
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| 252 | <para><ulink
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| 253 | url="http://sourceforge.jp/projects/efont/">Kochi fonts</ulink> -
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| 254 | These provide Japanese characters, and
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| 255 | <application>Fontconfig</application> knows about these fonts by
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| 256 | default.</para>
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| 257 | </listitem>
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| 258 | <listitem>
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| 259 | <para><ulink
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| 260 | url="http://kldp.net/projects/baekmuk/">Baekmuk fonts</ulink>
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| 261 | - These fonts provide Korean coverage, and
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| 262 | <application>Fontconfig</application> knows about these fonts by
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| 263 | default.</para>
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| 264 | </listitem>
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| 265 | </itemizedlist>
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| 266 |
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| 267 | <para>The list above will not provide complete Unicode coverage. For
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| 268 | more information, please visit the <ulink
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| 269 | url="http://unifont.org/fontguide/">Unicode Font Guide</ulink>.</para>
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| 270 |
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| 271 | <para>As an example, consider the installation of the DejaVu fonts. From
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| 272 | the unpacked source directory, run the following commands as the
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| 273 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
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| 274 |
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| 275 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -d -m755 /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
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| 276 | install -v -m644 *.ttf /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
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| 277 | fc-cache -v /usr/share/fonts/dejavu</userinput></screen>
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| 278 |
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| 279 | <para>Earlier it was mentioned that <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>
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| 280 | could be modified to use DejaVu using the default family names. Since
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| 281 | DejaVu is a replacement for Bitstream Vera fonts, we can substitute it
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| 282 | for that family. Visually inspect the <filename>fonts.conf</filename> to
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| 283 | see how fonts are grouped together under the generic family names and a
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| 284 | preference list is created. To replace Bitstream Vera with DejaVu, as the
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| 285 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
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| 286 |
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| 287 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's/<family>Bitstream Vera/<family>DejaVu/' /etc/fonts/fonts.conf</userinput></screen>
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[19bf3801] | 288 |
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[84b64f2] | 289 | <!--
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[646d9189] | 290 | <screen><userinput><command>sed -i -e '/^<\/fontconfig>/i\
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| 291 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF</dir>\
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| 292 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>' /etc/fonts/local.conf</command></userinput></screen>
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[19bf3801] | 293 | -->
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[1663c2b5] | 294 |
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| 295 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
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| 296 | <ulink url='&blfs-wiki;/XWindowSystemComponents'/></para>
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| 297 |
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| 298 | </sect3>
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[feeb99a] | 299 |
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[84b64f2] | 300 | </sect2>
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[feeb99a] | 301 |
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| 302 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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[84b64f2] | 303 |
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| 304 | <sect2>
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| 305 | <title>Setting up Keyboards</title>
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| 306 |
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| 307 | <para>In this version of <application>X</application>, non-Latin
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| 308 | keyboard layouts do not include Latin configurations as was previous
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| 309 | practice. To set up a keyboard for Latin and non-Latin input, change
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| 310 | the XkbLayout keyboard driver option in the InputDevice section
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| 311 | of the <filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
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| 312 | file. For example:</para>
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| 313 |
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| 314 | <screen><literal>Section "InputDevice"
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| 315 | Identifier "Keyboard0"
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| 316 | Driver "Keyboard"
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| 317 | Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
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| 318 | Option "XkbLayout" "en_US,ru"
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| 319 | Option "XkbOptions" "grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
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| 320 | EndSection</literal></screen>
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| 321 |
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| 322 | <para>In this example, you can use the <keycap>Alt+Shift</keycap>
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| 323 | combination to switch between keyboard layouts and use the Scroll Lock
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| 324 | LED to indicate when the second layout is active.</para>
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| 325 |
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| 326 | </sect2>
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[feeb99a] | 327 |
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| 328 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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| 329 |
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[84b64f2] | 330 | <sect2 id='xdm'>
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| 331 | <title>Setting up XDM</title>
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| 332 |
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| 333 | <para><command>xdm</command> provides a graphical logon capability and
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| 334 | is normally set up in <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Most of the
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| 335 | information you need to customize <command>xdm</command> is found in
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| 336 | its man page. To execute <command>xdm</command> during bootup, change
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| 337 | the initdefault level to 5 and add the following lines to
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| 338 | <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>:</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 339 |
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[84b64f2] | 340 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
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| 341 | <primary sortas="b-xdm">xdm</primary>
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| 342 | </indexterm>
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[feeb99a] | 343 |
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[84b64f2] | 344 | <screen><literal># Run xdm as a separate service
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| 345 | x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon</literal></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 346 |
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[84b64f2] | 347 | <para>If <application>Linux-PAM</application> is installed on your
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| 348 | system, you should create a PAM entry for <command>xdm</command> by
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| 349 | duplicating the <command>login</command> entry using the following
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| 350 | command:</para>
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[feeb99a] | 351 |
|
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[84b64f2] | 352 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
|
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| 353 | <primary sortas="e-etc-pam.d/xdm">/etc/pam.d/xdm</primary>
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| 354 | </indexterm>
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| 355 |
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| 356 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cp /etc/pam.d/login /etc/pam.d/xdm</userinput></screen>
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| 357 |
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| 358 | </sect2>
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[feeb99a] | 359 |
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| 360 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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| 361 |
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[84b64f2] | 362 | <sect2 id='x-resources'>
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| 363 | <title>Using X Resources</title>
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[feeb99a] | 364 |
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[84b64f2] | 365 | <para>There are many options that can be set in
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| 366 | <application>X</application> and <application>X</application>
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| 367 | clients via resources. Typically resources are set in the
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| 368 | <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file.</para>
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[0bfe309a] | 369 |
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[84b64f2] | 370 | <para>The layout of the <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file
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| 371 | consists of a list of specifications in the form of</para>
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[feeb99a] | 372 |
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[84b64f2] | 373 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
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| 374 | <primary sortas="e-AA.xresources">~/.Xresources</primary>
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| 375 | </indexterm>
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[feeb99a] | 376 |
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[84b64f2] | 377 | <screen><literal>object.subobject[.subobject...].attribute: value</literal></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 378 |
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[84b64f2] | 379 | <para>Components of a resource specification are linked together by
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| 380 | either <emphasis>tight</emphasis>, represented by a dot (.), or
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| 381 | <emphasis>loose</emphasis>, represented by an asterisk (*), bindings.
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| 382 | A tight binding indicates that the components on either side of the
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| 383 | dot must be directly next to each other as defined in a specific
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| 384 | implementation. An asterisk is a wildcard character that means that
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| 385 | any number of levels in a defined hierarchy can be between the components.
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| 386 | For example, X offers two special cursors: redglass and whiteglass. To
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| 387 | use one of these resources, you need to add the following line:</para>
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[feeb99a] | 388 |
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[84b64f2] | 389 | <screen><literal>Xcursor.theme: whiteglass</literal></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 390 |
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[84b64f2] | 391 | <para>However, you can specify the background for all clients with:</para>
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[feeb99a] | 392 |
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[84b64f2] | 393 | <screen><literal>*background: blue</literal></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 394 |
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[84b64f2] | 395 | <para>More specific resource variables will override less specific
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| 396 | names.</para>
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[feeb99a] | 397 |
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[84b64f2] | 398 | <para>Resource definitions can be found in the man pages for each
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| 399 | respective client.</para>
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[feeb99a] | 400 |
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[84b64f2] | 401 | <para>In order to load your resources, the <command>xrdb</command>
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| 402 | program must be called with the appropriate parameters. Typically,
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| 403 | the first time resources are loaded, you use:</para>
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[310960e4] | 404 |
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[84b64f2] | 405 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -load <filename></userinput></screen>
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[feeb99a] | 406 |
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[84b64f2] | 407 | <para>To add resources to <application>X</application>'s database
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| 408 | in memory, use:</para>
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[feeb99a] | 409 |
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[84b64f2] | 410 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -merge <filename></userinput></screen>
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[0bfe309a] | 411 |
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[84b64f2] | 412 | <para>The <command>xrdb</command> instruction is usually placed in
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| 413 | <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename>.
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| 414 | To get more information, see the <command>xrdb</command> man page.</para>
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[310960e4] | 415 |
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[84b64f2] | 416 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
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| 417 | <primary sortas="b-xrdb">xrdb</primary>
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| 418 | </indexterm>
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[feeb99a] | 419 |
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[84b64f2] | 420 | </sect2>
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| 421 |
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| 422 | </sect1>
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