1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="x-setup" xreflabel="X Window System Components">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="x-setup.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <sect1info>
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12 | <othername>$LastChangedBy$</othername>
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13 | <date>$Date$</date>
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14 | </sect1info>
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15 |
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16 | <title>X Window System Components</title>
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17 |
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18 | <sect2 role="configuration" id='xconfig'>
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19 | <title>Configuring The X Window System</title>
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20 |
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21 | <para condition="html" role="usernotes">User Notes:
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22 | <ulink url='&blfs-wiki;/XWindowSystemComponents'/></para>
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23 |
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24 | <para>If you've installed the X Window System in any prefix other
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25 | than <filename>/usr</filename>, as the
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26 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, add
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27 | <filename class="directory">
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28 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/lib</filename> to
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29 | the <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename> file and run
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30 | <command>ldconfig</command>. Additionally, while still the
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31 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, ensure
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32 | <filename class="directory">
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33 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/bin</filename>
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34 | and <filename class="directory">
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35 | <replaceable></usr/X11R6></replaceable>/lib/pkgconfig</filename>
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36 | are added to your <envar>PATH</envar> and <envar>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</envar>
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37 | environment variables, respectively. Instructions for doing this are
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38 | described in the section <xref linkend='postlfs-config-profile'/>.</para>
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39 |
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40 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user
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41 | create a basic X Window System configuration file with the following
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42 | commands:</para>
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43 |
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44 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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45 | <screen><userinput>cd ~ &&
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46 | Xorg -configure</userinput></screen>
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47 |
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48 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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49 | <screen><userinput>cd ~ &&
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50 | XFree86 -configure</userinput></screen>
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51 |
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52 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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53 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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54 | </indexterm>
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55 |
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56 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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57 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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58 | </indexterm>
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59 |
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60 | <para>The screen will go black and you may hear some clicking of the
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61 | monitor. This command will create a file in your
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62 | home directory, <filename>xorg.conf.new</filename> for
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63 | <application>Xorg</application>, or <filename>XF86Config.new</filename>
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64 | for <application>XFree86</application>.</para>
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65 |
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66 | <para>Edit the newly created configuration file to suit your system. The
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67 | details of the files are located in the <filename>xorg.conf.5x</filename>
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68 | and <filename>XF86Config.5x</filename> man
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69 | pages. Some things you may want to do are:</para>
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70 |
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71 | <itemizedlist>
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72 | <listitem>
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73 | <para>Section "Files". Change the order of the font paths searched.
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74 | You may want to put 100dpi fonts ahead of 75dpi fonts if your system
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75 | normally comes up closer to 100 dots per inch. You may want to remove
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76 | some font directories completely.</para>
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77 | </listitem>
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78 | <listitem>
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79 | <para>Section "Module". If you are going to install NVIDIA
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80 | drivers, remove the "dri" line.</para>
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81 | </listitem>
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82 | <listitem>
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83 | <para>Sections "InputDevice". You may want to change the
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84 | keyboard autorepeat rate by adding
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85 | <option>Option "Autorepeat" "250 30"</option>.</para>
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86 | </listitem>
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87 | <listitem>
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88 | <para>Section "Monitor". Specify the <option>VertRefresh</option>
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89 | and <option>HorizSync</option> values if the system does not
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90 | automatically detect the monitor and its values.</para>
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91 | </listitem>
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92 | <listitem>
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93 | <para>Section "Device". You may want to set some of the options
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94 | available for your selected video driver. A description of the driver
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95 | parameters is in the man page for your driver.</para>
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96 | </listitem>
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97 | <listitem><para>Section "Screen". Add a DefaultDepth statement such as:
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98 | <option>DefaultDepth 24</option>. In the SubSection for your
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99 | default depth, add a modes line such as:
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100 | <option>Modes "1600x1200" "1280x1024" "1024x768"</option>. The first
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101 | mode listed will normally be the starting resolution.</para>
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102 | </listitem>
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103 | </itemizedlist>
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104 |
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105 | <para>Test the system with one of the following commands:</para>
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106 |
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107 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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108 | <screen><userinput>X -config ~/xorg.conf.new</userinput></screen>
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109 |
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110 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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111 | <screen><userinput>XFree86 -xf86config ~/XF86Config.new</userinput></screen>
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112 |
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113 | <para>You will only get a gray background with an X-shaped mouse cursor,
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114 | but it confirms the system is working. Exit with
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115 | <keycap>Control+Alt+Backspace</keycap>. If the system does not work, take
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116 | a look at <filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> or
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117 | <filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> to see what went
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118 | wrong.</para>
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119 |
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120 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, create
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121 | the configuration directory and move the configuration file to the new
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122 | directory:</para>
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123 |
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124 | <para>For <application>Xorg</application>:</para>
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125 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -m644 -D ~/xorg.conf.new /etc/X11/xorg.conf</userinput></screen>
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126 |
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127 | <para>For <application>XFree86</application>:</para>
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128 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -m644 -D ~/XF86Config.new /etc/X11/XF86Config</userinput></screen>
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129 |
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130 | <para>As a convenience, Xorg-&xorg7-version; users should populate the
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131 | <filename class="directory">/etc/X11</filename> directory with symlinks
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132 | to various configuration directories that were located in
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133 | <filename class="directory">/etc/X11</filename> with previous
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134 | versions of <application>Xorg</application>. This step is not needed
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135 | for users of Xorg-&xorg-version; or XFree86. Execute the following
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136 | commands as the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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137 | user:</para>
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138 |
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139 | <screen><userinput role="root">mkdir $XORG_PREFIX/share/X11/twm &&
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140 | ln -svt /etc/X11 \
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141 | $XORG_PREFIX/lib/X11/{fs,lbxproxy,proxymngr,rstart} \
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142 | $XORG_PREFIX/lib/X11/{xdm,xinit,xserver,xsm} \
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143 | $XORG_PREFIX/share/X11/{app-defaults,twm,xkb}</userinput></screen>
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144 |
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145 | <para>As the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user, create
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146 | <filename>.xinitrc</filename>:</para>
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147 |
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148 | <screen><userinput>cat > ~/.xinitrc << "EOF"
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149 | <literal># Begin .xinitrc file
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150 | xterm -g 80x40+0+0 &
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151 | xclock -g 100x100-0+0 &
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152 | twm</literal>
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153 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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154 |
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155 | <para>This provides an initial screen with a small clock that is
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156 | managed by a simple window manager, Tab Window Manager. For details of
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157 | <command>twm</command>, see the man page.</para>
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158 |
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159 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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160 | <primary sortas="e-AA.xinitrc">~/.xinitrc</primary>
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161 | </indexterm>
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162 |
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163 | <note>
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164 | <para>Both the default, and the BLFS configuration for
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165 | <application>Xorg</application> include <application>xterm</application>.
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166 | <application>Xorg</application>'s modular distribution no longer includes
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167 | <application>xterm</application>, and
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168 | as a result, the <command>startx</command> command will fail if you have
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169 | not installed <xref linkend="xterm2"/> when using the modular X Window
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170 | System. You can remove the <application>xterm</application> line in the
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171 | above config file to test the xserver, or install one of the other
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172 | terminal emulators and make appropriate changes.</para>
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173 | </note>
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174 |
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175 | <para>When needed, the X Window System creates the directory
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176 | <filename class='directory'>/tmp/.ICE-unix</filename> if it does not
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177 | exist. If this directory is not owned by
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178 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>,
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179 | the X Window System delays startup by a few seconds and also
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180 | appends a warning to the logfile. This also affects startup of other
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181 | applications. To improve performance, it is advisable to manually create
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182 | the directory before the X Window System uses it. Add the file creation
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183 | to <filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename> that is sourced by
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184 | the <filename>/etc/rc.d/init.d/cleanfs</filename> startup script.</para>
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185 |
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186 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cat >> /etc/sysconfig/createfiles << "EOF"
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187 | /tmp/.ICE-unix dir 1777 root root
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188 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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189 |
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190 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xconfig">
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191 | <primary
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192 | sortas="e-etc-sysconfig-createfiles">/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</primary>
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193 | </indexterm>
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194 |
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195 | <para>Start <application>X</application> with:</para>
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196 |
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197 | <screen><userinput>startx</userinput></screen>
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198 |
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199 | <para>and a basic functional <application>X Window
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200 | System</application> should be displayed.</para>
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201 |
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202 | <para>For a list of the package contents and a description of the commands,
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203 | see the sections in the <xref linkend='xfree86-contents'/>.</para>
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204 |
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205 | </sect2>
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206 |
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207 | <sect2 id='dri'>
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208 | <title>Checking Direct Rendering Infrastructure (DRI) Installation</title>
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209 |
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210 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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211 | <primary sortas="g-DRI">DRI</primary>
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212 | </indexterm>
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213 |
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214 | <para>DRI is a framework for allowing software to access graphics hardware
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215 | in a safe and efficient manner. It is installed in
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216 | <application>X</application> by default if you have a supported video card.
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217 | To enable direct rendering using the OpenGL implementation from
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218 | <xref linkend="mesalib"/> (built separately with <xref linkend="xorg7"/>
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219 | or included with <xref linkend="xfree86"/>),
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220 | the "glx" and "dri" modules must be loaded. Additionally, the created
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221 | device nodes in <filename class="directory">/dev/dri</filename> must
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222 | have proper permissions for your users. A sample
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223 | <filename>XF86config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
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224 | file might look like this:</para>
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225 |
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226 | <screen><literal>Section "Module"
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227 | ...
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228 | Load "glx"
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229 | Load "dri"
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230 | ...
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231 | EndSection
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232 | ...
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233 | Section "DRI"
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234 | Group "video"
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235 | Mode 0660
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236 | EndSection</literal></screen>
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237 |
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238 | <note><para>DRI configuration may differ if you are using alternate
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239 | drivers, such as those from
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240 | <ulink url="http://www.nvidia.com/page/home.html">NVIDIA</ulink> or
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241 | <ulink url="http://www.ati.com/">ATI</ulink>.</para>
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242 | </note>
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243 |
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244 | <para>To check if DRI is installed properly, check the log file
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245 | <filename>/var/log/XFree86.0.log</filename> or
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246 | <filename>/var/log/Xorg.0.log</filename> for statements like:</para>
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247 |
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248 | <screen><literal>(II) R128(0): Direct rendering enabled</literal></screen>
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249 |
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250 | <para>From an <command>xterm</command>, run <command>glxinfo</command>
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251 | and look for the phrase:</para>
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252 |
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253 | <screen><computeroutput>direct rendering: Yes</computeroutput></screen>
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254 |
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255 | <para>If direct rendering is not enabled, you can add verbosity by
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256 | running <command>LIBGL_DEBUG=verbose glxinfo</command>. This will
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257 | show the drivers, device nodes and files used by the DRI system.</para>
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258 |
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259 | <para>You can also run the test program <command>glxgears</command>.
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260 | This program brings up a window with three gears turning. The
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261 | <command>xterm</command> will display how many frames were drawn every
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262 | five seconds, so this is a reasonable benchmark. The window is scalable,
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263 | and the frames drawn per second is highly dependent on the size of
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264 | the window.</para>
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265 |
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266 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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267 | <primary sortas="b-glxgears">glxgears</primary>
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268 | </indexterm>
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269 |
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270 | <indexterm zone="x-setup dri">
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271 | <primary sortas="b-glxinfo">glxinfo</primary>
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272 | </indexterm>
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273 |
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274 | <para>For troubleshooting problems, check the DRI Users Guide at
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275 | <ulink url="http://dri.sourceforge.net/doc/DRIuserguide.html"/>.</para>
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276 |
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277 | </sect2>
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278 |
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279 | <!-- ================================================== -->
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280 |
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281 | <sect2 id='fonts'>
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282 | <title>Setting up Fonts</title>
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283 |
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284 | <para>There are two font systems in the
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285 | <application>X Window System</application>. The first is the
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286 | core X font protocol, and the second is Xft. Toolkits that use the core
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287 | X font protocol include Xt, Xaw, Motif clones and GTK+-1.2. Toolkits that
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288 | use Xft include GTK+-2 and Qt and use <application>Fontconfig</application>
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289 | for control. Both font systems should be configured for proper font
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290 | coverage in the <application>X Window System</application>.</para>
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291 |
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292 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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293 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-xorg-conf">/etc/X11/xorg.conf</primary>
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294 | </indexterm>
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295 |
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296 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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297 | <primary sortas="e-etc-X11-XF86Config">/etc/X11/XF86Config</primary>
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298 | </indexterm>
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299 |
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300 | <sect3>
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301 | <title>Core X Font Protocol</title>
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302 |
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303 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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304 | <primary sortas="g-core-x-font">Core X Font Protocol</primary>
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305 | </indexterm>
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306 |
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307 | <para>The core X font protocol finds fonts from the server configuration
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308 | file (<filename>xorg.conf</filename> or <filename>XF86Config</filename>).
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309 | If no font paths exist in the configuration file, the server will fall
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310 | back to an internal hard-coded path. Assuming the prefix for your
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311 | <application>X</application> installation is
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312 | <filename class="directory">/usr/X11R6</filename>, the core fonts will
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313 | reside in subdirectories of <filename
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314 | class="directory">/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts</filename>. For each
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315 | directory in the path, the server reads three files:</para>
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316 |
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317 | <itemizedlist>
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318 | <listitem>
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319 | <para><filename>fonts.dir</filename> - maps font files to font
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320 | names; updated with <command>mkfontdir</command></para>
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321 | </listitem>
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322 | <listitem>
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323 | <para><filename>fonts.alias</filename> - defines aliases (such as
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324 | "9x18") for existing fonts</para>
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325 | </listitem>
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326 | <listitem>
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327 | <para><filename>fonts.scale</filename> - lists scalable fonts;
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328 | updated with <command>mkfontscale</command></para>
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329 | </listitem>
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330 | </itemizedlist>
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331 |
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332 | <para>The core X fonts protocol uses names such as
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333 | <systemitem>-misc-fixed-medium-r-normal--13-120-75-75-c-80-iso8859-1</systemitem>.
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334 | These fonts are rendered by the <application>X</application> server
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335 | without antialiasing. The server itself uses the "cursor" font for
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336 | painting the mouse cursor, and the protocol specification requires the
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337 | font "fixed" to be available.</para>
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338 |
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339 | <para>Scalable fonts, such as Type1 and TrueType, are read from
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340 | <filename>fonts.scale</filename> files by the server. The core X font
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341 | system uses the "freetype" module for non-antialiased rendering of these
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342 | fonts. Ensure that the "freetype" module is loaded in the
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343 | <filename>XF86config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
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344 | file by adding it to the "Module" section:</para>
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345 |
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346 | <screen><literal>Section "Module"
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347 | ...
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348 | Load "freetype"
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349 | ...
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350 | EndSection</literal></screen>
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351 |
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352 | <para>The character set used is part of the font name, e.g. "-iso8859-1".
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353 | It is important that applications which support a non-English interface
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354 | specify the character set correctly so that the proper glyphs are used.
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355 | This can be controlled through the <application>X</application>
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356 | resources, which will be described later.</para>
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357 |
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358 | <para>In some cases, applications rely upon the fonts named "fixed" or
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359 | something like "9x18". In these cases, it is important that the
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360 | <filename>fonts.alias</filename> file specifies the correct character
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361 | set. Users of ISO-8859-<replaceable>X</replaceable> encodings where
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362 | <replaceable>X</replaceable> != 1 should modify the
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363 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file by
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364 | replacing the "iso8859-1" string with the proper encoding name. This is
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365 | accomplished by running the following command as the <systemitem
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366 | class="username">root</systemitem> user, substituting the proper value
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367 | for <replaceable><X></replaceable>:</para>
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368 |
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369 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's,iso8859-1\( \|$\),iso8859-<replaceable><X></replaceable>\1,g' \
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370 | /usr/lib/X11/fonts/{75dpi,100dpi,misc}/fonts.alias</userinput></screen>
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371 |
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372 | <para>Users of Cyrillic fonts have properly defined aliases in
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373 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic/fonts.alias</filename>. However,
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374 | this file will not be used unless the <filename
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375 | class="directory">/usr/lib/X11/fonts/cyrillic</filename> directory is
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376 | first in the font search path. Otherwise, the
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377 | <filename>/usr/lib/X11/fonts/misc/fonts.alias</filename> file will be
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378 | used.</para>
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379 |
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380 | </sect3>
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381 |
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382 | <sect3 id="xft-font-protocol" xreflabel="Xft Font Protocol">
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383 | <title>Xft Font Protocol</title>
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384 |
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385 | <indexterm zone="x-setup fonts">
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386 | <primary sortas="g-truetype">TrueType Fonts</primary>
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387 | </indexterm>
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388 |
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389 | <para>Xft provides antialiased font rendering through
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390 | <application>Freetype</application>, and fonts are controlled from the
|
---|
391 | client side using <application>Fontconfig</application>. The default
|
---|
392 | search path is <filename class="directory">/usr/share/fonts</filename>
|
---|
393 | and <filename class="directory">~/.fonts</filename>.
|
---|
394 | <application>Fontconfig</application> searches directories in its
|
---|
395 | path recursively and maintains a cache of the font characteristics in
|
---|
396 | <filename>fonts.cache-1</filename> files in each directory. If the cache
|
---|
397 | appears to be out of date, it is ignored, and information is (slowly)
|
---|
398 | fetched from the fonts themselves. This cache
|
---|
399 | can be regenerated using the <command>fc-cache</command> command at any
|
---|
400 | time. You can see the list of fonts known by
|
---|
401 | <application>Fontconfig</application> by running the command
|
---|
402 | <command>fc-list</command>.</para>
|
---|
403 |
|
---|
404 | <para>The <application>X</application> fonts were not installed in a
|
---|
405 | location known to <application>Fontconfig</application>. This prevents
|
---|
406 | <application>Fontconfig</application> from using the poorly rendered
|
---|
407 | Type 1 fonts or the non-scalable bitmapped fonts. Symlinks were created
|
---|
408 | from the <filename class="directory">OTF</filename> and <filename
|
---|
409 | class="directory">TTF</filename> <application>X</application> font
|
---|
410 | directories to <filename
|
---|
411 | class="directory">/usr/share/fonts/X11-{OTF,TTF}</filename>. This allows
|
---|
412 | <application>Fontconfig</application> to use the OpenType and TrueType
|
---|
413 | fonts provided by <application>X</application> (which are scalable and
|
---|
414 | of higher quality).</para>
|
---|
415 |
|
---|
416 | <para><application>Fontconfig</application> uses names such as
|
---|
417 | "Monospace 12" to define fonts. Applications generally use generic font
|
---|
418 | names such as "Monospace", "Sans" and "Serif".
|
---|
419 | <application>Fontconfig</application> resolves these names to a font that
|
---|
420 | has all characters that cover the orthography of the language indicated
|
---|
421 | by the locale settings. Knowledge of these font names is included in
|
---|
422 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>. Fonts that are not listed
|
---|
423 | in this file are still usable by <application>Fontconfig</application>,
|
---|
424 | but they will not be accessible by the generic family names.</para>
|
---|
425 |
|
---|
426 | <para>Standard scalable fonts that come with <application>X</application>
|
---|
427 | provide very poor Unicode coverage. You may notice in applications that
|
---|
428 | use <application>Xft</application> that some characters appear as a box
|
---|
429 | with four binary digits inside. In this case, a font set with the
|
---|
430 | available glyphs has not been found. Other times, applications that
|
---|
431 | don't use other font families by default and don't accept substitutions
|
---|
432 | from <application>Fontconfig</application> will display blank lines when
|
---|
433 | the default font doesn't cover the orthography of the user's language.
|
---|
434 | This happens, e.g., with <application>Fluxbox</application> in the
|
---|
435 | ru_RU.KOI8-R locale.</para>
|
---|
436 |
|
---|
437 | <para>In order to provide greater Unicode coverage, it is recommended
|
---|
438 | that you install these fonts:</para>
|
---|
439 |
|
---|
440 | <itemizedlist>
|
---|
441 | <listitem>
|
---|
442 | <para><ulink url="http://dejavu.sourceforge.net/">DejaVu fonts</ulink>
|
---|
443 | - These fonts are replacements for the Bitstream Vera fonts and
|
---|
444 | provide Latin-based scripts with accents and Cyrillic glyphs.
|
---|
445 | The DejaVu fonts by are not aliased to the generic family names
|
---|
446 | by default, so <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> will
|
---|
447 | have to be edited for it to be recognized by the generic names such
|
---|
448 | as "Sans". This will be described below.</para>
|
---|
449 | </listitem>
|
---|
450 | <listitem>
|
---|
451 | <para><ulink
|
---|
452 | url="http://download.savannah.nongnu.org/releases/freefont/">FreeFont</ulink>
|
---|
453 | - This set of fonts covers nearly every non-CJK character, but is not
|
---|
454 | visually pleasing. <application>Fontconfig</application> will use it
|
---|
455 | as a last resort to substitute generic font family names.</para>
|
---|
456 | </listitem>
|
---|
457 | <listitem>
|
---|
458 | <para><ulink
|
---|
459 | url="http://corefonts.sourceforge.net/">Microsoft Core fonts</ulink>
|
---|
460 | - These fonts provide slightly worse Unicode coverage than FreeFont,
|
---|
461 | but are better hinted. Be sure to read the license before using
|
---|
462 | them. These fonts are listed in the
|
---|
463 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.</para>
|
---|
464 | </listitem>
|
---|
465 | <listitem>
|
---|
466 | <para><ulink
|
---|
467 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/FireFly">Firefly New Sung font</ulink>
|
---|
468 | - This font provides Chinese coverage. This font is not listed in
|
---|
469 | the <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.
|
---|
470 | </para>
|
---|
471 | </listitem>
|
---|
472 | <listitem>
|
---|
473 | <para><ulink
|
---|
474 | url="http://cle.linux.org.tw/fonts/Arphic">Arphic fonts</ulink> -
|
---|
475 | A similar set of Chinese fonts to the Firefly New Sung font.
|
---|
476 | These fonts are listed in the
|
---|
477 | <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> aliases by default.
|
---|
478 | </para>
|
---|
479 | </listitem>
|
---|
480 | <listitem>
|
---|
481 | <para><ulink
|
---|
482 | url="http://sourceforge.jp/projects/efont/">Kochi fonts</ulink> -
|
---|
483 | These provide Japanese characters, and they are listed in the aliases
|
---|
484 | in <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> by default.</para>
|
---|
485 | </listitem>
|
---|
486 | <listitem>
|
---|
487 | <para><ulink
|
---|
488 | url="http://kldp.net/projects/baekmuk/">Baekmuk fonts</ulink>
|
---|
489 | - These fonts provide Korean coverage, and they are listed in the
|
---|
490 | aliases in <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename> by default.
|
---|
491 | </para>
|
---|
492 | </listitem>
|
---|
493 | </itemizedlist>
|
---|
494 |
|
---|
495 | <para>The list above will not provide complete Unicode coverage. For
|
---|
496 | more information, please visit the <ulink
|
---|
497 | url="http://unifont.org/fontguide/">Unicode Font Guide</ulink>.</para>
|
---|
498 |
|
---|
499 | <para>As an example, consider the installation of the DejaVu fonts. From
|
---|
500 | the unpacked source directory, run the following commands as the
|
---|
501 | <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
|
---|
502 |
|
---|
503 | <screen role="root"><userinput>install -v -d -m755 /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
|
---|
504 | install -v -m644 *.ttf /usr/share/fonts/dejavu &&
|
---|
505 | fc-cache -v /usr/share/fonts/dejavu</userinput></screen>
|
---|
506 |
|
---|
507 | <para>Earlier it was mentioned that <filename>/etc/fonts/fonts.conf</filename>
|
---|
508 | could be modified to use DejaVu using the default family names. Since
|
---|
509 | DejaVu is a replacement for Bitstream Vera fonts, it can be substituted
|
---|
510 | for that family. Visually inspect the <filename>fonts.conf</filename> to
|
---|
511 | see how fonts are grouped together under the generic family names within
|
---|
512 | <alias> tags and a preference list is created within <prefer>
|
---|
513 | tags. To replace Bitstream Vera with DejaVu, run the following command as
|
---|
514 | the <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user:</para>
|
---|
515 |
|
---|
516 | <screen role="root"><userinput>sed -i 's/<family>Bitstream Vera/<family>DejaVu/' /etc/fonts/fonts.conf</userinput></screen>
|
---|
517 |
|
---|
518 | <!--
|
---|
519 | <screen><userinput><command>sed -i -e '/^<\/fontconfig>/i\
|
---|
520 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/TTF</dir>\
|
---|
521 | <dir>/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1</dir>' /etc/fonts/local.conf</command></userinput></screen>
|
---|
522 | -->
|
---|
523 |
|
---|
524 | <para>To see which fonts will be used as the generic fonts in your locale,
|
---|
525 | run the command <command>fc-match monospace</command>. Substitute "sans" or
|
---|
526 | "serif" to see the fonts that will be used for those aliases.
|
---|
527 | </para>
|
---|
528 |
|
---|
529 | </sect3>
|
---|
530 |
|
---|
531 | </sect2>
|
---|
532 |
|
---|
533 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
534 |
|
---|
535 | <sect2>
|
---|
536 | <title>Setting up Keyboards</title>
|
---|
537 |
|
---|
538 | <para>In this version of <application>X</application>, non-Latin
|
---|
539 | keyboard layouts do not include Latin configurations as was previous
|
---|
540 | practice. To set up a keyboard for Latin and non-Latin input, change
|
---|
541 | the XkbLayout keyboard driver option in the InputDevice section
|
---|
542 | of the <filename>XF86Config</filename> or <filename>xorg.conf</filename>
|
---|
543 | file. For example:</para>
|
---|
544 |
|
---|
545 | <screen><literal>Section "InputDevice"
|
---|
546 | Identifier "Keyboard0"
|
---|
547 | Driver "kbd"
|
---|
548 | Option "XkbModel" "pc105"
|
---|
549 | Option "XkbLayout" "en_US,ru"
|
---|
550 | Option "XkbOptions" "grp:switch,grp:alt_shift_toggle,grp_led:scroll"
|
---|
551 | EndSection</literal></screen>
|
---|
552 |
|
---|
553 | <para>In this example, you can use the <keycap>Alt+Shift</keycap>
|
---|
554 | combination to switch between keyboard layouts and use the Scroll Lock
|
---|
555 | LED to indicate when the second layout is active.</para>
|
---|
556 |
|
---|
557 | </sect2>
|
---|
558 |
|
---|
559 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
560 |
|
---|
561 | <sect2 id='xdm'>
|
---|
562 | <title>Setting up XDM</title>
|
---|
563 |
|
---|
564 | <para><command>xdm</command> provides a graphical logon capability and
|
---|
565 | is normally set up in <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>. Most of the
|
---|
566 | information you need to customize <command>xdm</command> is found in
|
---|
567 | its man page. To execute <command>xdm</command> during bootup, change
|
---|
568 | the initdefault level to 5 and add the following lines to
|
---|
569 | <filename>/etc/inittab</filename>:</para>
|
---|
570 |
|
---|
571 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
|
---|
572 | <primary sortas="b-xdm">xdm</primary>
|
---|
573 | </indexterm>
|
---|
574 |
|
---|
575 | <screen><literal># Run xdm as a separate service
|
---|
576 | x:5:respawn:/usr/X11R6/bin/xdm -nodaemon</literal></screen>
|
---|
577 |
|
---|
578 | <para>If <application>Linux-PAM</application> is installed on your
|
---|
579 | system, you should create a PAM entry for <command>xdm</command> by
|
---|
580 | duplicating the <command>login</command> entry using the following
|
---|
581 | command:</para>
|
---|
582 |
|
---|
583 | <indexterm zone="x-setup xdm">
|
---|
584 | <primary sortas="e-etc-pam.d/xdm">/etc/pam.d/xdm</primary>
|
---|
585 | </indexterm>
|
---|
586 |
|
---|
587 | <screen role="root"><userinput>cp -v /etc/pam.d/login /etc/pam.d/xdm</userinput></screen>
|
---|
588 |
|
---|
589 | </sect2>
|
---|
590 |
|
---|
591 | <!-- ================================================== -->
|
---|
592 |
|
---|
593 | <sect2 id='x-resources'>
|
---|
594 | <title>Using X Resources</title>
|
---|
595 |
|
---|
596 | <para>There are many options that can be set in
|
---|
597 | <application>X</application> and <application>X</application>
|
---|
598 | clients via resources. Typically resources are set in the
|
---|
599 | <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file.</para>
|
---|
600 |
|
---|
601 | <para>The layout of the <filename>~/.Xresources</filename> file
|
---|
602 | consists of a list of specifications in the form of</para>
|
---|
603 |
|
---|
604 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
|
---|
605 | <primary sortas="e-AA.xresources">~/.Xresources</primary>
|
---|
606 | </indexterm>
|
---|
607 |
|
---|
608 | <screen><literal>object.subobject[.subobject...].attribute: value</literal></screen>
|
---|
609 |
|
---|
610 | <para>Components of a resource specification are linked together by
|
---|
611 | either <emphasis>tight</emphasis>, represented by a dot (.), or
|
---|
612 | <emphasis>loose</emphasis>, represented by an asterisk (*), bindings.
|
---|
613 | A tight binding indicates that the components on either side of the
|
---|
614 | dot must be directly next to each other as defined in a specific
|
---|
615 | implementation. An asterisk is a wildcard character that means that
|
---|
616 | any number of levels in a defined hierarchy can be between the components.
|
---|
617 | For example, X offers two special cursors: redglass and whiteglass. To
|
---|
618 | use one of these resources, you need to add the following line:</para>
|
---|
619 |
|
---|
620 | <screen><literal>Xcursor.theme: whiteglass</literal></screen>
|
---|
621 |
|
---|
622 | <para>However, you can specify the background for all clients with:</para>
|
---|
623 |
|
---|
624 | <screen><literal>*background: blue</literal></screen>
|
---|
625 |
|
---|
626 | <para>More specific resource variables will override less specific
|
---|
627 | names.</para>
|
---|
628 |
|
---|
629 | <para>Resource definitions can be found in the man pages for each
|
---|
630 | respective client.</para>
|
---|
631 |
|
---|
632 | <para>In order to load your resources, the <command>xrdb</command>
|
---|
633 | program must be called with the appropriate parameters. Typically,
|
---|
634 | the first time resources are loaded, you use:</para>
|
---|
635 |
|
---|
636 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -load <filename></userinput></screen>
|
---|
637 |
|
---|
638 | <para>To add resources to <application>X</application>'s database
|
---|
639 | in memory, use:</para>
|
---|
640 |
|
---|
641 | <screen><userinput>xrdb -merge <filename></userinput></screen>
|
---|
642 |
|
---|
643 | <para>The <command>xrdb</command> instruction is usually placed in
|
---|
644 | <filename>~/.xinitrc</filename> or <filename>~/.xsession</filename>.
|
---|
645 | To get more information, see the <command>xrdb</command> man page.</para>
|
---|
646 |
|
---|
647 | <indexterm zone="x-setup x-resources">
|
---|
648 | <primary sortas="b-xrdb">xrdb</primary>
|
---|
649 | </indexterm>
|
---|
650 |
|
---|
651 | </sect2>
|
---|
652 |
|
---|
653 | </sect1>
|
---|