[04a3351] | 1 | <sect2><title>Short descriptions</title>
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[7acaebe] | 2 |
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[978d0bf] | 3 | <para><command>basename</command> strips any path and a given suffix from
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| 4 | the given file name.</para>
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| 5 |
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| 6 | <para><command>cat</command> concatenates files to standard output.</para>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <para><command>chgrp</command> changes the group ownership of each given
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| 9 | file to the given group. The group can be either given a a name or a numeric
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| 10 | ID.</para>
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| 11 |
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| 12 | <para><command>chmod</command> changes the permissions of each given file
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| 13 | to the given mode. The mode can be either a symbolic representation of the
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| 14 | changes to make, or an octal number representing the new permissions.</para>
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| 15 |
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| 16 | <para><command>chown</command> changes the user and/or group ownership of
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| 17 | each given file to the given user:group pair.</para>
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| 18 |
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| 19 | <para><command>chroot</command> runs a given command with the specified
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| 20 | directory as the <filename>/</filename> directory. The given command can be an
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| 21 | interactive shell. On most systems only <emphasis>root</emphasis> can do
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| 22 | this.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 23 |
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[978d0bf] | 24 | <para><command>cksum</command> prints the CRC checksum and the byte
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| 25 | counts of each specified file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 26 |
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[978d0bf] | 27 | <para><command>comm</command> compares two sorted files, outputting in
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| 28 | three columns the lines that are unique, and the lines that are common.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 29 |
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[978d0bf] | 30 | <para><command>cp</command> copies files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 31 |
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[978d0bf] | 32 | <para><command>csplit</command> splits a given file into several new files,
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| 33 | separating them according to given patterns or line numbers, and outputting
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| 34 | the byte count of each new file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 35 |
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[978d0bf] | 36 | <para><command>cut</command> prints parts of lines, selecting the parts
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| 37 | according to given fields or positions.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 38 |
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[978d0bf] | 39 | <para><command>date</command> displays the current time in the given
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| 40 | format, or sets the system date.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 41 |
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[978d0bf] | 42 | <para><command>dd</command> copies a file using the given blocksize and
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| 43 | count, while optionally performing conversions on it.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 44 |
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[978d0bf] | 45 | <para><command>df</command> reports the amount of disk space available
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| 46 | (and used) on all mounted filesystems, or only on the filesystems holding the
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| 47 | given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 48 |
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[978d0bf] | 49 | <para><command>dir</command> is the same as ls.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 50 |
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[978d0bf] | 51 | <para><command>dircolors</command> outputs commands to set the LS_COLOR
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| 52 | environment variable, to change the color scheme used by ls.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 53 |
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[978d0bf] | 54 | <para><command>dirname</command> strips the non-directory suffix from
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| 55 | a given file name.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 56 |
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[978d0bf] | 57 | <para><command>du</command> reports the amount of disk space used by the
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| 58 | current directory, or by each of the given directories including all their
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| 59 | subdirectories, or by each of the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 60 |
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[978d0bf] | 61 | <para><command>echo</command> displays the given strings.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 62 |
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[978d0bf] | 63 | <para><command>env</command> runs a command in a modified environment.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 64 |
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[978d0bf] | 65 | <para><command>expand</command> converts tabs to spaces.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 66 |
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[978d0bf] | 67 | <para><command>expr</command> evaluates expressions.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 68 |
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[978d0bf] | 69 | <para><command>factor</command> prints the prime factors of all specified
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| 70 | integer numbers.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 71 |
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[978d0bf] | 72 | <para><command>false</command> does nothing, unsuccessfully. It always
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| 73 | exits with a status code indicating failure.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 74 |
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[978d0bf] | 75 | <para><command>fmt</command> reformats the paragraphs in the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 76 |
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[978d0bf] | 77 | <para><command>fold</command> wraps the lines in the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 78 |
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[978d0bf] | 79 | <para><command>groups</command> reports a user's group memberships.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 80 |
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[978d0bf] | 81 | <para><command>head</command> prints the first ten lines (or the given
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| 82 | number of lines) of each given file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 83 |
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[978d0bf] | 84 | <para><command>hostid</command> reports the numeric identifier
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| 85 | (in hexadecimal) of the host.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 86 |
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[978d0bf] | 87 | <para><command>hostname</command> reports or sets the name of the
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| 88 | host.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 89 |
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[978d0bf] | 90 | <para><command>id</command> reports the effective user ID, group ID, and
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| 91 | group memberships of the current user, or of a given user.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 92 |
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[978d0bf] | 93 | <para><command>install</command> copies files while setting their
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| 94 | permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 95 |
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[978d0bf] | 96 | <para><command>join</command> joins from two files the lines that have
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| 97 | identical join fields.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 98 |
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[978d0bf] | 99 | <para><command>link</command> creates a hard link with the given name
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| 100 | to the given file.</para>
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[ab6f1859] | 101 |
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[978d0bf] | 102 | <para><command>ln</command> makes hard links or soft links between files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 103 |
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[978d0bf] | 104 | <para><command>logname</command> reports the current user's login name.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 105 |
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[978d0bf] | 106 | <para><command>ls</command> lists the contents of each given directory.
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| 107 | By default it orders the files and subdirectories alphabetically.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 108 |
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[978d0bf] | 109 | <para><command>md5sum</command> reports or checks MD5 checksums.</para>
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[ab6f1859] | 110 |
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[978d0bf] | 111 | <para><command>mkdir</command> creates directories with the given names.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 112 |
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[978d0bf] | 113 | <para><command>mkfifo</command> creates FIFOs with the given names.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 114 |
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[978d0bf] | 115 | <para><command>mknod</command> creates device nodes with the given names.
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| 116 | A device node is a character special file, or a block special file, or a FIFO.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 117 |
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[978d0bf] | 118 | <para><command>mv</command> moves or renames files or directories.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 119 |
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[978d0bf] | 120 | <para><command>nice</command> runs a program with modified scheduling priority.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 121 |
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[978d0bf] | 122 | <para><command>nl</command> numbers the lines from the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 123 |
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[978d0bf] | 124 | <para><command>nohup</command> runs a command immune to hangups, with
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| 125 | output redirected to a log file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 126 |
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[978d0bf] | 127 | <para><command>od</command> dumps files in octal and other formats.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 128 |
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[978d0bf] | 129 | <para><command>paste</command> merges the given files, joining
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| 130 | sequentially corresponding lines side by side, separated by TABs.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 131 |
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[978d0bf] | 132 | <para><command>pathchk</command> checks whether file names are valid
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| 133 | or portable.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 134 |
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[978d0bf] | 135 | <para><command>pinky</command> is a lightweight finger. It reports
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| 136 | some information about the given users.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 137 |
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[978d0bf] | 138 | <para><command>pr</command> paginates and columnates files for printing.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 139 |
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[978d0bf] | 140 | <para><command>printenv</command> prints the environment.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 141 |
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[978d0bf] | 142 | <para><command>printf</command> prints the given arguments according to the
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| 143 | given format -- much like the C printf function.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 144 |
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[978d0bf] | 145 | <para><command>ptx</command> produces from the contents of the given files
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| 146 | a permuted index, with each keyword in its context.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 147 |
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[978d0bf] | 148 | <para><command>pwd</command> reports the name of the current directory.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 149 |
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[978d0bf] | 150 | <para><command>readlink</command> reports the value of the given symbolic
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| 151 | link.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 152 |
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[978d0bf] | 153 | <para><command>rm</command> removes files or directories.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 154 |
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[978d0bf] | 155 | <para><command>rmdir</command> removes directories, if they are empty.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 156 |
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[978d0bf] | 157 | <para><command>seq</command> prints a sequence of numbers, within a given
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| 158 | range and with a given increment.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 159 |
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[978d0bf] | 160 | <para><command>sha1sum</command> prints or checks 160-bit SHA1
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| 161 | checksums.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 162 |
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[978d0bf] | 163 | <para><command>shred</command> overwrites the given files repeatedly with
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| 164 | strange patterns, to make it real hard to recover the data.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 165 |
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[978d0bf] | 166 | <para><command>sleep</command> pauses for the given amount of time.</para>
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[ab6f1859] | 167 |
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[978d0bf] | 168 | <para><command>sort</command> sorts the lines from the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 169 |
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[978d0bf] | 170 | <para><command>split</command> splits the given file into pieces, by size
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| 171 | or by number of lines.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 172 |
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[978d0bf] | 173 | <para><command>stty</command> sets or reports terminal line settings.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 174 |
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[978d0bf] | 175 | <para><command>su</command> runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 176 |
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[978d0bf] | 177 | <para><command>sum</command> prints checksum and block counts for each
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| 178 | given file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 179 |
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[978d0bf] | 180 | <para><command>sync</command> flushes filesystem buffers. It forces
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| 181 | changed blocks to disk and updates the super block.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 182 |
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[978d0bf] | 183 | <para><command>tac</command> concatenates the given files in reverse.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 184 |
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[978d0bf] | 185 | <para><command>tail</command> prints the last ten lines (or the given
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| 186 | number of lines) of each given file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 187 |
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[978d0bf] | 188 | <para><command>tee</command> reads from standard input while writing both
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| 189 | to standard output and to the given files.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 190 |
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[978d0bf] | 191 | <para><command>test</command> compares values and checks file types.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 192 |
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[978d0bf] | 193 | <para><command>touch</command> changes file timestamps, setting the access
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| 194 | and modification times of the given files to the current time. Files that do
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| 195 | not exist are created with zero length.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 196 |
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[978d0bf] | 197 | <para><command>tr</command> translates, squeezes, and deletes the given
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| 198 | characters from standard input.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 199 |
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[978d0bf] | 200 | <para><command>true</command> does nothing, successfully. It always exits
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| 201 | with a status code indicating success.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 202 |
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[978d0bf] | 203 | <para><command>tsort</command> performs a topological sort. It writes a
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| 204 | totally ordered list according to the partial ordering in a given file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 205 |
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[978d0bf] | 206 | <para><command>tty</command> reports the file name of the terminal
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| 207 | connected to standard input.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 208 |
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[978d0bf] | 209 | <para><command>uname</command> reports system information.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 210 |
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[978d0bf] | 211 | <para><command>unexpand</command> converts spaces to tabs.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 212 |
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[978d0bf] | 213 | <para><command>uniq</command> discards all but one of successive
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| 214 | identical lines.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 215 |
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[978d0bf] | 216 | <para><command>unlink</command> removes the given file.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 217 |
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[978d0bf] | 218 | <para><command>uptime</command> reports how long the system has been
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| 219 | running, how many users are logged on, and the system load averages.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 220 |
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[978d0bf] | 221 | <para><command>users</command> reports the names of the users currently
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| 222 | logged on.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 223 |
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[978d0bf] | 224 | <para><command>vdir</command> is the same as ls -l.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 225 |
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[978d0bf] | 226 | <para><command>wc</command> reports the number of lines, words, and bytes
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| 227 | for each given file, and a total line when more than one file is given.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 228 |
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[978d0bf] | 229 | <para><command>who</command> reports who is logged on.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 230 |
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[978d0bf] | 231 | <para><command>whoami</command> reports the user name associated with the
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| 232 | current effective user ID.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 233 |
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[978d0bf] | 234 | <para><command>yes</command> outputs 'y' or a given string repeatedly,
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| 235 | until killed.</para>
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[7acaebe] | 236 |
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| 237 | </sect2>
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| 238 |
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