%general-entities; ]> Set up a good working environment by creating two new startup files for the bash shell. While logged in as user lfs, issue the following command to create a new .bash_profile: cat > ~/.bash_profile << "EOF" exec env -i HOME=$HOME TERM=$TERM PS1='\u:\w\$ ' /bin/bash EOF When logged on as user lfs, or when switched to the &lfs-user; user using an su command with the - option, the initial shell is a login shell which reads the /etc/profile of the host (probably containing some settings and environment variables) and then .bash_profile. The exec env -i.../bin/bash command in the .bash_profile file replaces the running shell with a new one with a completely empty environment, except for the HOME, TERM, and PS1 variables. This ensures that no unwanted and potentially hazardous environment variables from the host system leak into the build environment. The new instance of the shell is a non-login shell, which does not read, and execute, the contents of the /etc/profile or .bash_profile files, but rather reads, and executes, the .bashrc file instead. Create the .bashrc file now: cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu PATH=/usr/bin if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT PATH CONFIG_SITE EOF cat > ~/.bashrc << "EOF" set +h umask 022 LFS=/mnt/lfs LC_ALL=POSIX LFS_TGT=x86_64-lfs-linux-gnu LFS_TGT32=i686-lfs-linux-gnu LFS_TGTX32=x86_64-lfs-linux-gnux32 PATH=/usr/bin if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site export LFS LC_ALL LFS_TGT LFS_TGT32 LFS_TGTX32 PATH EOF set +h The set +h command turns off bash's hash function. Hashing is ordinarily a useful feature—bash uses a hash table to remember the full path to executable files to avoid searching the PATH time and again to find the same executable. However, the new tools should be used as soon as they are installed. Switching off the hash function forces the shell to search the PATH whenever a program is to be run. As such, the shell will find the newly compiled tools in $LFS/tools/bin as soon as they are available without remembering a previous version of the same program provided by the host distro, in /usr/bin or /bin. umask 022 Setting the user file-creation mask (umask) to 022 ensures that newly created files and directories are only writable by their owner, but are readable and executable by anyone (assuming default modes are used by the open(2) system call, new files will end up with permission mode 644 and directories with mode 755). LFS=/mnt/lfs The LFS variable should be set to the chosen mount point. LC_ALL=POSIX The LC_ALL variable controls the localization of certain programs, making their messages follow the conventions of a specified country. Setting LC_ALL to POSIX or C (the two are equivalent) ensures that everything will work as expected in the cross-compilation environment. LFS_TGT=$(uname -m)-lfs-linux-gnu The LFS_TGT variable sets a non-default, but compatible machine description for use when building our cross-compiler and linker and when cross-compiling our temporary toolchain. More information is provided by . PATH=/usr/bin Many modern Linux distributions have merged /bin and /usr/bin. When this is the case, the standard PATH variable should be set to /usr/bin/ for the environment. When this is not the case, the following line adds /bin to the path. if [ ! -L /bin ]; then PATH=/bin:$PATH; fi If /bin is not a symbolic link, it must be added to the PATH variable. PATH=$LFS/tools/bin:$PATH By putting $LFS/tools/bin ahead of the standard PATH, the cross-compiler installed at the beginning of is picked up by the shell immediately after its installation. This, combined with turning off hashing, limits the risk that the compiler from the host is used instead of the cross-compiler. CONFIG_SITE=$LFS/usr/share/config.site In and , if this variable is not set, configure scripts may attempt to load configuration items specific to some distributions from /usr/share/config.site on the host system. Override it to prevent potential contamination from the host. export ... While the preceding commands have set some variables, in order to make them visible within any sub-shells, we export them. Several commercial distributions add an undocumented instantiation of /etc/bash.bashrc to the initialization of bash. This file has the potential to modify the lfs user's environment in ways that can affect the building of critical LFS packages. To make sure the lfs user's environment is clean, check for the presence of /etc/bash.bashrc and, if present, move it out of the way. As the root user, run: [ ! -e /etc/bash.bashrc ] || mv -v /etc/bash.bashrc /etc/bash.bashrc.NOUSE When the lfs user is no longer needed (at the beginning of ), you may safely restore /etc/bash.bashrc (if desired). Note that the LFS Bash package we will build in is not configured to load or execute /etc/bash.bashrc, so this file is useless on a completed LFS system. For many modern systems with multiple processors (or cores) the compilation time for a package can be reduced by performing a "parallel make" by telling the make program how many processors are available via a command line option or an environment variable. For instance, an Intel Core i9-13900K processor has 8 P (performance) cores and 16 E (efficiency) cores, and a P core can simultaneously run two threads so each P core are modeled as two logical cores by the Linux kernel. As the result there are 32 logical cores in total. One obvious way to use all these logical cores is allowing make to spawn up to 32 build jobs. This can be done by passing the -j32 option to make: make -j32 Or set the MAKEFLAGS environment variable and its content will be automatically used by make as command line options: export MAKEFLAGS=-j32 Never pass a -j option without a number to make or set such an option in MAKEFLAGS. Doing so will allow make to spawn infinite build jobs and cause system stability problems. To use all logical cores available for building packages in and , set MAKEFLAGS now in .bashrc: cat >> ~/.bashrc << "EOF" export MAKEFLAGS=-j$(nproc) EOF Replace $(nproc) with the number of logical cores you want to use if you don't want to use all the logical cores. Finally, to ensure the environment is fully prepared for building the temporary tools, force the bash shell to read the new user profile: source ~/.bash_profile