[673b0d8] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.3//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.3/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 3 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 4 | %general-entities;
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| 5 | ]>
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[3be4d97] | 6 | <sect1 id="ch-system-binutils" xreflabel="Binutils">
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[673b0d8] | 7 | <title>Binutils-&binutils-version;</title>
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| 8 | <?dbhtml filename="binutils.html"?>
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| 9 |
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| 10 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils"><primary sortas="a-Binutils">Binutils</primary></indexterm>
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[6370fa6] | 11 |
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[5888299] | 12 | <para>The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other tools for
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| 13 | handling object files.</para>
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| 14 |
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[673b0d8] | 15 | <screen>&buildtime; 1.4 SBU
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| 16 | &diskspace; 167 MB</screen>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <para>Binutils installation depends on: Bash, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Gettext,
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| 19 | Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, Sed, Texinfo.</para>
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[3554fa3a] | 20 |
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[73aedd1d] | 21 |
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| 22 |
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| 23 | <sect2><title>Installation of Binutils</title>
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| 24 |
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| 25 | <para>Now is an appropriate time to verify that your pseudo terminals (PTYs) are
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| 26 | working properly inside the chroot environment. We will again quickly check that
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| 27 | everything is set up correctly by performing a simple test:</para>
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| 28 |
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| 29 | <screen><userinput>expect -c "spawn ls"</userinput></screen>
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| 30 |
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| 31 | <para>If you receive the message:</para>
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| 32 |
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| 33 | <blockquote><screen>The system has no more ptys. Ask your system administrator to create more.</screen></blockquote>
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| 34 |
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| 35 | <para>Your chroot environment is not set up for proper PTY operation. In this
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| 36 | case there is no point in running the test suites for Binutils and GCC until you
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[3be4d97] | 37 | are able to resolve the issue. Please refer back to <xref linkend="ch-system-proc"/>
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| 38 | and the <xref linkend="ch-system-MAKEDEV"/> section and perform the recommended steps
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[d0a6c4c] | 39 | to fix the problem.</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 40 |
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| 41 | <para>This package is known to behave badly when you have changed its
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| 42 | default optimization flags (including the -march and -mcpu options).
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| 43 | Therefore, if you have defined any environment variables that override
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[673b0d8] | 44 | default optimizations, such as CFLAGS and CXXFLAGS, we recommend un-setting
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[73aedd1d] | 45 | or modifying them when building Binutils.</para>
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| 46 |
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| 47 | <para>The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils outside of the
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| 48 | source directory in a dedicated build directory:</para>
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| 49 |
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| 50 | <screen><userinput>mkdir ../binutils-build
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| 51 | cd ../binutils-build</userinput></screen>
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| 52 |
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| 53 | <para>Now prepare Binutils for compilation:</para>
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| 54 |
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[673b0d8] | 55 | <screen><userinput>../binutils-&binutils-version;/configure --prefix=/usr --enable-shared</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 56 |
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| 57 | <para>Compile the package:</para>
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| 58 |
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| 59 | <screen><userinput>make tooldir=/usr</userinput></screen>
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| 60 |
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| 61 | <para>Normally, the <emphasis>tooldir</emphasis> (the directory where the
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| 62 | executables end up) is set to $(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias), which expands
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| 63 | into, for example, <filename>/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu</filename>. Since we only
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| 64 | build for our own system, we don't need this target specific directory in
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| 65 | <filename>/usr</filename>. That setup would be used if the system was used to
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| 66 | cross-compile (for example compiling a package on an Intel machine that
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| 67 | generates code that can be executed on PowerPC machines).</para>
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| 68 |
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[90afe40d] | 69 | <important><para>The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered
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| 70 | <emphasis>critical</emphasis>. Our advice is to not skip it under any
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| 71 | circumstances.</para></important>
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| 72 |
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[73aedd1d] | 73 | <para>Test the results:</para>
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| 74 |
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| 75 | <screen><userinput>make check</userinput></screen>
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| 76 |
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[3be4d97] | 77 | <para>The test suite notes from <xref linkend="ch-tools-binutils-pass2"/> are still
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[73aedd1d] | 78 | very much appropriate here. Be sure to refer back there should you have any
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| 79 | doubts.</para>
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| 80 |
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| 81 | <para>Install the package:</para>
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| 82 |
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| 83 | <screen><userinput>make tooldir=/usr install</userinput></screen>
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| 84 |
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| 85 | <para>Install the <emphasis>libiberty</emphasis> header file that is needed by
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| 86 | some packages:</para>
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| 87 |
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[673b0d8] | 88 | <screen><userinput>cp ../binutils-&binutils-version;/include/libiberty.h /usr/include</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 89 |
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| 90 | </sect2>
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[6370fa6] | 91 |
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[5888299] | 92 |
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[673b0d8] | 93 | <sect2 id="contents-binutils"><title>Contents of Binutils</title>
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| 94 |
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| 95 | <para><emphasis>Installed programs</emphasis>: addr2line, ar, as, c++filt,
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| 96 | gprof, ld, nm, objcopy, objdump, ranlib, readelf, size, strings and
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| 97 | strip</para>
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| 98 |
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| 99 | <para><emphasis>Installed libraries</emphasis>: libiberty.a, libbfd.[a,so] and
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| 100 | libopcodes.[a,so]</para>
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| 101 |
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| 102 | </sect2>
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| 103 |
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| 104 |
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| 105 | <sect2><title>Short descriptions</title>
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| 106 |
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| 107 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils addr2line"><primary sortas="b-addr2line">addr2line</primary></indexterm>
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| 108 | <para id="addr2line"><command>addr2line</command> translates program addresses to file
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| 109 | names and line numbers. Given an address and the name of an executable, it
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| 110 | uses the debugging information in the executable to figure out which source
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| 111 | file and line number are associated with the address.</para>
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| 112 |
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| 113 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ar"><primary sortas="b-ar">ar</primary></indexterm>
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| 114 | <para id="ar"><command>ar</command> creates, modifies, and extracts from archives. An archive
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| 115 | is a single file holding a collection of other files in a structure that makes
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| 116 | it possible to retrieve the original individual files (called members of
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| 117 | the archive).</para>
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| 118 |
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| 119 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils as"><primary sortas="b-as">as</primary></indexterm>
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| 120 | <para id="as"><command>as</command> is an assembler. It assembles the output of
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| 121 | gcc into object files.</para>
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| 122 |
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| 123 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils c-filt"><primary sortas="b-c++filt">c++filt</primary></indexterm>
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| 124 | <para id="c-filt"><command>c++filt</command> is used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and
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| 125 | Java symbols, to keep overloaded functions from clashing.</para>
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| 126 |
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| 127 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils gprof"><primary sortas="b-gprof">gprof</primary></indexterm>
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| 128 | <para id="gprof"><command>gprof</command> displays call graph profile data.</para>
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| 129 |
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| 130 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ld"><primary sortas="b-ld">ld</primary></indexterm>
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| 131 | <para id="ld"><command>ld</command> is a linker. It combines a number of object
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| 132 | and archive files into a single file, relocating their data and tying up symbol
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| 133 | references.</para>
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| 134 |
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| 135 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils nm"><primary sortas="b-nm">nm</primary></indexterm>
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| 136 | <para id="nm"><command>nm</command> lists the symbols occurring in a given object file.</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 137 |
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[673b0d8] | 138 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils objcopy"><primary sortas="b-objcopy">objcopy</primary></indexterm>
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| 139 | <para id="objcopy"><command>objcopy</command> is used to translate one type of object
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| 140 | file into another.</para>
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| 141 |
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| 142 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils objdump"><primary sortas="b-objdump">objdump</primary></indexterm>
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| 143 | <para id="objdump"><command>objdump</command> displays information about the given
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| 144 | object file, with options controlling what particular information to display.
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| 145 | The information shown is mostly only useful to programmers who are working on
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| 146 | the compilation tools.</para>
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| 147 |
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| 148 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ranlib"><primary sortas="b-ranlib">ranlib</primary></indexterm>
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| 149 | <para id="ranlib"><command>ranlib</command> generates an index of the contents of an
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| 150 | archive, and stores it in the archive. The index lists all the symbols defined
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| 151 | by archive members that are relocatable object files.</para>
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| 152 |
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| 153 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils readelf"><primary sortas="b-readelf">readelf</primary></indexterm>
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| 154 | <para id="readelf"><command>readelf</command> displays information about elf type binaries.</para>
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| 155 |
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| 156 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils size"><primary sortas="b-size">size</primary></indexterm>
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| 157 | <para id="size"><command>size</command> lists the section sizes -- and the grand
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| 158 | total -- for the given object files.</para>
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| 159 |
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| 160 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils strings"><primary sortas="b-strings">strings</primary></indexterm>
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| 161 | <para id="strings"><command>strings</command> outputs, for each given file, the sequences
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| 162 | of printable characters that are of at least the specified length (defaulting to 4).
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| 163 | For object files it prints, by default, only the strings from the initializing
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| 164 | and loading sections. For other types of files it scans the whole file.</para>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils strip"><primary sortas="b-strip">strip</primary></indexterm>
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| 167 | <para id="strip"><command>strip</command> discards symbols from object files.</para>
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| 168 |
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| 169 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libiberty"><primary sortas="c-libiberty">libiberty</primary></indexterm>
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| 170 | <para id="libiberty"><command>libiberty</command> contains routines used by various GNU
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| 171 | programs, including getopt, obstack, strerror, strtol and strtoul.</para>
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| 172 |
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| 173 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libbfd"><primary sortas="c-libbfd">libbfd</primary></indexterm>
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| 174 | <para id="libbfd"><command>libbfd</command> is the Binary File Descriptor library.</para>
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| 175 |
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| 176 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libopcodes"><primary sortas="c-libopcodes">libopcodes</primary></indexterm>
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| 177 | <para id="libopcodes"><command>libopcodes</command> is a library for dealing with opcodes.
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| 178 | It is used for building utilities like objdump. Opcodes are the <quote>readable
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| 179 | text</quote> versions of instructions for the processor.</para>
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| 180 |
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| 181 | </sect2>
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| 182 |
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| 183 |
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| 184 |
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| 185 | </sect1>
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