1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
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15 | </indexterm>
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16 |
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17 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
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19 | </indexterm>
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20 |
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21 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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22 | <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
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23 | </indexterm>
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24 |
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25 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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26 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
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27 | </indexterm>
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28 |
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29 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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30 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
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31 | </indexterm>
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32 |
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33 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
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34 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
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35 | </indexterm>
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36 |
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37 | <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet.
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38 | In order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which
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39 | will be replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the
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40 | software has been installed:</para>
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41 |
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42 | <screen><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,chmod,dd,echo,ln,mkdir,pwd,rm,stty,touch} /bin
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43 | ln -sv /tools/bin/{env,install,perl,printf} /usr/bin
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44 | ln -sv /tools/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1} /usr/lib
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45 | ln -sv /tools/lib/libstdc++.{a,so{,.6}} /usr/lib
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46 | ln -sv /tools/lib/libfl.so* /usr/lib
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47 |
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48 | ln -sv bash /bin/sh
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49 |
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50 | for lib in blkid mount uuid fdisk
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51 | do
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52 | ln -sv /tools/lib/lib$lib.so* /usr/lib
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53 | sed 's|/tools|/usr|' /tools/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc \
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54 | > /usr/lib/pkgconfig/${lib}.pc
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55 | done
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56 | for incdir in blkid libmount uuid libfdisk
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57 | do
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58 | ln -svf /tools/include/$incdir /usr/include
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59 | done
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60 |
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61 | mkdir -pv /tools/lib/locale
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62 | ln -sv /usr/lib/locale/locale-archive /tools/lib/locale</userinput></screen>
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63 |
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64 | <variablelist>
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65 | <title>The purpose of each link:</title>
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66 |
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67 | <varlistentry>
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68 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/bash</filename></parameter></term>
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69 | <listitem>
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70 | <para>Many <command>bash</command> scripts specify
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71 | <filename>/bin/bash</filename>.</para>
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72 | </listitem>
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73 | </varlistentry>
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74 |
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75 | <varlistentry>
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76 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/cat</filename></parameter></term>
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77 | <listitem>
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78 | <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Glibc's configure script.</para>
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79 | </listitem>
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80 | </varlistentry>
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81 |
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82 | <varlistentry>
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83 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/dd</filename></parameter></term>
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84 | <listitem>
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85 | <para>The path to <filename>dd</filename> will be hard-coded into the
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86 | <filename>/usr/bin/libtool</filename> utility.</para>
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87 | </listitem>
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88 | </varlistentry>
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89 |
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90 | <varlistentry>
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91 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/echo</filename></parameter></term>
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92 | <listitem>
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93 | <para>This is to satisfy one of the tests in Glibc's test suite, which
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94 | expects <filename>/bin/echo</filename>.</para>
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95 | </listitem>
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96 | </varlistentry>
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97 |
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98 | <varlistentry>
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99 | <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/env</filename></parameter></term>
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100 | <listitem>
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101 | <para>This pathname is hard-coded into some packages build procedures.
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102 | <!-- systemd This may not be needed if we move sysd to the end--></para>
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103 | </listitem>
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104 | </varlistentry>
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105 |
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106 | <varlistentry>
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107 | <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/install</filename></parameter></term>
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108 | <listitem>
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109 | <para>The path to <filename>install</filename> will be hard-coded into
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110 | the <filename>/usr/lib/bash/Makefile.inc</filename> file.</para>
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111 | </listitem>
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112 | </varlistentry>
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113 |
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114 | <varlistentry>
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115 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/ln</filename></parameter></term>
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116 | <listitem>
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117 | <para>The path to <filename>ln</filename> will be hard-coded into the
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118 | <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
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119 | file.</para>
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120 | </listitem>
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121 | </varlistentry>
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122 |
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123 | <varlistentry>
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124 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/pwd</filename></parameter></term>
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125 | <listitem>
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126 | <para>Some <command>configure</command> scripts, particularly Glibc's,
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127 | have this pathname hard-coded.</para>
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128 | </listitem>
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129 | </varlistentry>
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130 |
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131 | <varlistentry>
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132 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/rm</filename></parameter></term>
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133 | <listitem>
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134 | <para>The path to <filename>rm</filename> will be hard-coded into the
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135 | <filename>/usr/lib/perl5/&perl-version;/<target-triplet>/Config_heavy.pl</filename>
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136 | file.</para>
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137 | </listitem>
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138 | </varlistentry>
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139 |
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140 | <varlistentry>
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141 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/stty</filename></parameter></term>
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142 | <listitem>
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143 | <para>This pathname is hard-coded into Expect, therefore it is needed
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144 | for Binutils and GCC test suites to pass.</para>
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145 | </listitem>
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146 | </varlistentry>
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147 |
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148 | <varlistentry>
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149 | <term><parameter><filename>/usr/bin/perl</filename></parameter></term>
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150 | <listitem>
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151 | <para>Many Perl scripts hard-code this path to the
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152 | <command>perl</command> program.</para>
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153 | </listitem>
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154 | </varlistentry>
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155 |
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156 | <varlistentry>
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157 | <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libgcc_s.so{,.1}</filename></parameter></term>
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158 | <listitem>
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159 | <para>Glibc needs this for the pthreads library to work.</para>
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160 | </listitem>
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161 | </varlistentry>
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162 |
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163 | <varlistentry>
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164 | <term><parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libstdc++{,.6}</filename></parameter></term>
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165 | <listitem>
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166 | <para>This is needed by several tests in Glibc's test suite, as well as
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167 | for C++ support in GMP.</para>
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168 | </listitem>
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169 | </varlistentry>
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170 |
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171 | <varlistentry>
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172 | <term><parameter><filename>/bin/sh</filename></parameter></term>
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173 | <listitem>
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174 | <para>Many shell scripts hard-code <filename>/bin/sh</filename>.</para>
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175 | </listitem>
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176 | </varlistentry>
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177 |
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178 | <varlistentry>
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179 | <term>
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180 | <parameter><filename>/usr/lib/libfl.so*</filename></parameter>
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181 | </term>
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182 | <listitem>
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183 | <para>This link allows binutils to find the flex library, and to
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184 | build enhanced versions of ar and ranlib.</para>
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185 | </listitem>
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186 | </varlistentry>
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187 |
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188 | <varlistentry>
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189 | <term>
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190 | <parameter>
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191 | <filename>/usr/lib/lib{blkid,fdisk,mount,uuid}.so*</filename>,
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192 | <filename>/usr/include/{blkid,libfdisk,libmount,uuid}</filename>,
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193 | <filename>/usr/lib/pkgconfig/{blkid,fdisk,mount,uuid}.pc</filename>
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194 | </parameter>
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195 | </term>
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196 | <listitem>
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197 | <para>These links and files allow
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198 | <phrase revision="sysv">eudev</phrase>
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199 | <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase> to find the
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200 | util-linux libraries installed in chapter 5, without creating
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201 | wrong references to /tools. The uuid library is also needed for
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202 | building a python module.</para>
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203 | </listitem>
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204 | </varlistentry>
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205 |
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206 | <varlistentry>
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207 | <term>
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208 | <parameter>
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209 | <filename>/tools/lib/locale/locale-archive</filename>
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210 | </parameter>
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211 | </term>
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212 | <listitem>
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213 | <para>Some programs built in chapter 5 look for installed
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214 | locale descriptions in this file. The locale descriptions will be
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215 | installed in <filename>/usr/lib/locale/locale-archive</filename>
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216 | after building the final glibc. The symlink allows those programs
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217 | to use the installed locales.</para>
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218 | </listitem>
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219 | </varlistentry>
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220 |
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221 | </variablelist>
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222 |
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223 | <para>Historically, Linux maintains a list of the mounted file systems in the
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224 | file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
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225 | internally and exposes it to the user via the <filename
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226 | class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
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227 | expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
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228 | symbolic link:</para>
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229 |
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230 | <screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>
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231 |
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232 | <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
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233 | able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
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234 | must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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235 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
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236 |
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237 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
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238 | command:</para>
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239 |
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240 | <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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241 | <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
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242 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
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243 | daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
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244 | messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
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245 | nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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246 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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247 |
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248 | <screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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249 | <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
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250 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/bin/false
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251 | daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/bin/false
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252 | messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/var/run/dbus:/bin/false
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253 | systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:72:systemd Bus Proxy:/:/bin/false
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254 | systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/bin/false
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255 | systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/bin/false
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256 | systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/bin/false
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257 | systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/bin/false
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258 | systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/bin/false
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259 | systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/bin/false
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260 | systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/bin/false
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261 | nobody:x:99:99:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/bin/false</literal>
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262 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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263 |
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264 | <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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265 | (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>
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266 |
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267 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
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268 | command:</para>
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269 |
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270 | <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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271 | <literal>root:x:0:
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272 | bin:x:1:daemon
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273 | sys:x:2:
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274 | kmem:x:3:
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275 | tape:x:4:
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276 | tty:x:5:
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277 | daemon:x:6:
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278 | floppy:x:7:
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279 | disk:x:8:
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280 | lp:x:9:
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281 | dialout:x:10:
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282 | audio:x:11:
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283 | video:x:12:
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284 | utmp:x:13:
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285 | usb:x:14:
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286 | cdrom:x:15:
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287 | adm:x:16:
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288 | messagebus:x:18:
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289 | input:x:24:
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290 | mail:x:34:
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291 | kvm:x:61:
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292 | wheel:x:97:
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293 | nogroup:x:99:
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294 | users:x:999:</literal>
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295 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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296 |
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297 | <screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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298 | <literal>root:x:0:
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299 | bin:x:1:daemon
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300 | sys:x:2:
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301 | kmem:x:3:
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302 | tape:x:4:
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303 | tty:x:5:
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304 | daemon:x:6:
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305 | floppy:x:7:
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306 | disk:x:8:
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307 | lp:x:9:
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308 | dialout:x:10:
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309 | audio:x:11:
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310 | video:x:12:
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311 | utmp:x:13:
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312 | usb:x:14:
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313 | cdrom:x:15:
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314 | adm:x:16:
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315 | messagebus:x:18:
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316 | systemd-journal:x:23:
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317 | input:x:24:
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318 | mail:x:34:
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319 | kvm:x:61:
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320 | systemd-bus-proxy:x:72:
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321 | systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:
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322 | systemd-journal-remote:x:74:
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323 | systemd-journal-upload:x:75:
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324 | systemd-network:x:76:
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325 | systemd-resolve:x:77:
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326 | systemd-timesync:x:78:
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327 | systemd-coredump:x:79:
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328 | wheel:x:97:
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329 | nogroup:x:99:
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330 | users:x:999:</literal>
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331 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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332 |
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333 | <para>The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups
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334 | decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
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335 | chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
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336 | Linux distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users
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337 | or groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
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338 | url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group
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339 | <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
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340 | a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
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341 | present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
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342 | administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
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343 | rather use the group's name.</para>
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344 |
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345 | <para>Some tests later in the chapter need a regular user. We add this
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346 | user here and delete this account at the end of the chapter.</para>
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347 |
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348 | <screen><userinput>echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
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349 | echo "tester:x:101:dummy" >> /etc/group
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350 | install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput></screen>
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351 |
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352 | <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
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353 | shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
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354 | linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
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355 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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356 | files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
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357 | work:</para>
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358 |
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359 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
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360 |
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361 | <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
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362 | <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
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363 | directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
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364 | executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
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365 | installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
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366 | of this chapter.</para>
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367 |
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368 | <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
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369 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
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370 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
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371 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
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372 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
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373 | proper permissions:</para>
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374 |
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375 | <screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
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376 | chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
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377 | chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog
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378 | chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
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379 |
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380 | <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
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381 | logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each
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382 | user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records
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383 | failed login attempts. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records
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384 | the bad login attempts.</para>
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385 |
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386 | <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
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387 | are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot
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388 | scripts.</para></note>
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389 |
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390 | </sect1>
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