1 | <sect1 id="ch-system-MAKEDEV" xreflabel="Make_devices">
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2 | <title>Creating devices with Make_devices-&makedev-version;</title>
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3 | <?dbhtml filename="makedevices.html" dir="chapter06"?>
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4 |
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5 | <para>The Make_devices package contains a script for creating device
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6 | nodes.</para>
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7 |
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8 | <screen>&buildtime; &makedev-time;
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9 | &diskspace; &makedev-compsize;</screen>
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10 |
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11 | &aa-makedev-down;
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12 | &aa-makedev-dep;
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13 |
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14 | <sect2><title> </title><para> </para></sect2>
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15 |
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16 | <sect2>
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17 | <title>Making devices</title>
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18 |
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19 | <para>Note that unpacking the
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20 | <filename>make_devices-&makedev-version;.bz2</filename> file doesn't
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21 | create a directory for you to <command>cd</command> into, as the file
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22 | contains only a shell script.</para>
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23 |
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24 | <para>Install the <filename>make_devices</filename> script:</para>
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25 |
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26 | <screen><userinput>bzcat make_devices-&makedev-version;.bz2 > /dev/make_devices
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27 | chmod 754 /dev/make_devices</userinput></screen>
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28 |
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29 | <para>Device nodes are special files: things that can generate or receive data.
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30 | They usually correspond to physical pieces of hardware, and can be created by
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31 | issuing commands of the form: <command>mknod -m mode name type major
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32 | minor</command>. In such a command, <emphasis>mode</emphasis> is the usual
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33 | octal read/write/execute permissions triplet, and <emphasis>name</emphasis> is
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34 | the name of the device file to be created. It may seem surprising, but the
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35 | device name is actually arbitrary, except that most programs rely on devices
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36 | such as <filename>/dev/null</filename> having their usual names. The remaining
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37 | three parameters tell the kernel what piece of hardware the device node
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38 | actually refers to. The <emphasis>type</emphasis> is a letter, either b or c,
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39 | indicating whether the device is accessed in blocks (such as a hard disk) or
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40 | character by character (such as the console). And <emphasis>major</emphasis>
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41 | and <emphasis>minor</emphasis> are numbers, together forming a code that
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42 | identifies the device to the kernel. A list of the currently assigned device
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43 | numbers for Linux can be found in the file <filename>devices.txt</filename> in
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44 | the <filename class="directory">Documentation</filename> subdirectory of the
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45 | kernel sources.</para>
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46 |
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47 | <para>Note that the same major/minor combination are usually assigned to both a
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48 | block and a character device. These are, however, completely unrelated devices
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49 | that cannot be interchanged. A device is identified by the type/major/minor
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50 | triple, not just the major/minor pair, so when creating a device node it is
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51 | important to choose the correct <emphasis>type</emphasis> of device.</para>
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52 |
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53 | <para>Because looking up the type/major/minor triples and using
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54 | <command>mknod</command> manually is tedious and error-prone, the
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55 | <filename>make_devices</filename> script has been created. It contains a whole
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56 | series of <command>mknod</command> commands, one for each device, complete with
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57 | recommended name, permissions and group assignment. It has been set up so that
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58 | only a minimal set of commonly used devices is enabled and the other lines are
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59 | commented out. You should open <filename>make_devices</filename> in an editor
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60 | and customize it to your needs. This takes some time, but is very simple. When
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61 | you are satisfied, run the script to create the device files:</para>
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62 |
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63 | <screen><userinput>cd /dev
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64 | ./make_devices</userinput></screen>
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65 |
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66 | <para>(The FHS states that there should be a <filename>MAKEDEV</filename>
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67 | script present in the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory.
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68 | But the FHS is mistaken: it should not dictate anything about files, and limit
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69 | itself to directories.)</para>
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70 |
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71 | <para>If you had success with mounting the devpts file system earlier in <xref
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72 | linkend="ch-system-proc"/>, you can continue with the next section. If you were
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73 | unable to mount devpts, now is the time to try the alternatives. If your kernel
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74 | supports the devfs file system, run the following command to mount
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75 | devfs:</para>
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76 |
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77 | <screen><userinput>mount -t devfs devfs /dev</userinput></screen>
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78 |
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79 | <para>This will mount the devfs file system over the top of the new static
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80 | <filename>/dev</filename> structure. This poses no problems, as the device
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81 | nodes created are still present, they are just hidden by the new devfs file
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82 | system.</para>
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83 |
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84 | <para>If that didn't work either, the only option left is to create a few ptyXX
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85 | and ttyXX device nodes. To do this, open <filename>make_devices</filename> in
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86 | your editor, go to the section "Pseudo-TTY masters" and enable as many ptyXX
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87 | devices as you think you will need (one for every active xterm, ssh connection,
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88 | telnet connection, and so on). In the immediately following section "Pseudo-TTY
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89 | slaves", enable the corresponding ttyXX devices. When you are done, rerun
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90 | <command>./make_devices</command> from inside <filename>/dev</filename> to have
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91 | it create the new devices.</para>
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92 |
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93 | </sect2>
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94 |
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95 | &aa-makedev-shortdesc;
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96 | &aa-makedev-desc;
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97 |
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98 | </sect1>
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99 |
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