[673b0d8] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[1770019] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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[673b0d8] | 3 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 4 | %general-entities;
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| 5 | ]>
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[81fd230] | 6 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
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[673b0d8] | 7 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
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| 8 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
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| 9 |
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| 10 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow"><primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary></indexterm>
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[6370fa6] | 11 |
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[a001133] | 12 | <sect2 role="package"><title/>
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[81fd230] | 13 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure
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| 14 | way.</para>
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[5888299] | 15 |
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[a001133] | 16 | <segmentedlist>
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| 17 | <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
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| 18 | <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
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[fc1024a] | 19 | <seglistitem><seg>0.4 SBU</seg><seg>13.7 MB</seg></seglistitem>
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[a001133] | 20 | </segmentedlist>
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[673b0d8] | 21 |
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[81fd230] | 22 | <segmentedlist>
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[45992ae] | 23 | <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
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[81fd230] | 24 | <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
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| 25 | Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</seg></seglistitem>
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| 26 | </segmentedlist>
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[a001133] | 27 | </sect2>
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[3554fa3a] | 28 |
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[a001133] | 29 | <sect2 role="installation">
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[73aedd1d] | 30 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
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| 31 |
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[6820da0] | 32 | <para>Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 33 |
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[7111666] | 34 | <screen><userinput>./configure --libdir=/lib --enable-shared</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 35 |
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[81fd230] | 36 | <para>Remove the installation of the <command>groups</command> program, and its man page as
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| 37 | Coreutils provides a better version:</para>
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[98fcc37] | 38 |
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| 39 | <screen><userinput>sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
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| 40 | sed -i '/groups/d' man/Makefile</userinput></screen>
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| 41 |
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[73aedd1d] | 42 | <para>Compile the package:</para>
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| 43 |
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| 44 | <screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
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| 45 |
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[81fd230] | 46 | <para>Install the package:</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 47 |
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| 48 | <screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
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| 49 |
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[81fd230] | 50 | <para id="shadow-limits-login_access">Shadow uses two files to configure
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| 51 | authentication settings for the system. Install these two config files:</para>
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| 52 |
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| 53 | <indexterm zone="shadow-limits-login_access"><primary sortas="e-/etc/limits">/etc/limits</primary></indexterm>
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| 54 | <indexterm zone="shadow-limits-login_access"><primary sortas="e-/etc/login.access">/etc/login.access</primary></indexterm>
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[73aedd1d] | 55 |
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| 56 | <screen><userinput>cp etc/{limits,login.access} /etc</userinput></screen>
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| 57 |
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[81fd230] | 58 | <para id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method,
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| 59 | use the more secure <emphasis>MD5</emphasis> method of password
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| 60 | encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It
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| 61 | is also necessary to change the obsolete <filename
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| 62 | class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location for user
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| 63 | mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
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| 64 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Both
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| 65 | of these can be accomplished by changing the relevant configuration
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| 66 | file while copying it to its destination:</para>
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| 67 |
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| 68 | <indexterm zone="shadow-login_defs"><primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary></indexterm>
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[c21999c6] | 69 |
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[82167e6] | 70 | <screen><userinput>sed -e's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
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[fcbc348] | 71 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
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[8dd97c92] | 72 | etc/login.defs.linux > /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 73 |
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[81fd230] | 74 | <para>Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 75 |
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[85bbe03] | 76 | <screen><userinput>mv /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 77 |
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[c851a9a] | 78 | <beginpage/>
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| 79 |
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[81fd230] | 80 | <para>Move Shadow's libraries to more appropriate locations:</para>
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[73aedd1d] | 81 |
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[d72e04a] | 82 | <screen><userinput>mv /lib/libshadow.*a /usr/lib
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| 83 | rm /lib/libshadow.so
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[7111666] | 84 | ln -sf ../../lib/libshadow.so.0 /usr/lib/libshadow.so</userinput></screen>
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[73aedd1d] | 85 |
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[81fd230] | 86 | <para>The <parameter>-D</parameter> option of the
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| 87 | <command>useradd</command> program requires the <filename
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| 88 | class="directory">/etc/default</filename> directory for it to work
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| 89 | properly:</para>
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[638a816e] | 90 |
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| 91 | <screen><userinput>mkdir /etc/default</userinput></screen>
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| 92 |
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[73aedd1d] | 93 | </sect2>
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[24351aa] | 94 |
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[2309b72] | 95 |
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[df8334f] | 96 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration"><title>Configuring Shadow</title>
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[81fd230] | 97 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
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| 98 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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| 99 | <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
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| 100 |
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| 101 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users
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| 102 | and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other
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| 103 | administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what
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| 104 | <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> means, see the
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| 105 | <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source tree.
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| 106 | If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
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| 107 | verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.)
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[4c5177f] | 108 | must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
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[81fd230] | 109 | shadowed passwords.</para>
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| 110 |
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| 111 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
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[2309b72] | 112 |
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[cd1ddd7] | 113 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
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[2309b72] | 114 |
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[673b0d8] | 115 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
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[2309b72] | 116 |
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[cd1ddd7] | 117 | <screen><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
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[2309b72] | 118 |
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[81fd230] | 119 | <para>Under normal circumstances, passwords will not have been created
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| 120 | yet. However, if returning to this section later to enable shadowing,
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| 121 | reset any current user passwords with the <command>passwd</command>
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| 122 | command or any group passwords with the <command>gpasswd</command>
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| 123 | command.</para>
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| 124 |
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[2309b72] | 125 | </sect2>
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| 126 |
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[c21999c6] | 127 |
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[df8334f] | 128 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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[2309b72] | 129 | <title>Setting the root password</title>
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| 130 |
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[81fd230] | 131 | <para>Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it
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| 132 | by running:</para>
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[2309b72] | 133 |
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| 134 | <screen><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
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| 135 | </sect2>
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[24351aa] | 136 |
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[5888299] | 137 |
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[c6cb3aa] | 138 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content"><title>Contents of Shadow</title>
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[673b0d8] | 139 |
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[81fd230] | 140 | <segmentedlist>
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| 141 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
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| 142 | <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
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| 143 | <seglistitem><seg>chage, chfn, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
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| 144 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, groups, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login,
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| 145 | logoutd, mkpasswd, newgrp, newusers, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg
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| 146 | (link to newgrp), useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
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[f90e0f0] | 147 | <seg>libshadow.[a,so]</seg>
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[81fd230] | 148 | </seglistitem>
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| 149 | </segmentedlist>
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| 150 |
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| 151 | <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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| 152 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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[8f97096] | 153 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
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[81fd230] | 154 |
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| 155 | <varlistentry id="chage">
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| 156 | <term><command>chage</command></term>
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| 157 | <listitem>
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| 158 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
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| 159 | password changes</para>
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| 160 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage"><primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary></indexterm>
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| 161 | </listitem>
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| 162 | </varlistentry>
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| 163 |
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| 164 | <varlistentry id="chfn">
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| 165 | <term><command>chfn</command></term>
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| 166 | <listitem>
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| 167 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other info</para>
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| 168 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn"><primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary></indexterm>
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| 169 | </listitem>
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| 170 | </varlistentry>
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| 171 |
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| 172 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
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| 173 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
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| 174 | <listitem>
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| 175 | <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
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| 176 | accounts</para>
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| 177 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd"><primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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| 178 | </listitem>
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| 179 | </varlistentry>
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| 180 |
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| 181 | <varlistentry id="chsh">
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| 182 | <term><command>chsh</command></term>
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| 183 | <listitem>
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| 184 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
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| 185 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh"><primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary></indexterm>
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| 186 | </listitem>
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| 187 | </varlistentry>
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| 188 |
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| 189 | <varlistentry id="expiry">
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| 190 | <term><command>expiry</command></term>
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| 191 | <listitem>
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| 192 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
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| 193 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry"><primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary></indexterm>
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| 194 | </listitem>
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| 195 | </varlistentry>
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| 196 |
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| 197 | <varlistentry id="faillog">
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| 198 | <term><command>faillog</command></term>
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| 199 | <listitem>
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| 200 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of
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| 201 | failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count</para>
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| 202 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog"><primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary></indexterm>
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| 203 | </listitem>
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| 204 | </varlistentry>
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| 205 |
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| 206 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
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| 207 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
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| 208 | <listitem>
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| 209 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups</para>
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| 210 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd"><primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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| 211 | </listitem>
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| 212 | </varlistentry>
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <varlistentry id="groupadd">
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| 215 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
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| 216 | <listitem>
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| 217 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
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| 218 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd"><primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary></indexterm>
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| 219 | </listitem>
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| 220 | </varlistentry>
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| 221 |
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| 222 | <varlistentry id="groupdel">
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| 223 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
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| 224 | <listitem>
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| 225 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
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| 226 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel"><primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary></indexterm>
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| 227 | </listitem>
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| 228 | </varlistentry>
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| 229 |
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| 230 | <varlistentry id="groupmod">
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| 231 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
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| 232 | <listitem>
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| 233 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
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| 234 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod"><primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary></indexterm>
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| 235 | </listitem>
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| 236 | </varlistentry>
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| 237 |
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| 238 | <varlistentry id="groups">
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| 239 | <term><command>groups</command></term>
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| 240 | <listitem>
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| 241 | <para>Reports the groups of which the given users are members</para>
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| 242 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groups"><primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary></indexterm>
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| 243 | </listitem>
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| 244 | </varlistentry>
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| 245 |
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| 246 | <varlistentry id="grpck">
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| 247 | <term><command>grpck</command></term>
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| 248 | <listitem>
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| 249 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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| 250 | and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
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| 251 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck"><primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary></indexterm>
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| 252 | </listitem>
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| 253 | </varlistentry>
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| 254 |
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| 255 | <varlistentry id="grpconv">
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| 256 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
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| 257 | <listitem>
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| 258 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file</para>
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| 259 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv"><primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary></indexterm>
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| 260 | </listitem>
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| 261 | </varlistentry>
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| 262 |
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| 263 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
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| 264 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
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| 265 | <listitem>
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| 266 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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| 267 | from <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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| 268 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv"><primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary></indexterm>
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| 269 | </listitem>
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| 270 | </varlistentry>
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| 271 |
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| 272 | <varlistentry id="lastlog">
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| 273 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
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| 274 | <listitem>
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| 275 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user</para>
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| 276 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog"><primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary></indexterm>
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| 277 | </listitem>
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| 278 | </varlistentry>
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| 279 |
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| 280 | <varlistentry id="login">
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| 281 | <term><command>login</command></term>
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| 282 | <listitem>
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| 283 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
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| 284 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login"><primary sortas="b-login">login</primary></indexterm>
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| 285 | </listitem>
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| 286 | </varlistentry>
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| 287 |
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| 288 | <varlistentry id="logoutd">
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| 289 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
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| 290 | <listitem>
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| 291 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports</para>
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| 292 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd"><primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary></indexterm>
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| 293 | </listitem>
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| 294 | </varlistentry>
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| 295 |
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| 296 | <varlistentry id="mkpasswd">
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| 297 | <term><command>mkpasswd</command></term>
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| 298 | <listitem>
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| 299 | <para>Generates random passwords</para>
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| 300 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow mkpasswd"><primary sortas="b-mkpasswd">mkpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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| 301 | </listitem>
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| 302 | </varlistentry>
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| 303 |
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| 304 | <varlistentry id="newgrp">
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| 305 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
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| 306 | <listitem>
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| 307 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
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| 308 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp"><primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary></indexterm>
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| 309 | </listitem>
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| 310 | </varlistentry>
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| 311 |
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| 312 | <varlistentry id="newusers">
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| 313 | <term><command>newusers</command></term>
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| 314 | <listitem>
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| 315 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts</para>
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| 316 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers"><primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary></indexterm>
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| 317 | </listitem>
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| 318 | </varlistentry>
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| 319 |
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| 320 | <varlistentry id="passwd">
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| 321 | <term><command>passwd</command></term>
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| 322 | <listitem>
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| 323 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
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| 324 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd"><primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary></indexterm>
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| 325 | </listitem>
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| 326 | </varlistentry>
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| 327 |
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| 328 | <varlistentry id="pwck">
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| 329 | <term><command>pwck</command></term>
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| 330 | <listitem>
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[4c5177f] | 331 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
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[81fd230] | 332 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
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| 333 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck"><primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary></indexterm>
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| 334 | </listitem>
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| 335 | </varlistentry>
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| 336 |
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| 337 | <varlistentry id="pwconv">
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| 338 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
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| 339 | <listitem>
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| 340 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
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| 341 | password file</para>
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| 342 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv"><primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary></indexterm>
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| 343 | </listitem>
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| 344 | </varlistentry>
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| 345 |
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| 346 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
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| 347 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
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| 348 | <listitem>
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| 349 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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| 350 | from <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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| 351 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv"><primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary></indexterm>
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| 352 | </listitem>
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| 353 | </varlistentry>
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| 354 |
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| 355 | <varlistentry id="sg">
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| 356 | <term><command>sg</command></term>
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| 357 | <listitem>
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| 358 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
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| 359 | is set to that of the given group</para>
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| 360 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg"><primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary></indexterm>
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| 361 | </listitem>
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| 362 | </varlistentry>
|
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| 363 |
|
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| 364 | <varlistentry id="su">
|
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| 365 | <term><command>su</command></term>
|
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| 366 | <listitem>
|
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| 367 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su"><primary sortas="b-su">su</primary></indexterm>
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| 368 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
|
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| 369 | </listitem>
|
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| 370 | </varlistentry>
|
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| 371 |
|
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| 372 | <varlistentry id="useradd">
|
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| 373 | <term><command>useradd</command></term>
|
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| 374 | <listitem>
|
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| 375 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
|
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| 376 | new-user information</para>
|
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| 377 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd"><primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary></indexterm>
|
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| 378 | </listitem>
|
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| 379 | </varlistentry>
|
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| 380 |
|
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| 381 | <varlistentry id="userdel">
|
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| 382 | <term><command>userdel</command></term>
|
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| 383 | <listitem>
|
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| 384 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
|
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| 385 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel"><primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary></indexterm>
|
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| 386 | </listitem>
|
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| 387 | </varlistentry>
|
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| 388 |
|
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| 389 | <varlistentry id="usermod">
|
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| 390 | <term><command>usermod</command></term>
|
---|
| 391 | <listitem>
|
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| 392 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
|
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[4c5177f] | 393 | Identification (UID),
|
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[81fd230] | 394 | shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
|
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| 395 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod"><primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary></indexterm>
|
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| 396 | </listitem>
|
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| 397 | </varlistentry>
|
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| 398 |
|
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| 399 | <varlistentry id="vigr">
|
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| 400 | <term><command>vigr</command></term>
|
---|
| 401 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 402 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
|
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| 403 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
| 404 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr"><primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary></indexterm>
|
---|
| 405 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 406 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 407 |
|
---|
| 408 | <varlistentry id="vipw">
|
---|
| 409 | <term><command>vipw</command></term>
|
---|
| 410 | <listitem>
|
---|
[4c5177f] | 411 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
---|
[81fd230] | 412 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
| 413 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw"><primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary></indexterm>
|
---|
| 414 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 415 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 416 |
|
---|
| 417 | <varlistentry id="libshadow">
|
---|
| 418 | <term><filename class="libraryfile">libshadow</filename></term>
|
---|
| 419 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 420 | <para>Contains functions used by most programs in this package</para>
|
---|
| 421 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow libshadow"><primary sortas="c-libshadow">libshadow</primary></indexterm>
|
---|
| 422 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 423 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 424 | </variablelist>
|
---|
[673b0d8] | 425 |
|
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| 426 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 427 |
|
---|
| 428 | </sect1>
|
---|
[81fd230] | 429 |
|
---|