1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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3 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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4 | %general-entities;
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5 | ]>
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6 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
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7 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
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8 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
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9 |
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10 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow"><primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary></indexterm>
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11 |
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12 | <sect2 role="package"><title/>
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13 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure
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14 | way.</para>
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15 |
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16 | <segmentedlist>
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17 | <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
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18 | <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
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19 | <seglistitem><seg>0.4 SBU</seg><seg>13.7 MB</seg></seglistitem>
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20 | </segmentedlist>
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21 |
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22 | <segmentedlist>
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23 | <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
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24 | <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Bison, Coreutils,
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25 | Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, and Sed</seg></seglistitem>
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26 | </segmentedlist>
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27 | </sect2>
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28 |
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29 | <sect2 role="installation">
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30 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
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31 |
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32 | <para>Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
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33 |
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34 | <screen><userinput>./configure --libdir=/lib --enable-shared</userinput></screen>
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35 |
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36 | <para>Remove the installation of the <command>groups</command> program, and its man page as
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37 | Coreutils provides a better version:</para>
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38 |
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39 | <screen><userinput>sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile
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40 | sed -i '/groups/d' man/Makefile</userinput></screen>
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41 |
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42 | <para>Compile the package:</para>
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43 |
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44 | <screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
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45 |
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46 | <para>Install the package:</para>
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47 |
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48 | <screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
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49 |
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50 | <para id="shadow-limits-login_access">Shadow uses two files to configure
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51 | authentication settings for the system. Install these two configuration
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52 | files:</para>
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53 |
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54 | <indexterm zone="shadow-limits-login_access"><primary sortas="e-/etc/limits">/etc/limits</primary></indexterm>
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55 | <indexterm zone="shadow-limits-login_access"><primary sortas="e-/etc/login.access">/etc/login.access</primary></indexterm>
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56 |
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57 | <screen><userinput>cp etc/{limits,login.access} /etc</userinput></screen>
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58 |
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59 | <para id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method,
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60 | use the more secure <emphasis>MD5</emphasis> method of password
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61 | encryption, which also allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It
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62 | is also necessary to change the obsolete <filename
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63 | class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location for user
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64 | mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
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65 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. Both
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66 | of these can be accomplished by changing the relevant configuration
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67 | file while copying it to its destination:</para>
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68 |
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69 | <indexterm zone="shadow-login_defs"><primary sortas="e-/etc/login.defs">/etc/login.defs</primary></indexterm>
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70 |
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71 | <screen><userinput>sed -e's@#MD5_CRYPT_ENAB.no@MD5_CRYPT_ENAB yes@' \
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72 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' \
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73 | etc/login.defs.linux > /etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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74 |
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75 | <para>Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
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76 |
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77 | <screen><userinput>mv /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
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78 |
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79 | <beginpage/>
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80 |
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81 | <para>Move Shadow's libraries to more appropriate locations:</para>
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82 |
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83 | <screen><userinput>mv /lib/libshadow.*a /usr/lib
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84 | rm /lib/libshadow.so
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85 | ln -sf ../../lib/libshadow.so.0 /usr/lib/libshadow.so</userinput></screen>
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86 |
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87 | <para>The <parameter>-D</parameter> option of the
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88 | <command>useradd</command> program requires the <filename
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89 | class="directory">/etc/default</filename> directory for it to work
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90 | properly:</para>
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91 |
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92 | <screen><userinput>mkdir /etc/default</userinput></screen>
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93 |
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94 | </sect2>
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95 |
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96 |
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97 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration"><title>Configuring Shadow</title>
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98 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
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99 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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100 | <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
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101 |
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102 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users
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103 | and groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other
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104 | administrative tasks. For a full explanation of what
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105 | <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis> means, see the
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106 | <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked source tree.
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107 | If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need to
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108 | verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.)
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109 | must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
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110 | shadowed passwords.</para>
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111 |
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112 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
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113 |
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114 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
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115 |
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116 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
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117 |
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118 | <screen><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
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119 |
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120 | <para>Under normal circumstances, passwords will not have been created
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121 | yet. However, if returning to this section later to enable shadowing,
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122 | reset any current user passwords with the <command>passwd</command>
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123 | command or any group passwords with the <command>gpasswd</command>
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124 | command.</para>
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125 |
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126 | </sect2>
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127 |
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128 |
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129 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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130 | <title>Setting the root password</title>
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131 |
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132 | <para>Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it
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133 | by running:</para>
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134 |
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135 | <screen><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
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136 | </sect2>
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137 |
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138 |
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139 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content"><title>Contents of Shadow</title>
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140 |
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141 | <segmentedlist>
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142 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
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143 | <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
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144 | <seglistitem><seg>chage, chfn, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
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145 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmod, groups, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv, lastlog, login,
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146 | logoutd, mkpasswd, newgrp, newusers, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv, sg
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147 | (link to newgrp), useradd, userdel, usermod, vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
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148 | <seg>libshadow.[a,so]</seg>
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149 | </seglistitem>
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150 | </segmentedlist>
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151 |
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152 | <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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153 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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154 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
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155 |
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156 | <varlistentry id="chage">
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157 | <term><command>chage</command></term>
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158 | <listitem>
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159 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
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160 | password changes</para>
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161 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage"><primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary></indexterm>
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162 | </listitem>
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163 | </varlistentry>
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164 |
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165 | <varlistentry id="chfn">
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166 | <term><command>chfn</command></term>
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167 | <listitem>
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168 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
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169 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn"><primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary></indexterm>
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170 | </listitem>
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171 | </varlistentry>
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172 |
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173 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
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174 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
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175 | <listitem>
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176 | <para>Used to update the passwords of an entire series of user
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177 | accounts</para>
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178 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd"><primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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179 | </listitem>
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180 | </varlistentry>
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181 |
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182 | <varlistentry id="chsh">
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183 | <term><command>chsh</command></term>
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184 | <listitem>
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185 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
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186 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh"><primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary></indexterm>
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187 | </listitem>
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188 | </varlistentry>
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189 |
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190 | <varlistentry id="expiry">
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191 | <term><command>expiry</command></term>
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192 | <listitem>
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193 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
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194 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry"><primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary></indexterm>
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195 | </listitem>
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196 | </varlistentry>
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197 |
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198 | <varlistentry id="faillog">
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199 | <term><command>faillog</command></term>
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200 | <listitem>
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201 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum number of
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202 | failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the failure count</para>
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203 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog"><primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary></indexterm>
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204 | </listitem>
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205 | </varlistentry>
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206 |
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207 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
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208 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
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209 | <listitem>
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210 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to groups</para>
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211 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd"><primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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212 | </listitem>
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213 | </varlistentry>
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214 |
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215 | <varlistentry id="groupadd">
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216 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
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217 | <listitem>
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218 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
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219 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd"><primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary></indexterm>
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220 | </listitem>
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221 | </varlistentry>
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222 |
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223 | <varlistentry id="groupdel">
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224 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
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225 | <listitem>
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226 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
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227 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel"><primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary></indexterm>
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228 | </listitem>
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229 | </varlistentry>
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230 |
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231 | <varlistentry id="groupmod">
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232 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
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233 | <listitem>
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234 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
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235 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod"><primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary></indexterm>
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236 | </listitem>
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237 | </varlistentry>
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238 |
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239 | <varlistentry id="groups">
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240 | <term><command>groups</command></term>
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241 | <listitem>
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242 | <para>Reports the groups of which the given users are members</para>
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243 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groups"><primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary></indexterm>
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244 | </listitem>
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245 | </varlistentry>
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246 |
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247 | <varlistentry id="grpck">
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248 | <term><command>grpck</command></term>
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249 | <listitem>
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250 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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251 | and <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
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252 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck"><primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary></indexterm>
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253 | </listitem>
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254 | </varlistentry>
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255 |
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256 | <varlistentry id="grpconv">
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257 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
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258 | <listitem>
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259 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal group file</para>
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260 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv"><primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary></indexterm>
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261 | </listitem>
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262 | </varlistentry>
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263 |
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264 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
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265 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
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266 | <listitem>
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267 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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268 | from <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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269 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv"><primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary></indexterm>
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270 | </listitem>
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271 | </varlistentry>
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272 |
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273 | <varlistentry id="lastlog">
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274 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
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275 | <listitem>
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276 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a given user</para>
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277 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog"><primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary></indexterm>
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278 | </listitem>
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279 | </varlistentry>
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280 |
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281 | <varlistentry id="login">
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282 | <term><command>login</command></term>
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283 | <listitem>
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284 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
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285 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login"><primary sortas="b-login">login</primary></indexterm>
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286 | </listitem>
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287 | </varlistentry>
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288 |
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289 | <varlistentry id="logoutd">
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290 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
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291 | <listitem>
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292 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time and ports</para>
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293 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd"><primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary></indexterm>
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294 | </listitem>
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295 | </varlistentry>
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296 |
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297 | <varlistentry id="mkpasswd">
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298 | <term><command>mkpasswd</command></term>
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299 | <listitem>
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300 | <para>Generates random passwords</para>
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301 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow mkpasswd"><primary sortas="b-mkpasswd">mkpasswd</primary></indexterm>
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302 | </listitem>
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303 | </varlistentry>
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304 |
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305 | <varlistentry id="newgrp">
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306 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
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307 | <listitem>
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308 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
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309 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp"><primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary></indexterm>
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310 | </listitem>
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311 | </varlistentry>
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312 |
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313 | <varlistentry id="newusers">
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314 | <term><command>newusers</command></term>
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315 | <listitem>
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316 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user accounts</para>
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317 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers"><primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary></indexterm>
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318 | </listitem>
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319 | </varlistentry>
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320 |
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321 | <varlistentry id="passwd">
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322 | <term><command>passwd</command></term>
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323 | <listitem>
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324 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
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325 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd"><primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary></indexterm>
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326 | </listitem>
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327 | </varlistentry>
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328 |
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329 | <varlistentry id="pwck">
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330 | <term><command>pwck</command></term>
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331 | <listitem>
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332 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
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333 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
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334 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck"><primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary></indexterm>
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335 | </listitem>
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336 | </varlistentry>
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337 |
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338 | <varlistentry id="pwconv">
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339 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
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340 | <listitem>
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341 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
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342 | password file</para>
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343 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv"><primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary></indexterm>
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344 | </listitem>
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345 | </varlistentry>
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346 |
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347 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
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348 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
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349 | <listitem>
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350 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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351 | from <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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352 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv"><primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary></indexterm>
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353 | </listitem>
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354 | </varlistentry>
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355 |
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356 | <varlistentry id="sg">
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357 | <term><command>sg</command></term>
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358 | <listitem>
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359 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
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360 | is set to that of the given group</para>
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361 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg"><primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary></indexterm>
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362 | </listitem>
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363 | </varlistentry>
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364 |
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365 | <varlistentry id="su">
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366 | <term><command>su</command></term>
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367 | <listitem>
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368 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su"><primary sortas="b-su">su</primary></indexterm>
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369 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
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370 | </listitem>
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371 | </varlistentry>
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372 |
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373 | <varlistentry id="useradd">
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374 | <term><command>useradd</command></term>
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375 | <listitem>
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376 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
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377 | new-user information</para>
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378 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd"><primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary></indexterm>
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379 | </listitem>
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380 | </varlistentry>
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381 |
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382 | <varlistentry id="userdel">
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383 | <term><command>userdel</command></term>
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384 | <listitem>
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385 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
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386 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel"><primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary></indexterm>
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387 | </listitem>
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388 | </varlistentry>
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389 |
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390 | <varlistentry id="usermod">
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391 | <term><command>usermod</command></term>
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392 | <listitem>
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393 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
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394 | Identification (UID),
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395 | shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
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396 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod"><primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary></indexterm>
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397 | </listitem>
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398 | </varlistentry>
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399 |
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400 | <varlistentry id="vigr">
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401 | <term><command>vigr</command></term>
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402 | <listitem>
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403 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
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404 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
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405 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr"><primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary></indexterm>
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406 | </listitem>
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407 | </varlistentry>
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408 |
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409 | <varlistentry id="vipw">
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410 | <term><command>vipw</command></term>
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411 | <listitem>
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412 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
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413 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
|
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414 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw"><primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary></indexterm>
|
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415 | </listitem>
|
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416 | </varlistentry>
|
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417 |
|
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418 | <varlistentry id="libshadow">
|
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419 | <term><filename class="libraryfile">libshadow</filename></term>
|
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420 | <listitem>
|
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421 | <para>Contains functions used by most programs in this package</para>
|
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422 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow libshadow"><primary sortas="c-libshadow">libshadow</primary></indexterm>
|
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423 | </listitem>
|
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424 | </varlistentry>
|
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425 | </variablelist>
|
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426 |
|
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427 | </sect2>
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428 |
|
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429 | </sect1>
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430 |
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