1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <sect1info condition="script">
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12 | <productname>shadow</productname>
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13 | <productnumber>&shadow-version;</productnumber>
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14 | <address>&shadow-url;</address>
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15 | </sect1info>
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16 |
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17 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
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18 |
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19 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
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20 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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21 | </indexterm>
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22 |
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23 | <sect2 role="package">
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24 | <title/>
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25 |
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26 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure
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27 | way.</para>
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28 |
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29 | <segmentedlist>
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30 | <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
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31 | <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
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32 |
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33 | <seglistitem>
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34 | <seg>&shadow-ch6-sbu;</seg>
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35 | <seg>&shadow-ch6-du;</seg>
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36 | </seglistitem>
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37 | </segmentedlist>
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38 |
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39 | </sect2>
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40 |
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41 | <sect2 role="installation">
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42 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
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43 |
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44 | <note>
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45 | <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to
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46 | <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html"/> for installing
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47 | CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
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48 | <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command>
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49 | command below.</para>
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50 | </note>
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51 |
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52 | <para>Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> program
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53 | and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version:</para>
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54 |
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55 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
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56 | find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;</userinput></screen>
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57 |
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58 | <para id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
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59 | <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the more secure
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60 | <emphasis>SHA-512</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also
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61 | allows passwords longer than 8 characters. It is also necessary to change
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62 | the obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
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63 | for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
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64 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently:</para>
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65 |
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66 | <screen><userinput remap="configure">sed -i -e 's@#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES@ENCRYPT_METHOD SHA512@' \
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67 | -e 's@/var/spool/mail@/var/mail@' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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68 |
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69 | <note>
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70 | <para>If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, run the following:</para>
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71 |
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72 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's@DICTPATH.*@DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict@' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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73 | </note>
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74 |
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75 | <para>Make a minor change to make the default useradd consistent with the LFS
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76 | groups file:</para>
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77 |
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78 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput></screen>
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79 |
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80 | <para>Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
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81 |
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82 | <screen><userinput remap="configure">./configure --sysconfdir=/etc --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput></screen>
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83 |
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84 | <variablelist>
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85 | <title>The meaning of the configure option:</title>
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86 |
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87 | <varlistentry>
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88 | <term><parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter></term>
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89 | <listitem>
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90 | <para>The maximum user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum
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91 | group name the same.</para>
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92 | </listitem>
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93 | </varlistentry>
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94 |
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95 | </variablelist>
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96 |
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97 | <para>Compile the package:</para>
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98 |
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99 | <screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen>
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100 |
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101 | <para>This package does not come with a test suite.</para>
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102 |
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103 | <para>Install the package:</para>
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104 |
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105 | <screen><userinput remap="install">make install</userinput></screen>
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106 |
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107 | <para>Move a misplaced program to its proper location:</para>
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108 |
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109 | <screen><userinput remap="install">mv -v /usr/bin/passwd /bin</userinput></screen>
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110 |
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111 | <!-- <para>Move Shadow's libraries to more appropriate locations:</para>
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112 |
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113 | <screen><userinput remap="install">mv -v /lib/libshadow.*a /usr/lib
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114 | rm -v /lib/libshadow.so
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115 | ln -sfv ../../lib/libshadow.so.0 /usr/lib/libshadow.so</userinput></screen> -->
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116 |
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117 | </sect2>
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118 |
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119 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
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120 | <title>Configuring Shadow</title>
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121 |
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122 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
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123 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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124 | <secondary>configuring</secondary>
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125 | </indexterm>
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126 |
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127 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
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128 | groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
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129 | tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
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130 | means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked
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131 | source tree. If using Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need
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132 | to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.)
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133 | must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they need to be able to work with
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134 | shadowed passwords.</para>
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135 |
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136 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
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137 |
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138 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
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139 |
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140 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
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141 |
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142 | <screen><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
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143 |
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144 | <para>Shadow's stock configuration for the <command>useradd</command>
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145 | utility has a few caveats that need some explanation. First, the default
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146 | action for the <command>useradd</command> utility is to create the user and
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147 | a group of the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and
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148 | group ID (GID) numbers will begin with 1000. This means if you don't pass
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149 | parameters to <command>useradd</command>, each user will be a member of a
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150 | unique group on the system. If this behaviour is undesirable, you'll need
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151 | to pass the <parameter>-g</parameter> parameter to
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152 | <command>useradd</command>. The default parameters are stored in the
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153 | <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> file. You may need to modify two
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154 | parameters in this file to suit your particular needs.</para>
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155 |
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156 | <variablelist>
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157 | <title><filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> Parameter Explanations</title>
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158 |
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159 | <varlistentry>
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160 | <term><parameter>GROUP=1000</parameter></term>
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161 | <listitem>
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162 | <para>This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in
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163 | the /etc/group file. You can modify it to anything you desire. Note
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164 | that <command>useradd</command> will never reuse a UID or GID. If the
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165 | number identified in this parameter is used, it will use the next
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166 | available number after this. Note also that if you don't have a group
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167 | 1000 on your system the first time you use <command>useradd</command>
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168 | without the <parameter>-g</parameter> parameter, you'll get a message
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169 | displayed on the terminal that says:
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170 | <computeroutput>useradd: unknown GID 1000</computeroutput>. You may
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171 | disregard this message and group number 1000 will be used.</para>
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172 | </listitem>
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173 | </varlistentry>
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174 | <varlistentry>
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175 | <term><parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter></term>
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176 | <listitem>
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177 | <para>This parameter causes <command>useradd</command> to create a
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178 | mailbox file for the newly created user. <command>useradd</command>
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179 | will make the group ownership of this file to the
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180 | <systemitem class="groupname">mail</systemitem> group with 0660
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181 | permissions. If you would prefer that these mailbox files are not
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182 | created by <command>useradd</command>, issue the following
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183 | command:</para>
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184 |
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185 | <screen><userinput>sed -i 's/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput></screen>
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186 | </listitem>
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187 | </varlistentry>
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188 |
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189 | </variablelist>
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190 |
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191 |
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192 | </sect2>
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193 |
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194 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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195 | <title>Setting the root password</title>
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196 |
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197 | <para>Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it
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198 | by running:</para>
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199 |
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200 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
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201 |
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202 | </sect2>
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203 |
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204 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
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205 | <title>Contents of Shadow</title>
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206 |
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207 | <segmentedlist>
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208 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
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209 | <segtitle>Installed directory</segtitle>
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210 |
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211 | <seglistitem>
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212 | <seg>chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog, gpasswd,
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213 | groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck, grpconv, grpunconv,
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214 | lastlog, login, logoutd, newgrp, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck,
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215 | pwconv, pwunconv, sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod,
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216 | vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
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217 | <seg>/etc/default</seg>
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218 | </seglistitem>
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219 | </segmentedlist>
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220 |
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221 | <variablelist>
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222 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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223 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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224 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
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225 |
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226 | <varlistentry id="chage">
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227 | <term><command>chage</command></term>
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228 | <listitem>
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229 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
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230 | password changes</para>
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231 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
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232 | <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
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233 | </indexterm>
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234 | </listitem>
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235 | </varlistentry>
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236 |
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237 | <varlistentry id="chfn">
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238 | <term><command>chfn</command></term>
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239 | <listitem>
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240 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
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241 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
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242 | <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
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243 | </indexterm>
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244 | </listitem>
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245 | </varlistentry>
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246 |
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247 | <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
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248 | <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
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249 | <listitem>
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250 | <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
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251 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
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252 | <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
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253 | </indexterm>
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254 | </listitem>
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255 | </varlistentry>
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256 |
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257 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
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258 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
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259 | <listitem>
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260 | <para>Used to update user passwords in batch mode</para>
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261 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
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262 | <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
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263 | </indexterm>
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264 | </listitem>
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265 | </varlistentry>
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266 |
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267 | <varlistentry id="chsh">
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268 | <term><command>chsh</command></term>
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269 | <listitem>
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270 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
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271 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
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272 | <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
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273 | </indexterm>
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274 | </listitem>
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275 | </varlistentry>
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276 |
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277 | <varlistentry id="expiry">
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278 | <term><command>expiry</command></term>
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279 | <listitem>
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280 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
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281 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
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282 | <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
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283 | </indexterm>
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284 | </listitem>
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285 | </varlistentry>
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286 |
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287 | <varlistentry id="faillog">
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288 | <term><command>faillog</command></term>
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289 | <listitem>
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290 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
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291 | number of failures before an account is blocked, or to reset the
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292 | failure count</para>
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293 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
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294 | <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
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295 | </indexterm>
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296 | </listitem>
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297 | </varlistentry>
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298 |
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299 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
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300 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
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301 | <listitem>
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302 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
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303 | groups</para>
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304 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
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305 | <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
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306 | </indexterm>
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307 | </listitem>
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308 | </varlistentry>
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309 |
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310 | <varlistentry id="groupadd">
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311 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
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312 | <listitem>
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313 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
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314 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
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315 | <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
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316 | </indexterm>
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317 | </listitem>
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318 | </varlistentry>
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319 |
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320 | <varlistentry id="groupdel">
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321 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
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322 | <listitem>
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323 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
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324 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
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325 | <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
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326 | </indexterm>
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327 | </listitem>
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328 | </varlistentry>
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329 |
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330 | <varlistentry id="groupmems">
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331 | <term><command>groupmems</command></term>
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332 | <listitem>
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333 | <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list
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334 | without the requirement of super user privileges.</para>
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335 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems">
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336 | <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary>
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337 | </indexterm>
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338 | </listitem>
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339 | </varlistentry>
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340 |
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341 | <varlistentry id="groupmod">
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342 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
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343 | <listitem>
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344 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
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345 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
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346 | <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
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347 | </indexterm>
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348 | </listitem>
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349 | </varlistentry>
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350 |
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351 | <varlistentry id="grpck">
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352 | <term><command>grpck</command></term>
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353 | <listitem>
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354 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
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355 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
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356 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
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357 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
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358 | <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
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359 | </indexterm>
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360 | </listitem>
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361 | </varlistentry>
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362 |
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363 | <varlistentry id="grpconv">
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364 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
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365 | <listitem>
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366 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
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367 | group file</para>
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368 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
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369 | <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
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370 | </indexterm>
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371 | </listitem>
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372 | </varlistentry>
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373 |
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374 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
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375 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
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376 | <listitem>
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377 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
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378 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
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379 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
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380 | <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
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381 | </indexterm>
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382 | </listitem>
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383 | </varlistentry>
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384 |
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385 | <varlistentry id="lastlog">
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386 | <term><command>lastlog</command></term>
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387 | <listitem>
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388 | <para>Reports the most recent login of all users or of a
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389 | given user</para>
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390 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow lastlog">
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391 | <primary sortas="b-lastlog">lastlog</primary>
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392 | </indexterm>
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393 | </listitem>
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394 | </varlistentry>
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395 |
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396 | <varlistentry id="login">
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397 | <term><command>login</command></term>
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398 | <listitem>
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399 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
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400 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
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401 | <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
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402 | </indexterm>
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403 | </listitem>
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404 | </varlistentry>
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405 |
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406 | <varlistentry id="logoutd">
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407 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
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408 | <listitem>
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409 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
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410 | and ports</para>
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411 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
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412 | <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
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413 | </indexterm>
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414 | </listitem>
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415 | </varlistentry>
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416 |
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417 | <varlistentry id="newgrp">
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418 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
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419 | <listitem>
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420 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
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421 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
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422 | <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
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423 | </indexterm>
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424 | </listitem>
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425 | </varlistentry>
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426 |
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427 | <varlistentry id="newusers">
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428 | <term><command>newusers</command></term>
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429 | <listitem>
|
---|
430 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
|
---|
431 | accounts</para>
|
---|
432 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
|
---|
433 | <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
|
---|
434 | </indexterm>
|
---|
435 | </listitem>
|
---|
436 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
437 |
|
---|
438 | <varlistentry id="nologin">
|
---|
439 | <term><command>nologin</command></term>
|
---|
440 | <listitem>
|
---|
441 | <para>Displays a message that an account is not available. Designed
|
---|
442 | to be used as the default shell for accounts that have been
|
---|
443 | disabled</para>
|
---|
444 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow nologin">
|
---|
445 | <primary sortas="b-nologin">nologin</primary>
|
---|
446 | </indexterm>
|
---|
447 | </listitem>
|
---|
448 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
449 |
|
---|
450 | <varlistentry id="passwd">
|
---|
451 | <term><command>passwd</command></term>
|
---|
452 | <listitem>
|
---|
453 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
|
---|
454 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
|
---|
455 | <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
|
---|
456 | </indexterm>
|
---|
457 | </listitem>
|
---|
458 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
459 |
|
---|
460 | <varlistentry id="pwck">
|
---|
461 | <term><command>pwck</command></term>
|
---|
462 | <listitem>
|
---|
463 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
|
---|
464 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
|
---|
465 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
|
---|
466 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
|
---|
467 | <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
|
---|
468 | </indexterm>
|
---|
469 | </listitem>
|
---|
470 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
471 |
|
---|
472 | <varlistentry id="pwconv">
|
---|
473 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
|
---|
474 | <listitem>
|
---|
475 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
|
---|
476 | password file</para>
|
---|
477 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
|
---|
478 | <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
|
---|
479 | </indexterm>
|
---|
480 | </listitem>
|
---|
481 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
482 |
|
---|
483 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
|
---|
484 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
|
---|
485 | <listitem>
|
---|
486 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
|
---|
487 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
|
---|
488 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
|
---|
489 | <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
|
---|
490 | </indexterm>
|
---|
491 | </listitem>
|
---|
492 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
493 |
|
---|
494 | <varlistentry id="sg">
|
---|
495 | <term><command>sg</command></term>
|
---|
496 | <listitem>
|
---|
497 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
|
---|
498 | is set to that of the given group</para>
|
---|
499 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
|
---|
500 | <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
|
---|
501 | </indexterm>
|
---|
502 | </listitem>
|
---|
503 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
504 |
|
---|
505 | <varlistentry id="su">
|
---|
506 | <term><command>su</command></term>
|
---|
507 | <listitem>
|
---|
508 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
|
---|
509 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
|
---|
510 | <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
|
---|
511 | </indexterm>
|
---|
512 | </listitem>
|
---|
513 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
514 |
|
---|
515 | <varlistentry id="useradd">
|
---|
516 | <term><command>useradd</command></term>
|
---|
517 | <listitem>
|
---|
518 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
|
---|
519 | new-user information</para>
|
---|
520 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
|
---|
521 | <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
|
---|
522 | </indexterm>
|
---|
523 | </listitem>
|
---|
524 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
525 |
|
---|
526 | <varlistentry id="userdel">
|
---|
527 | <term><command>userdel</command></term>
|
---|
528 | <listitem>
|
---|
529 | <para>Deletes the given user account</para>
|
---|
530 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
|
---|
531 | <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
|
---|
532 | </indexterm>
|
---|
533 | </listitem>
|
---|
534 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
535 |
|
---|
536 | <varlistentry id="usermod">
|
---|
537 | <term><command>usermod</command></term>
|
---|
538 | <listitem>
|
---|
539 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, User
|
---|
540 | Identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
|
---|
541 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
|
---|
542 | <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
|
---|
543 | </indexterm>
|
---|
544 | </listitem>
|
---|
545 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
546 |
|
---|
547 | <varlistentry id="vigr">
|
---|
548 | <term><command>vigr</command></term>
|
---|
549 | <listitem>
|
---|
550 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
|
---|
551 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
552 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
|
---|
553 | <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
|
---|
554 | </indexterm>
|
---|
555 | </listitem>
|
---|
556 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
557 |
|
---|
558 | <varlistentry id="vipw">
|
---|
559 | <term><command>vipw</command></term>
|
---|
560 | <listitem>
|
---|
561 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
---|
562 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
|
---|
563 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
|
---|
564 | <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
|
---|
565 | </indexterm>
|
---|
566 | </listitem>
|
---|
567 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
568 |
|
---|
569 | </variablelist>
|
---|
570 |
|
---|
571 | </sect2>
|
---|
572 |
|
---|
573 | </sect1>
|
---|