[fcc02767] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>
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| 12 |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
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| 15 | </indexterm>
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| 16 |
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| 17 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
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| 19 | </indexterm>
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| 20 |
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| 21 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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[02776dff] | 22 | <primary sortas="e-/run/utmp">/run/utmp</primary>
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[fcc02767] | 23 | </indexterm>
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| 24 |
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| 25 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 26 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
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| 27 | </indexterm>
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| 28 |
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| 29 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 30 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
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| 31 | </indexterm>
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| 32 |
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| 33 | <indexterm zone="ch-tools-createfiles">
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| 34 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
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| 35 | </indexterm>
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| 36 |
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[ebecd08] | 37 | <para>Historically, Linux maintained a list of the mounted file systems in the
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[fcc02767] | 38 | file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>. Modern kernels maintain this list
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[51a5442f] | 39 | internally and expose it to the user via the <filename
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[fcc02767] | 40 | class="directory">/proc</filename> filesystem. To satisfy utilities that
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[ebecd08] | 41 | expect to find <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>, create the following
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[fcc02767] | 42 | symbolic link:</para>
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| 43 |
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| 44 | <screen><userinput>ln -sv /proc/self/mounts /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>
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| 45 |
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[6e18f2f] | 46 | <para>Create a basic <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file to be
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| 47 | referenced in some test suites, and in one of Perl's configuration files
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| 48 | as well:</para>
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| 49 |
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[2013a74] | 50 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/hosts << EOF
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[2e9e5b4] | 51 | <literal>127.0.0.1 localhost $(hostname)
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| 52 | ::1 localhost</literal>
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[2013a74] | 53 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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[6e18f2f] | 54 |
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[fcc02767] | 55 | <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
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| 56 | able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
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| 57 | must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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| 58 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
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| 59 |
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| 60 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
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| 61 | command:</para>
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| 62 |
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| 63 | <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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[095286b] | 64 | <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
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[1f201845] | 65 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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| 66 | daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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| 67 | messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
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| 68 | uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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[813ab55] | 69 | nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false</literal>
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[fcc02767] | 70 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 71 |
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| 72 | <screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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[095286b] | 73 | <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash
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[1f201845] | 74 | bin:x:1:1:bin:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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| 75 | daemon:x:6:6:Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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| 76 | messagebus:x:18:18:D-Bus Message Daemon User:/run/dbus:/usr/bin/false
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| 77 | systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:73:systemd Journal Gateway:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 78 | systemd-journal-remote:x:74:74:systemd Journal Remote:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 79 | systemd-journal-upload:x:75:75:systemd Journal Upload:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 80 | systemd-network:x:76:76:systemd Network Management:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 81 | systemd-resolve:x:77:77:systemd Resolver:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 82 | systemd-timesync:x:78:78:systemd Time Synchronization:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 83 | systemd-coredump:x:79:79:systemd Core Dumper:/:/usr/bin/false
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| 84 | uuidd:x:80:80:UUID Generation Daemon User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false
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| 85 | systemd-oom:x:81:81:systemd Out Of Memory Daemon:/:/usr/bin/false
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[813ab55] | 86 | nobody:x:65534:65534:Unprivileged User:/dev/null:/usr/bin/false</literal>
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[fcc02767] | 87 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 88 |
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| 89 | <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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[387a32af] | 90 | will be set later.</para>
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[fcc02767] | 91 |
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| 92 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
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| 93 | command:</para>
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| 94 |
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| 95 | <screen revision="sysv"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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| 96 | <literal>root:x:0:
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| 97 | bin:x:1:daemon
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| 98 | sys:x:2:
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| 99 | kmem:x:3:
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| 100 | tape:x:4:
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| 101 | tty:x:5:
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| 102 | daemon:x:6:
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| 103 | floppy:x:7:
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| 104 | disk:x:8:
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| 105 | lp:x:9:
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| 106 | dialout:x:10:
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| 107 | audio:x:11:
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| 108 | video:x:12:
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| 109 | utmp:x:13:
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| 110 | usb:x:14:
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| 111 | cdrom:x:15:
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| 112 | adm:x:16:
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| 113 | messagebus:x:18:
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| 114 | input:x:24:
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| 115 | mail:x:34:
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| 116 | kvm:x:61:
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[742c6324] | 117 | uuidd:x:80:
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[fcc02767] | 118 | wheel:x:97:
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[8469f02] | 119 | users:x:999:
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| 120 | nogroup:x:65534:</literal>
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[fcc02767] | 121 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 122 |
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| 123 | <screen revision="systemd"><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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| 124 | <literal>root:x:0:
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| 125 | bin:x:1:daemon
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| 126 | sys:x:2:
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| 127 | kmem:x:3:
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| 128 | tape:x:4:
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| 129 | tty:x:5:
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| 130 | daemon:x:6:
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| 131 | floppy:x:7:
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| 132 | disk:x:8:
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| 133 | lp:x:9:
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| 134 | dialout:x:10:
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| 135 | audio:x:11:
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| 136 | video:x:12:
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| 137 | utmp:x:13:
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| 138 | usb:x:14:
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| 139 | cdrom:x:15:
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| 140 | adm:x:16:
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| 141 | messagebus:x:18:
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| 142 | systemd-journal:x:23:
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| 143 | input:x:24:
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| 144 | mail:x:34:
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| 145 | kvm:x:61:
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| 146 | systemd-journal-gateway:x:73:
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| 147 | systemd-journal-remote:x:74:
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| 148 | systemd-journal-upload:x:75:
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| 149 | systemd-network:x:76:
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| 150 | systemd-resolve:x:77:
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| 151 | systemd-timesync:x:78:
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| 152 | systemd-coredump:x:79:
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[742c6324] | 153 | uuidd:x:80:
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[8dd179b] | 154 | systemd-oom:x:81:
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[fcc02767] | 155 | wheel:x:97:
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[8469f02] | 156 | users:x:999:
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| 157 | nogroup:x:65534:</literal>
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[fcc02767] | 158 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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| 159 |
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| 160 | <para>The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups
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[387a32af] | 161 | decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in Chapter
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[ebecd08] | 162 | 9, and in part by common conventions employed by a number of existing Linux
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[387a32af] | 163 | distributions. In addition, some test suites rely on specific users or
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| 164 | groups. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
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[fb66c4c] | 165 | url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml"/>) only recommends that,
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[387a32af] | 166 | besides the group <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a
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| 167 | Group ID (GID) of 0, a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem>
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[ebecd08] | 168 | with a GID of 1 be present. The GID of 5 is widely used for the
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[7c862ea] | 169 | <systemitem class="groupname">tty</systemitem> group, and the number 5 is
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| 170 | also used in <phrase revision="systemd">systemd</phrase>
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| 171 | <phrase revision="sysv"><filename>/etc/fstab</filename></phrase> for the
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| 172 | <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> filesystem.
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| 173 | All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
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| 174 | administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers,
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| 175 | but rather use the group's name.</para>
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[fcc02767] | 176 |
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[14de455] | 177 | <para>The ID 65534 is used by the kernel for NFS and separate user
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[0414633] | 178 | namespaces for unmapped users and groups (those exist on the NFS server
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| 179 | or the parent user namespace, but <quote>do not exist</quote> on the local
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| 180 | machine or in the separate namespace). We assign
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[14de455] | 181 | <systemitem class="username">nobody</systemitem> and
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[ebecd08] | 182 | <systemitem class="groupname">nogroup</systemitem> to avoid an
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[14de455] | 183 | unnamed ID. But other distros may treat this ID differently, so any
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| 184 | portable program should not depend on this assignment.</para>
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| 185 |
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[fcc02767] | 186 | <para>Some tests in <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/> need a regular
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| 187 | user. We add this user here and delete this account at the end of that
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| 188 | chapter.</para>
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| 189 |
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[095286b] | 190 | <screen><userinput>echo "tester:x:101:101::/home/tester:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd
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[fcc02767] | 191 | echo "tester:x:101:" >> /etc/group
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| 192 | install -o tester -d /home/tester</userinput></screen>
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| 193 |
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| 194 | <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
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| 195 | shell. Since the
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| 196 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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| 197 | files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
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| 198 | work:</para>
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| 199 |
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[490dc153] | 200 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /usr/bin/bash --login</userinput></screen>
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[fcc02767] | 201 |
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| 202 | <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
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| 203 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
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| 204 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
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| 205 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
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| 206 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
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| 207 | proper permissions:</para>
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| 208 |
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| 209 | <screen><userinput>touch /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,faillog,wtmp}
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| 210 | chgrp -v utmp /var/log/lastlog
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| 211 | chmod -v 664 /var/log/lastlog
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| 212 | chmod -v 600 /var/log/btmp</userinput></screen>
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| 213 |
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| 214 | <para>The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename> file records all logins and
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| 215 | logouts. The <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when each
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| 216 | user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/faillog</filename> file records
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| 217 | failed login attempts. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file records
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| 218 | the bad login attempts.</para>
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| 219 |
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| 220 | <note><para>The <filename>/run/utmp</filename> file records the users that
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| 221 | are currently logged in. This file is created dynamically in the boot
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| 222 | scripts.</para></note>
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| 223 |
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| 224 | </sect1>
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