1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-scripts-network" revision="sysv">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="network.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>General Network Configuration</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-network">
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14 | <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
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15 | <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
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16 | <!--
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17 | <para>This section only applies if a network card is to be
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18 | configured.</para>
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19 |
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20 | <para>If a network card will not be used, there is likely no need to create
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21 | any configuration files relating to network cards. If that is the case, you
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22 | will need to remove the <filename class="symlink">network</filename> symlinks
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23 | from all run-level directories (<filename
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24 | class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rc*.d</filename>) after the bootscripts are
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25 | installed in <xref linkend="ch-scripts-bootscripts"/>.</para>
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26 | -->
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27 | <sect2>
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28 | <title>Creating Network Interface Configuration Files</title>
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29 |
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30 | <para>Which interfaces are brought up and down by the network script
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31 | usually depends on the files in <filename
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32 | class="directory">/etc/sysconfig/</filename>. This directory should
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33 | contain a file for each interface to be configured, such as
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34 | <filename>ifconfig.xyz</filename>, where <quote>xyz</quote> should describe
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35 | the network card. The interface name (e.g. eth0) is usually appropriate.
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36 | Inside this file are attributes to this interface, such as its IP
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37 | address(es), subnet masks, and so forth. It is necessary that the stem of
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38 | the filename be <emphasis>ifconfig</emphasis>.</para>
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39 |
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40 | <note><para>If the procedure in the previous section was not used, Udev
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41 | will assign network card interface names based on system physical
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42 | characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are not sure what your interface
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43 | name is, you can always run <command>ip link</command> or <command>ls
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44 | /sys/class/net</command> after you have booted your system.
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45 | </para></note>
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46 |
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47 | <para>The following command creates a sample file for the
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48 | <emphasis>eth0</emphasis> device with a static IP address:</para>
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49 |
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50 | <screen><userinput>cd /etc/sysconfig/
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51 | cat > ifconfig.eth0 << "EOF"
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52 | <literal>ONBOOT=yes
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53 | IFACE=eth0
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54 | SERVICE=ipv4-static
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55 | IP=192.168.1.2
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56 | GATEWAY=192.168.1.1
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57 | PREFIX=24
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58 | BROADCAST=192.168.1.255</literal>
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59 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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60 |
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61 | <para>The values of these variables must be changed in every file to match
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62 | the proper setup.</para>
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63 |
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64 | <para>If the <envar>ONBOOT</envar> variable is set to <quote>yes</quote> the
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65 | System V network script will bring up the Network Interface Card (NIC) during
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66 | booting of the system. If set to anything but <quote>yes</quote> the NIC
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67 | will be ignored by the network script and not be automatically brought up.
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68 | The interface can be manually started or stopped with the
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69 | <command>ifup</command> and <command>ifdown</command> commands.</para>
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70 |
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71 | <para>The <envar>IFACE</envar> variable defines the interface name,
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72 | for example, eth0. It is required for all network device configuration
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73 | files. </para>
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74 |
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75 | <para>The <envar>SERVICE</envar> variable defines the method used for
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76 | obtaining the IP address. The LFS-Bootscripts package has a modular IP
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77 | assignment format, and creating additional files in the <filename
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78 | class="directory">/lib/services/</filename> directory allows other IP
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79 | assignment methods. This is commonly used for Dynamic Host Configuration
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80 | Protocol (DHCP), which is addressed in the BLFS book.</para>
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81 |
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82 | <para>The <envar>GATEWAY</envar> variable should contain the default
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83 | gateway IP address, if one is present. If not, then comment out the
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84 | variable entirely.</para>
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85 |
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86 | <para>The <envar>PREFIX</envar> variable contains the number of
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87 | bits used in the subnet. Each octet in an IP address is 8 bits. If the
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88 | subnet's netmask is 255.255.255.0, then it is using the first three octets
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89 | (24 bits) to specify the network number. If the netmask is 255.255.255.240,
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90 | it would be using the first 28 bits. Prefixes longer than 24 bits are
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91 | commonly used by DSL and cable-based Internet Service Providers (ISPs).
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92 | In this example (PREFIX=24), the netmask is 255.255.255.0. Adjust the
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93 | <envar>PREFIX</envar> variable according to your specific subnet.
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94 | If omitted, the PREFIX defaults to 24.</para>
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95 |
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96 | <para>For more information see the <command>ifup</command> man page.</para>
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97 |
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98 | </sect2>
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99 | <sect2 id="resolv.conf">
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100 | <title>Creating the /etc/resolv.conf File</title>
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101 |
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102 | <indexterm zone="resolv.conf">
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103 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/resolv.conf">/etc/resolv.conf</primary>
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104 | </indexterm>
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105 |
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106 | <para>The system will need some means of obtaining Domain Name Service
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107 | (DNS) name resolution to resolve Internet domain names to IP addresses, and
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108 | vice versa. This is best achieved by placing the IP address of the DNS
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109 | server, available from the ISP or network administrator, into
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110 | <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>. Create the file by running the
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111 | following:</para>
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112 |
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113 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
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114 | <literal># Begin /etc/resolv.conf
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115 |
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116 | domain <replaceable><Your Domain Name></replaceable>
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117 | nameserver <replaceable><IP address of your primary nameserver></replaceable>
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118 | nameserver <replaceable><IP address of your secondary nameserver></replaceable>
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119 |
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120 | # End /etc/resolv.conf</literal>
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121 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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122 |
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123 | <para>The <varname>domain</varname> statement can be omitted
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124 | or replaced with a <varname>search</varname> statement. See the man page for
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125 | resolv.conf for more details.</para>
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126 |
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127 | <para>Replace <replaceable><IP address of the nameserver></replaceable>
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128 | with the IP address of the DNS most appropriate for the setup. There will
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129 | often be more than one entry (requirements demand secondary servers for
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130 | fallback capability). If you only need or want one DNS server, remove the
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131 | second <emphasis>nameserver</emphasis> line from the file. The IP address
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132 | may also be a router on the local network.</para>
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133 |
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134 | <note>
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135 | <para>The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are 8.8.8.8 and 8.8.4.4.</para>
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136 | </note>
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137 |
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138 | </sect2>
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139 |
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140 | <sect2 id="ch-scripts-hostname">
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141 | <title>Configuring the system hostname</title>
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142 |
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143 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-hostname">
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144 | <primary sortas="d-hostname">hostname</primary>
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145 | <secondary>configuring</secondary>
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146 | </indexterm>
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147 |
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148 | <para>During the boot process, the file <filename>/etc/hostname</filename>
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149 | is used for establishing the system's hostname.</para>
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150 |
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151 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/hostname</filename> file and enter a
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152 | hostname by running:</para>
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153 |
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154 | <screen><userinput>echo "<replaceable><lfs></replaceable>" > /etc/hostname</userinput></screen>
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155 |
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156 | <para><replaceable><lfs></replaceable> needs to be replaced with the
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157 | name given to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name
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158 | (FQDN) here. That information is put in the
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159 | <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file.</para>
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160 |
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161 | </sect2>
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162 |
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163 | <sect2 id="ch-scripts-hosts">
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164 | <title>Customizing the /etc/hosts File</title>
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165 |
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166 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-hosts">
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167 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/hosts">/etc/hosts</primary>
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168 | </indexterm>
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169 |
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170 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-hosts">
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171 | <primary sortas="d-localnet">localnet</primary>
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172 | <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
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173 | </indexterm>
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174 |
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175 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-hosts">
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176 | <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
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177 | <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
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178 | </indexterm>
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179 |
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180 | <para>Decide on the IP address, fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and
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181 | possible aliases for use in the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. The
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182 | syntax is:</para>
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183 |
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184 | <screen><literal>IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</literal></screen>
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185 |
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186 | <para>Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e., there is
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187 | a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP addresses—most
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188 | users do not have this), make sure that the IP address is in the private
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189 | network IP address range. Valid ranges are:</para>
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190 |
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191 | <screen><literal>Private Network Address Range Normal Prefix
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192 | 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 8
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193 | 172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254 16
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194 | 192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254 24</literal></screen>
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195 |
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196 | <para>x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in the
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197 | range 0-255.</para>
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198 |
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199 | <para>A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1. A valid FQDN for
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200 | this IP could be lfs.example.org.</para>
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201 |
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202 | <para>Even if not using a network card, a valid FQDN is still required.
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203 | This is necessary for certain programs to operate correctly.</para>
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204 |
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205 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file by running:</para>
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206 |
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207 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF"
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208 | <literal># Begin /etc/hosts
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209 |
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210 | 127.0.0.1 localhost
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211 | 127.0.1.1 <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable> <replaceable><HOSTNAME></replaceable>
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212 | <replaceable><192.168.1.1></replaceable> <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable> <replaceable><HOSTNAME></replaceable> <replaceable>[alias1] [alias2 ...]</replaceable>
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213 | ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
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214 | ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
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215 | ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
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216 |
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217 | # End /etc/hosts</literal>
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218 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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219 |
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220 | <para>The <replaceable><192.168.1.1></replaceable>,
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221 | <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable>, and
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222 | <replaceable><HOSTNAME></replaceable> values need to be
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223 | changed for specific uses or requirements (if assigned an IP address by a
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224 | network/system administrator and the machine will be connected to an
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225 | existing network). The optional alias name(s) can be omitted.</para>
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226 |
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227 | <!-- This is not very useful
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228 |
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229 | <para>If a network card is not going to be configured, create the
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230 | <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file by running:</para>
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231 |
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232 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF"
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233 | <literal># Begin /etc/hosts (no network card version)
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234 |
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235 | 127.0.0.1 localhost
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236 | 127.0.1.1 <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable> <replaceable><HOSTNAME></replaceable>
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237 | ::1 localhost ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
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238 | ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
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239 | ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
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240 |
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241 | # End /etc/hosts (no network card version)</literal>
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242 | EOF</userinput></screen> -->
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243 |
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244 | </sect2>
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245 |
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246 | </sect1>
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