[bce08ef] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[b06ca36] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[bce08ef] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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[d781ffb] | 7 |
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[bce08ef] | 8 | <sect1 id="ch-scripts-udev">
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[d781ffb] | 9 | <?dbhtml filename="udev.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <title>Device and Module Handling on an LFS System</title>
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| 12 |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-udev">
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| 14 | <primary sortas="a-Udev">Udev</primary>
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| 15 | <secondary>usage</secondary>
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| 16 | </indexterm>
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| 17 |
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| 18 | <para>In <xref linkend="chapter-building-system"/>, we installed the Udev
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| 19 | package. Before we go into the details regarding how this works,
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| 20 | a brief history of previous methods of handling devices is in
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| 21 | order.</para>
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| 22 |
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| 23 | <para>Linux systems in general traditionally use a static device creation
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| 24 | method, whereby a great many device nodes are created under <filename
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| 25 | class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes),
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[d2c332bc] | 26 | regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually exist. This
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| 27 | is typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a
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| 28 | number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant
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| 29 | major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in
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| 30 | the world.</para>
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| 31 |
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| 32 | <para>Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by the
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| 33 | kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be
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| 34 | created each time the system boots, they will be stored on a <systemitem
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[d781ffb] | 35 | class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system that
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| 36 | resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so
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| 37 | the memory that is used is negligible.</para>
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| 38 |
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| 39 | <sect2>
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| 40 | <title>History</title>
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| 41 |
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| 42 | <para>In February 2000, a new filesystem called <systemitem
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| 43 | class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was merged into the 2.3.46 kernel
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| 44 | and was made available during the 2.4 series of stable kernels. Although
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| 45 | it was present in the kernel source itself, this method of creating devices
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| 46 | dynamically never received overwhelming support from the core kernel
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| 47 | developers.</para>
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| 48 |
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| 49 | <para>The main problem with the approach adopted by <systemitem
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| 50 | class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> was the way it handled device
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| 51 | detection, creation, and naming. The latter issue, that of device node
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| 52 | naming, was perhaps the most critical. It is generally accepted that if
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| 53 | device names are allowed to be configurable, then the device naming policy
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| 54 | should be up to a system administrator, not imposed on them by any
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[d2c332bc] | 55 | particular developer(s). The <systemitem
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| 56 | class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffers from race
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| 57 | conditions that are inherent in its design and cannot be fixed without a
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[8d2b5a3] | 58 | substantial revision to the kernel. It was marked as deprecated for a long
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| 59 | period – due to a lack of maintenance – and was finally removed
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| 60 | from the kernel in June, 2006.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 61 |
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| 62 | <para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released
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| 63 | as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called
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| 64 | <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of
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| 65 | <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to export a view of
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| 66 | the system's hardware configuration to userspace processes. With this
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| 67 | userspace-visible representation, the possibility of seeing a userspace
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| 68 | replacement for <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became
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| 69 | much more realistic.</para>
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[d781ffb] | 70 |
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| 71 | </sect2>
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| 72 |
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| 73 | <sect2>
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| 74 | <title>Udev Implementation</title>
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| 75 |
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[d2c332bc] | 76 | <sect3>
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| 77 | <title>Sysfs</title>
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| 78 |
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| 79 | <para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem was
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| 80 | mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem
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| 81 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on
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| 82 | a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that
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| 83 | have been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with
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| 84 | <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> as they are detected by
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| 85 | the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, this registration will happen
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| 86 | when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem
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| 87 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on <filename
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| 88 | class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the built-in drivers
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| 89 | registered with <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are
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| 90 | available to userspace processes and to <command>udevd</command> for device
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| 91 | node creation.</para>
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| 92 |
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| 93 | </sect3>
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| 94 |
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| 95 | <sect3>
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[2a1c1e0] | 96 | <title>Udev Bootscripts</title>
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| 97 |
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| 98 | <para>The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev</command> initscript takes care
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| 99 | of creating device nodes when Linux is booted. The script unsets the
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| 100 | uevent handler from the default of <command>/sbin/hotplug</command>.
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| 101 | This is done because the kernel no longer needs to call out to an
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| 102 | external binary. Instead <command>udevd</command> will listen on a
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| 103 | netlink socket for uevents that the kernel raises. Next, the bootscript
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| 104 | copies any static device nodes that exist in <filename
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[d2c332bc] | 105 | class="directory">/lib/udev/devices</filename> to <filename
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[2a1c1e0] | 106 | class="directory">/dev</filename>. This is necessary because some
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| 107 | devices, directories, and symlinks are needed before the dynamic device
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| 108 | handling processes are available during the early stages of booting a
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| 109 | system, or are required by <command>udevd</command> itself. Creating
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| 110 | static device nodes in <filename
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| 111 | class="directory">/lib/udev/devices</filename> also provides an easy
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| 112 | workaround for devices that are not supported by the dynamic device
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| 113 | handling infrastructure. The bootscript then starts the Udev daemon,
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| 114 | <command>udevd</command>, which will act on any uevents it receives.
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| 115 | Finally, the bootscript forces the kernel to replay uevents for any
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| 116 | devices that have already been registered and then waits for
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[a0d96d25] | 117 | <command>udevd</command> to handle them.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 118 |
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[2a1c1e0] | 119 | <para>The <command>/etc/rc.d/init.d/udev_retry</command> initscript takes
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| 120 | care of re-triggering events for subsystems whose rules may rely on
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| 121 | filesystems that are not mounted until the <command>mountfs</command>
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| 122 | script is run (in particular, /usr and /var may cause this). This script
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| 123 | runs after the <command>mountfs</command> script, so those rules (if
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| 124 | re-triggered) should succeed the second time around. It is configured
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| 125 | from the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/udev_retry</filename> file; any words
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| 126 | in this file other than comments are considered subsystem names to
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| 127 | trigger at retry time. (To find the subsystem of a device, use
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| 128 | <command>udevadm info --attribute-walk</command>.)</para>
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| 129 |
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[d2c332bc] | 130 | </sect3>
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| 131 |
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| 132 | <sect3>
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| 133 | <title>Device Node Creation</title>
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| 134 |
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[2a1c1e0] | 135 | <para>To obtain the right major and minor number for a device, Udev
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| 136 | relies on the information provided by <systemitem
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[d2c332bc] | 137 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> in <filename
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| 138 | class="directory">/sys</filename>. For example,
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| 139 | <filename>/sys/class/tty/vcs/dev</filename> contains the string
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[2a1c1e0] | 140 | <quote>7:0</quote>. This string is used by <command>udevd</command> to
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| 141 | create a device node with major number <emphasis>7</emphasis> and minor
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[d2c332bc] | 142 | <emphasis>0</emphasis>. The names and permissions of the nodes created
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| 143 | under the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory are
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| 144 | determined by rules specified in the files within the <filename
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| 145 | class="directory">/etc/udev/rules.d/</filename> directory. These are
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| 146 | numbered in a similar fashion to the LFS-Bootscripts package. If
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| 147 | <command>udevd</command> can't find a rule for the device it is creating,
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| 148 | it will default permissions to <emphasis>660</emphasis> and ownership to
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| 149 | <emphasis>root:root</emphasis>. Documentation on the syntax of the Udev
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| 150 | rules configuration files are available in
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[c711a61] | 151 | <filename>/usr/share/doc/udev-&udev-version;/writing_udev_rules/index.html</filename>
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| 152 | </para>
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[d2c332bc] | 153 |
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| 154 | </sect3>
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| 155 |
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| 156 | <sect3>
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| 157 | <title>Module Loading</title>
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| 158 |
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| 159 | <para>Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built into them.
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| 160 | Aliases are visible in the output of the <command>modinfo</command>
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| 161 | program and are usually related to the bus-specific identifiers of devices
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| 162 | supported by a module. For example, the <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>
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| 163 | driver supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID 0x0801,
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| 164 | and has an alias of <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</quote>.
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| 165 | For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the driver that
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| 166 | would handle the device via <systemitem
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| 167 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. E.g., the
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| 168 | <filename>/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</filename> file
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| 169 | might contain the string
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| 170 | <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</quote>.
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[61e63d3] | 171 | The default rules provided with Udev will cause <command>udevd</command>
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| 172 | to call out to <command>/sbin/modprobe</command> with the contents of the
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| 173 | <envar>MODALIAS</envar> uevent environment variable (which should be the
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[d2c332bc] | 174 | same as the contents of the <filename>modalias</filename> file in sysfs),
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| 175 | thus loading all modules whose aliases match this string after wildcard
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| 176 | expansion.</para>
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| 177 |
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| 178 | <para>In this example, this means that, in addition to
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| 179 | <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>, the obsolete (and unwanted)
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| 180 | <emphasis>forte</emphasis> driver will be loaded if it is
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| 181 | available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can
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| 182 | be prevented.</para>
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| 183 |
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| 184 | <para>The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network
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| 185 | protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand.</para>
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| 186 |
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| 187 | </sect3>
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| 188 |
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| 189 | <sect3>
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| 190 | <title>Handling Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices</title>
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| 191 |
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| 192 | <para>When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) MP3
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| 193 | player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and
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[a0d96d25] | 194 | generates a uevent. This uevent is then handled by
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[d2c332bc] | 195 | <command>udevd</command> as described above.</para>
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| 196 |
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| 197 | </sect3>
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[d781ffb] | 198 |
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| 199 | </sect2>
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| 200 |
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| 201 | <sect2>
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[d2c332bc] | 202 | <title>Problems with Loading Modules and Creating Devices</title>
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[d781ffb] | 203 |
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[d2c332bc] | 204 | <para>There are a few possible problems when it comes to automatically
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| 205 | creating device nodes.</para>
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[d781ffb] | 206 |
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[d2c332bc] | 207 | <sect3>
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| 208 | <title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically</title>
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[d781ffb] | 209 |
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[d2c332bc] | 210 | <para>Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias and the
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| 211 | bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases to <systemitem
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| 212 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. In other cases, one should
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| 213 | arrange module loading by other means. With Linux-&linux-version;, Udev is
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[a0d96d25] | 214 | known to load properly-written drivers for INPUT, IDE, PCI, USB, SCSI,
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[0cda898] | 215 | SERIO, and FireWire devices.</para>
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[d781ffb] | 216 |
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[d2c332bc] | 217 | <para>To determine if the device driver you require has the necessary
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| 218 | support for Udev, run <command>modinfo</command> with the module name as
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| 219 | the argument. Now try locating the device directory under
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| 220 | <filename class="directory">/sys/bus</filename> and check whether there is
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| 221 | a <filename>modalias</filename> file there.</para>
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| 222 |
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| 223 | <para>If the <filename>modalias</filename> file exists in <systemitem
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| 224 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>, the driver supports the device and
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| 225 | can talk to it directly, but doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the
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| 226 | driver. Load the driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue
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| 227 | to be fixed later.</para>
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[d781ffb] | 228 |
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[d2c332bc] | 229 | <para>If there is no <filename>modalias</filename> file in the relevant
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| 230 | directory under <filename class="directory">/sys/bus</filename>, this
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| 231 | means that the kernel developers have not yet added modalias support to
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[a0d96d25] | 232 | this bus type. With Linux-&linux-version;, this is the case with ISA
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| 233 | busses. Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 234 |
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| 235 | <para>Udev is not intended to load <quote>wrapper</quote> drivers such as
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| 236 | <emphasis>snd-pcm-oss</emphasis> and non-hardware drivers such as
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| 237 | <emphasis>loop</emphasis> at all.</para>
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| 238 |
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| 239 | </sect3>
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| 240 |
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| 241 | <sect3>
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| 242 | <title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically, and Udev is not
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| 243 | intended to load it</title>
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| 244 |
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| 245 | <para>If the <quote>wrapper</quote> module only enhances the functionality
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| 246 | provided by some other module (e.g., <emphasis>snd-pcm-oss</emphasis>
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| 247 | enhances the functionality of <emphasis>snd-pcm</emphasis> by making the
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| 248 | sound cards available to OSS applications), configure
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| 249 | <command>modprobe</command> to load the wrapper after Udev loads the
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[b67f2d6] | 250 | wrapped module. To do this, add an <quote>install</quote> line in any
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| 251 | <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/<replaceable><filename></replaceable>.conf</filename>
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| 252 | file. For example:</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 253 |
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[38d3a31] | 254 | <screen role="nodump"><literal>install snd-pcm /sbin/modprobe -i snd-pcm ; \
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| 255 | /sbin/modprobe snd-pcm-oss ; true</literal></screen>
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[d2c332bc] | 256 |
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| 257 | <para>If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by itself,
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[0cda898] | 258 | configure the <command>modules</command> bootscript to load this
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[d2c332bc] | 259 | module on system boot. To do this, add the module name to the
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| 260 | <filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename> file on a separate line.
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| 261 | This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal in that case.</para>
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| 262 |
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| 263 | </sect3>
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| 264 |
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| 265 | <sect3>
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| 266 | <title>Udev loads some unwanted module</title>
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| 267 |
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[b67f2d6] | 268 | <para>Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in a
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| 269 | <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/blacklist.conf</filename> file as done with the
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[d2c332bc] | 270 | <emphasis>forte</emphasis> module in the example below:</para>
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| 271 |
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| 272 | <screen role="nodump"><literal>blacklist forte</literal></screen>
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| 273 |
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| 274 | <para>Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the
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| 275 | explicit <command>modprobe</command> command.</para>
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| 276 |
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| 277 | </sect3>
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| 278 |
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| 279 | <sect3>
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| 280 | <title>Udev creates a device incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink</title>
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| 281 |
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| 282 | <para>This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. For
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[a0d96d25] | 283 | example, a poorly-writen rule can match both a SCSI disk (as desired)
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[d2c332bc] | 284 | and the corresponding SCSI generic device (incorrectly) by vendor.
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[61e63d3] | 285 | Find the offending rule and make it more specific, with the help of the
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| 286 | <command>udevadm info</command> command.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 287 |
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| 288 | </sect3>
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| 289 |
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| 290 | <sect3>
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| 291 | <title>Udev rule works unreliably</title>
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| 292 |
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| 293 | <para>This may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not,
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| 294 | and your rule uses <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>
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| 295 | attributes, it may be a kernel timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels.
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| 296 | For now, you can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the used
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| 297 | <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> attribute and appending
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| 298 | it to the <filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules</filename>
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[61e63d3] | 299 | file (create this file if it does not exist). Please notify the LFS
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| 300 | Development list if you do so and it helps.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 301 |
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| 302 | </sect3>
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| 303 |
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| 304 | <sect3>
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| 305 | <title>Udev does not create a device</title>
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| 306 |
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| 307 | <para>Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the
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| 308 | kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked
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| 309 | that Udev doesn't create a misnamed device.</para>
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| 310 |
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| 311 | <para>Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a kernel
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| 312 | driver does not export its data to <systemitem
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| 313 | class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>.
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| 314 | This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel
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| 315 | tree. Create a static device node in
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| 316 | <filename>/lib/udev/devices</filename> with the appropriate major/minor
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| 317 | numbers (see the file <filename>devices.txt</filename> inside the kernel
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| 318 | documentation or the documentation provided by the third party driver
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| 319 | vendor). The static device node will be copied to
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| 320 | <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> by the
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[0cda898] | 321 | <command>udev</command> bootscript.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 322 |
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| 323 | </sect3>
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| 324 |
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| 325 | <sect3>
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| 326 | <title>Device naming order changes randomly after rebooting</title>
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[d781ffb] | 327 |
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[d2c332bc] | 328 | <para>This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles uevents and
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| 329 | loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. This will
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| 330 | never be <quote>fixed</quote>. You should not rely upon the kernel device
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| 331 | names being stable. Instead, create your own rules that make symlinks with
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| 332 | stable names based on some stable attributes of the device, such as a
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| 333 | serial number or the output of various *_id utilities installed by Udev.
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[966b175] | 334 | See <xref linkend="ch-scripts-symlinks"/> and
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| 335 | <xref linkend="ch-scripts-network"/> for examples.</para>
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[d2c332bc] | 336 |
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| 337 | </sect3>
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[81fd230] | 338 |
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[d781ffb] | 339 | </sect2>
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[81fd230] | 340 |
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[d781ffb] | 341 | <sect2>
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| 342 | <title>Useful Reading</title>
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[81fd230] | 343 |
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[d781ffb] | 344 | <para>Additional helpful documentation is available at the following
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| 345 | sites:</para>
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[81fd230] | 346 |
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[d781ffb] | 347 | <itemizedlist>
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[bce08ef] | 348 |
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[d781ffb] | 349 | <listitem>
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| 350 | <para>A Userspace Implementation of <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem>
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| 351 | <ulink url="http://www.kroah.com/linux/talks/ols_2003_udev_paper/Reprint-Kroah-Hartman-OLS2003.pdf"/></para>
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| 352 | </listitem>
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| 353 |
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| 354 | <listitem>
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[e3bc7f5] | 355 | <para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> Filesystem
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| 356 | <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/kernel/people/mochel/doc/papers/ols-2005/mochel.pdf"/></para>
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[d781ffb] | 357 | </listitem>
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| 358 |
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| 359 | <listitem>
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[e3bc7f5] | 360 | <para>Pointers to further reading
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| 361 | <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/udev.html"/>
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| 362 | </para>
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[d781ffb] | 363 | </listitem>
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[bce08ef] | 364 |
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[d781ffb] | 365 | </itemizedlist>
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| 366 |
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| 367 | </sect2>
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| 368 |
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| 369 | </sect1>
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