source: chapter08/binutils.xml@ 1dcfd50

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1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-system-binutils" role="wrap">
9 <?dbhtml filename="binutils.html"?>
10
11 <sect1info condition="script">
12 <productname>binutils</productname>
13 <productnumber>&binutils-version;</productnumber>
14 <address>&binutils-url;</address>
15 </sect1info>
16
17 <title>Binutils-&binutils-version;</title>
18
19 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils">
20 <primary sortas="a-Binutils">Binutils</primary>
21 </indexterm>
22
23 <sect2 role="package">
24 <title/>
25
26 <para>The Binutils package contains a linker, an assembler, and other
27 tools for handling object files.</para>
28
29 <segmentedlist>
30 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
31 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
32
33 <seglistitem>
34 <seg>&binutils-fin-sbu;</seg>
35 <seg>&binutils-fin-du;</seg>
36 </seglistitem>
37 </segmentedlist>
38
39 </sect2>
40
41 <sect2 role="installation">
42 <title>Installation of Binutils</title>
43
44 <para>Verify that the PTYs are working properly inside the chroot
45 environment by performing a simple test:</para>
46
47<screen><userinput remap="test">expect -c "spawn ls"</userinput></screen>
48
49 <para>This command should output the following:</para>
50
51<screen><computeroutput>spawn ls</computeroutput></screen>
52
53 <para>If, instead, the output includes the message below, then the environment
54 is not set up for proper PTY operation. This issue needs to be resolved before
55 running the test suites for Binutils and GCC:</para>
56
57<screen><computeroutput>The system has no more ptys.
58Ask your system administrator to create more.</computeroutput></screen>
59<!-- Fixed in binutils-2.39
60 <para>
61 Now make a fix identified upstream that affects building some packages:
62 </para>
63
64<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -e '/R_386_TLS_LE /i \ || (TYPE) == R_386_TLS_IE \\' \
65 -i ./bfd/elfxx-x86.h</userinput></screen>
66-->
67 <para>The Binutils documentation recommends building Binutils
68 in a dedicated build directory:</para>
69
70<screen><userinput remap="pre">mkdir -v build
71cd build</userinput></screen>
72
73 <para>Prepare Binutils for compilation:</para>
74
75<screen><userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
76 --sysconfdir=/etc \
77 --enable-gold \
78 --enable-ld=default \
79 --enable-plugins \
80 --enable-shared \
81 --disable-werror \
82 --enable-64-bit-bfd \
83 --with-system-zlib</userinput></screen>
84 <variablelist>
85 <title>The meaning of the configure parameters:</title>
86
87 <varlistentry>
88 <term><parameter>--enable-gold</parameter></term>
89 <listitem>
90 <para>Build the gold linker and install it as ld.gold (along side the
91 default linker).</para>
92 </listitem>
93 </varlistentry>
94
95 <varlistentry>
96 <term><parameter>--enable-ld=default</parameter></term>
97 <listitem>
98 <para>Build the original bfd linker and install it as both ld (the
99 default linker) and ld.bfd.</para>
100 </listitem>
101 </varlistentry>
102
103 <varlistentry>
104 <term><parameter>--enable-plugins</parameter></term>
105 <listitem>
106 <para>Enables plugin support for the linker.</para>
107 </listitem>
108 </varlistentry>
109
110 <varlistentry>
111 <term><parameter>--enable-64-bit-bfd</parameter></term>
112 <listitem>
113 <para>Enables 64-bit support (on hosts with narrower word sizes).
114 May not be needed on 64-bit systems, but does no harm.</para>
115 </listitem>
116 </varlistentry>
117
118 <varlistentry>
119 <term><parameter>--with-system-zlib</parameter></term>
120 <listitem>
121 <para>Use the installed zlib library rather than building the
122 included version.</para>
123 </listitem>
124 </varlistentry>
125
126 </variablelist>
127
128 <para>Compile the package:</para>
129
130<screen><userinput remap="make">make tooldir=/usr</userinput></screen>
131
132 <variablelist>
133 <title>The meaning of the make parameter:</title>
134
135 <varlistentry>
136 <term><parameter>tooldir=/usr</parameter></term>
137 <listitem>
138 <para>Normally, the tooldir (the directory where the executables will
139 ultimately be located) is set to <filename
140 class="directory">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</filename>. For
141 example, ARM64 machines would expand that to <filename
142 class="directory">/usr/aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu</filename>. Because this is
143 a custom system, this target-specific directory in <filename
144 class="directory">/usr</filename> is not required. <filename
145 class="directory">$(exec_prefix)/$(target_alias)</filename> would be
146 used if the system was used to cross-compile (for example, compiling a
147 package on an Intel machine that generates code that can be executed
148 on PowerPC machines).</para>
149 </listitem>
150 </varlistentry>
151
152 </variablelist>
153
154 <important>
155 <para>The test suite for Binutils in this section is considered critical.
156 Do not skip it under any circumstances.</para>
157 </important>
158
159 <para>Test the results:</para>
160
161<screen><userinput remap="test">make -k check</userinput></screen>
162
163 <para>
164 <!-- Caused by egrep deprecation. Note that we don't "patch" temp grep.
165 And it seems unworthy to add a sed into temp grep just for one test
166 failure. (I don't really agree to "patch" grep in the first place,
167 anyway.)
168 Will be fixed in 2.40 (upstream commit 67d1991). -->
169 The test named <filename>ar with versioned solib</filename> is
170 known to fail.
171 <!-- https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=29107 -->
172 Because of a race between the gas testsuite and the gprofng testsuite,
173 some gas tests may fail if parallel jobs are used. If you are not
174 assured of the correctness of gas, invoke
175 <command>make check-gas</command> to run gas testsuite separately and
176 all tests should pass. Three gprofng tests result
177 <literal>ERROR</literal> and they are counted as
178 <literal>UNRESOLVED</literal> in the summary.</para>
179
180 <para>Install the package:</para>
181
182<screen><userinput remap="install">make tooldir=/usr install</userinput></screen>
183
184 <para>Remove useless static libraries and an empty man page:</para>
185
186<screen><userinput remap="install">rm -fv /usr/lib/lib{bfd,ctf,ctf-nobfd,opcodes}.a
187rm -fv /usr/share/man/man1/gprofng.1</userinput></screen>
188
189 </sect2>
190
191 <sect2 id="contents-binutils" role="content">
192 <title>Contents of Binutils</title>
193
194 <segmentedlist>
195 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
196 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
197 <segtitle>Installed directory</segtitle>
198
199 <seglistitem>
200 <seg>addr2line, ar, as, c++filt, dwp, elfedit, gprof, gprofng, ld, ld.bfd, ld.gold, nm,
201 objcopy, objdump, ranlib, readelf, size, strings, and strip</seg>
202 <seg>libbfd.so, libctf.so, libctf-nobfd.so, and libopcodes.so</seg>
203 <seg>/usr/lib/ldscripts</seg>
204 </seglistitem>
205 </segmentedlist>
206
207 <variablelist>
208 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
209 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
210 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
211
212 <varlistentry id="addr2line">
213 <term><command>addr2line</command></term>
214 <listitem>
215 <para>Translates program addresses to file names and line numbers;
216 given an address and the name of an executable, it uses the debugging
217 information in the executable to determine which source file and line
218 number are associated with the address</para>
219 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils addr2line">
220 <primary sortas="b-addr2line">addr2line</primary>
221 </indexterm>
222 </listitem>
223 </varlistentry>
224
225 <varlistentry id="ar">
226 <term><command>ar</command></term>
227 <listitem>
228 <para>Creates, modifies, and extracts from archives</para>
229 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ar">
230 <primary sortas="b-ar">ar</primary>
231 </indexterm>
232 </listitem>
233 </varlistentry>
234
235 <varlistentry id="as">
236 <term><command>as</command></term>
237 <listitem>
238 <para>An assembler that assembles the output of <command>gcc</command>
239 into object files</para>
240 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils as">
241 <primary sortas="b-as">as</primary>
242 </indexterm>
243 </listitem>
244 </varlistentry>
245
246 <varlistentry id="c-filt">
247 <term><command>c++filt</command></term>
248 <listitem>
249 <para>Used by the linker to de-mangle C++ and Java symbols and to keep
250 overloaded functions from clashing</para>
251 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils c-filt">
252 <primary sortas="b-c++filt">c++filt</primary>
253 </indexterm>
254 </listitem>
255 </varlistentry>
256
257 <varlistentry id="dwp">
258 <term><command>dwp</command></term>
259 <listitem>
260 <para>The DWARF packaging utility</para>
261 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils dwp">
262 <primary sortas="dwp">dwp</primary>
263 </indexterm>
264 </listitem>
265 </varlistentry>
266
267 <varlistentry id="elfedit">
268 <term><command>elfedit</command></term>
269 <listitem>
270 <para>Updates the ELF header of ELF files</para>
271 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils elfedit">
272 <primary sortas="b-elfedit">elfedit</primary>
273 </indexterm>
274 </listitem>
275 </varlistentry>
276
277 <varlistentry id="gprof">
278 <term><command>gprof</command></term>
279 <listitem>
280 <para>Displays call graph profile data</para>
281 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils gprof">
282 <primary sortas="b-gprof">gprof</primary>
283 </indexterm>
284 </listitem>
285 </varlistentry>
286
287 <varlistentry id="gprofng">
288 <term><command>gprofng</command></term>
289 <listitem>
290 <para>Gather and analyze performance data</para>
291 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils gprofng">
292 <primary sortas="b-gprofng">gprofng</primary>
293 </indexterm>
294 </listitem>
295 </varlistentry>
296
297 <varlistentry id="ld">
298 <term><command>ld</command></term>
299 <listitem>
300 <para>A linker that combines a number of object and archive files
301 into a single file, relocating their data and tying up symbol
302 references</para>
303 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ld">
304 <primary sortas="b-ld">ld</primary>
305 </indexterm>
306 </listitem>
307 </varlistentry>
308
309 <varlistentry id="ld.gold">
310 <term><command>ld.gold</command></term>
311 <listitem>
312 <para>A cut down version of ld that only supports the
313 elf object file format</para>
314 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ld.gold">
315 <primary sortas="b-ld.gold">ld.gold</primary>
316 </indexterm>
317 </listitem>
318 </varlistentry>
319
320 <varlistentry id="ld.bfd">
321 <term><command>ld.bfd</command></term>
322 <listitem>
323 <para>Hard link to <command>ld</command></para>
324 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ld.bfd">
325 <primary sortas="b-ld.bfd">ld.bfd</primary>
326 </indexterm>
327 </listitem>
328 </varlistentry>
329
330 <varlistentry id="nm">
331 <term><command>nm</command></term>
332 <listitem>
333 <para>Lists the symbols occurring in a given object file</para>
334 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils nm">
335 <primary sortas="b-nm">nm</primary>
336 </indexterm>
337 </listitem>
338 </varlistentry>
339
340 <varlistentry id="objcopy">
341 <term><command>objcopy</command></term>
342 <listitem>
343 <para>Translates one type of object file into another</para>
344 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils objcopy">
345 <primary sortas="b-objcopy">objcopy</primary>
346 </indexterm>
347 </listitem>
348 </varlistentry>
349
350 <varlistentry id="objdump">
351 <term><command>objdump</command></term>
352 <listitem>
353 <para>Displays information about the given object file, with options
354 controlling the particular information to display; the information
355 shown is useful to programmers who are working on the compilation
356 tools</para>
357 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils objdump">
358 <primary sortas="b-objdump">objdump</primary>
359 </indexterm>
360 </listitem>
361 </varlistentry>
362
363 <varlistentry id="ranlib">
364 <term><command>ranlib</command></term>
365 <listitem>
366 <para>Generates an index of the contents of an archive and stores it
367 in the archive; the index lists all of the symbols defined by archive
368 members that are relocatable object files</para>
369 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils ranlib">
370 <primary sortas="b-ranlib">ranlib</primary>
371 </indexterm>
372 </listitem>
373 </varlistentry>
374
375 <varlistentry id="readelf">
376 <term><command>readelf</command></term>
377 <listitem>
378 <para>Displays information about ELF type binaries</para>
379 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils readelf">
380 <primary sortas="b-readelf">readelf</primary>
381 </indexterm>
382 </listitem>
383 </varlistentry>
384
385 <varlistentry id="size">
386 <term><command>size</command></term>
387 <listitem>
388 <para>Lists the section sizes and the total size for the given
389 object files</para>
390 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils size">
391 <primary sortas="b-size">size</primary>
392 </indexterm>
393 </listitem>
394 </varlistentry>
395
396 <varlistentry id="strings">
397 <term><command>strings</command></term>
398 <listitem>
399 <para>Outputs, for each given file, the sequences of printable
400 characters that are of at least the specified length (defaulting to
401 four); for object files, it prints, by default, only the strings from
402 the initializing and loading sections while for other types of files, it
403 scans the entire file</para>
404 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils strings">
405 <primary sortas="b-strings">strings</primary>
406 </indexterm>
407 </listitem>
408 </varlistentry>
409
410 <varlistentry id="strip">
411 <term><command>strip</command></term>
412 <listitem>
413 <para>Discards symbols from object files</para>
414 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils strip">
415 <primary sortas="b-strip">strip</primary>
416 </indexterm>
417 </listitem>
418 </varlistentry>
419
420 <varlistentry id="libbfd">
421 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libbfd</filename></term>
422 <listitem>
423 <para>The Binary File Descriptor library</para>
424 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libbfd">
425 <primary sortas="c-libbfd">libbfd</primary>
426 </indexterm>
427 </listitem>
428 </varlistentry>
429
430 <varlistentry id="libctf">
431 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libctf</filename></term>
432 <listitem>
433 <para>The Compat ANSI-C Type Format debugging support library</para>
434 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libctf">
435 <primary sortas="c-libctf">libctf</primary>
436 </indexterm>
437 </listitem>
438 </varlistentry>
439
440 <varlistentry id="libctf-nobfd">
441 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libctf-nobfd</filename></term>
442 <listitem>
443 <para>A libctf variant which does not use libbfd functionality</para>
444 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libctf-nobfd">
445 <primary sortas="c-libctf-nobfd">libctf-nobfd</primary>
446 </indexterm>
447 </listitem>
448 </varlistentry>
449
450 <varlistentry id="libopcodes">
451 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libopcodes</filename></term>
452 <listitem>
453 <para>A library for dealing with opcodes&mdash;the <quote>readable
454 text</quote> versions of instructions for the processor;
455 it is used for building utilities like
456 <command>objdump</command></para>
457 <indexterm zone="ch-system-binutils libopcodes">
458 <primary sortas="c-libopcodes">libopcodes</primary>
459 </indexterm>
460 </listitem>
461 </varlistentry>
462
463 </variablelist>
464
465 </sect2>
466
467</sect1>
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