source: chapter08/gcc.xml@ 942e81de

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1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
5 %general-entities;
6]>
7
8<sect1 id="ch-system-gcc" role="wrap">
9 <?dbhtml filename="gcc.html"?>
10
11 <sect1info condition="script">
12 <productname>gcc</productname>
13 <productnumber>&gcc-version;</productnumber>
14 <address>&gcc-url;</address>
15 </sect1info>
16
17 <title>GCC-&gcc-version;</title>
18
19 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc">
20 <primary sortas="a-GCC">GCC</primary>
21 </indexterm>
22
23 <sect2 role="package">
24 <title/>
25
26 <para>The GCC package contains the GNU compiler collection, which includes
27 the C and C++ compilers.</para>
28
29 <segmentedlist>
30 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
31 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
32
33 <seglistitem>
34 <seg>&gcc-fin-sbu;</seg>
35 <seg>&gcc-fin-du;</seg>
36 </seglistitem>
37 </segmentedlist>
38
39 </sect2>
40
41 <sect2 role="installation">
42 <title>Installation of GCC</title>
43<!--
44 <para>At first, fix an issue breaking
45 <filename class="libraryfile">libasan.a</filename> building this package
46 with Glibc-2.34 or later:</para>
47
48<screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -e '/static.*SIGSTKSZ/d' \
49 -e 's/return kAltStackSize/return SIGSTKSZ * 4/' \
50 -i libsanitizer/sanitizer_common/sanitizer_posix_libcdep.cpp</userinput></screen>
51-->
52<!--
53 <para>First fix a problem with the latest version of glibc:</para>
54
55 <screen><userinput remap="pre">patch -Np1 -i ../&gcc-upstream-fixes-patch;</userinput></screen>
56-->
57 <para>If building on x86_64, change the default directory name for 64-bit
58 libraries to <quote>lib</quote>:</para>
59
60<screen><userinput remap="pre">case $(uname -m) in
61 x86_64)
62 sed -e '/m64=/s/lib64/lib/' \
63 -i.orig gcc/config/i386/t-linux64
64 ;;
65esac</userinput></screen>
66
67 <para>The GCC documentation recommends building GCC in a dedicated build directory:</para>
68
69<screen><userinput remap="pre">mkdir -v build
70cd build</userinput></screen>
71
72 <para>Prepare GCC for compilation:</para>
73
74<screen><userinput remap="configure">../configure --prefix=/usr \
75 LD=ld \
76 --enable-languages=c,c++ \
77 --disable-multilib \
78 --disable-bootstrap \
79 --with-system-zlib</userinput></screen>
80
81 <para>Note that for other programming languages there are some prerequisites that
82 are not yet available. See the
83 <ulink url="&blfs-book;general/gcc.html">BLFS Book GCC page</ulink>
84 for instructions on how to build all of GCC's supported languages.</para>
85
86 <variablelist>
87 <title>The meaning of the new configure parameters:</title>
88
89 <varlistentry>
90 <term><parameter>LD=ld</parameter></term>
91 <listitem>
92 <para>This parameter makes the configure script use the ld installed
93 by the binutils built earlier in this chapter, rather than
94 the cross-built version which would otherwise be used.</para>
95 </listitem>
96 </varlistentry>
97
98 <varlistentry>
99 <term><parameter>--with-system-zlib</parameter></term>
100 <listitem>
101 <para>This switch tells GCC to link to the system installed copy of
102 the zlib library, rather than its own internal copy.</para>
103 </listitem>
104 </varlistentry>
105 </variablelist>
106
107 <para>Compile the package:</para>
108
109<screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen>
110
111 <important>
112 <para>In this section, the test suite for GCC is considered
113 important, but it takes a long time. First time builders are
114 encouraged to not skip it. The time to run the tests can be
115 reduced significantly by adding -jx to the make command below
116 where x is the number of cores on your system.</para>
117 </important>
118
119 <para>One set of tests in the GCC test suite is known to exhaust the default
120 stack, so increase the stack size prior to running the tests:</para>
121
122<screen><userinput remap="test">ulimit -s 32768</userinput></screen>
123
124 <para>Test the results as a non-privileged user, but do not stop at errors:</para>
125
126<screen><userinput remap="test">chown -Rv tester .
127su tester -c "PATH=$PATH make -k check"</userinput></screen>
128
129 <para>To receive a summary of the test suite results, run:</para>
130
131<screen><userinput remap="test">../contrib/test_summary</userinput></screen>
132
133 <para>For only the summaries, pipe the output through
134 <userinput>grep -A7 Summ</userinput>.</para>
135
136 <para>Results can be compared with those located at <ulink
137 url="&test-results;"/> and
138 <ulink url="https://gcc.gnu.org/ml/gcc-testresults/"/>.</para>
139
140 <para>In g++, four tests related to PR100400 are known to be reported
141 as both XPASS and FAIL. It's because the test file for this known issue
142 is not well written.</para>
143
144 <para>A few unexpected failures cannot always be avoided. The GCC developers
145 are usually aware of these issues, but have not resolved them yet.
146 Unless the test results are vastly different from those at the above URL,
147 it is safe to continue.</para>
148
149 <!--note><para>
150 On some combinations of kernel configuration and AMD processors
151 there may be more than 1100 failures in the gcc.target/i386/mpx
152 tests (which are designed to test the MPX option on recent
153 Intel processors). These can safely be ignored on AMD
154 processors. These tests will also fail on Intel processors if MPX support
155 is not enabled in the kernel even though it is present on the CPU.
156 </para></note-->
157
158 <para>Install the package:</para>
159
160<screen><userinput remap="install">make install</userinput></screen>
161
162 <para>The GCC build directory is owned by <systemitem class="username">
163 tester</systemitem> now and the ownership of the installed header
164 directory (and its content) will be incorrect. Change the ownership to
165 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> user and group:</para>
166
167<screen><userinput remap="install">chown -v -R root:root \
168 /usr/lib/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/&gcc-version;/include{,-fixed}</userinput></screen>
169
170 <para>Create a symlink required by the <ulink
171 url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/FHS_3.0/fhs/ch03s09.html">FHS</ulink>
172 for "historical" reasons.</para>
173
174<screen><userinput remap="install">ln -svr /usr/bin/cpp /usr/lib</userinput></screen>
175 <!-- already done earlier
176 <para>Many packages use the name <command>cc</command> to call the C
177 compiler. To satisfy those packages, create a symlink:</para>
178
179<screen><userinput remap="install">ln -sv gcc /usr/bin/cc</userinput></screen>
180 -->
181 <para>Add a compatibility symlink to enable building programs with
182 Link Time Optimization (LTO):</para>
183
184<screen><userinput remap="install">ln -sfv ../../libexec/gcc/$(gcc -dumpmachine)/&gcc-version;/liblto_plugin.so \
185 /usr/lib/bfd-plugins/</userinput></screen>
186
187 <para>Now that our final toolchain is in place, it is important to again ensure
188 that compiling and linking will work as expected. We do this by performing
189 some sanity checks:</para>
190
191<screen><userinput>echo 'int main(){}' &gt; dummy.c
192cc dummy.c -v -Wl,--verbose &amp;&gt; dummy.log
193readelf -l a.out | grep ': /lib'</userinput></screen>
194
195 <para>There should be no errors,
196 and the output of the last command will be (allowing for
197 platform-specific differences in the dynamic linker name):</para>
198
199<screen><computeroutput>[Requesting program interpreter: /lib64/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2]</computeroutput></screen>
200
201 <para>Now make sure that we're setup to use the correct start files:</para>
202
203<screen><userinput>grep -o '/usr/lib.*/crt[1in].*succeeded' dummy.log</userinput></screen>
204
205 <para>The output of the last command should be:</para>
206
207<screen><computeroutput>/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/&gcc-version;/../../../../lib/crt1.o succeeded
208/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/&gcc-version;/../../../../lib/crti.o succeeded
209/usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/&gcc-version;/../../../../lib/crtn.o succeeded</computeroutput></screen>
210
211 <para>Depending on your machine architecture, the above may differ slightly.
212 The difference will be the name of the directory
213 after <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/gcc</filename>. The important
214 thing to look for here is that <command>gcc</command> has found all three
215 <filename>crt*.o</filename> files under the
216 <filename class="directory">/usr/lib</filename> directory.</para>
217
218 <para>Verify that the compiler is searching for the correct header
219 files:</para>
220
221<screen><userinput>grep -B4 '^ /usr/include' dummy.log</userinput></screen>
222
223 <para>This command should return the following output:</para>
224
225<screen><computeroutput>#include &lt;...&gt; search starts here:
226 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/&gcc-version;/include
227 /usr/local/include
228 /usr/lib/gcc/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/&gcc-version;/include-fixed
229 /usr/include</computeroutput></screen>
230
231 <para>Again, the directory named after your target triplet may be
232 different than the above, depending on your system architecture.</para>
233
234 <para>Next, verify that the new linker is being used with the correct search paths:</para>
235
236<screen><userinput>grep 'SEARCH.*/usr/lib' dummy.log |sed 's|; |\n|g'</userinput></screen>
237
238 <para>References to paths that have components with '-linux-gnu' should
239 be ignored, but otherwise the output of the last command should be:</para>
240
241<screen><computeroutput>SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib64")
242SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib64")
243SEARCH_DIR("/lib64")
244SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib64")
245SEARCH_DIR("/usr/x86_64-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
246SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
247SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
248SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</computeroutput></screen>
249
250 <para>A 32-bit system may see a few different directories. For example, here
251 is the output from an i686 machine:</para>
252
253<screen><computeroutput>SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib32")
254SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib32")
255SEARCH_DIR("/lib32")
256SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib32")
257SEARCH_DIR("/usr/i686-pc-linux-gnu/lib")
258SEARCH_DIR("/usr/local/lib")
259SEARCH_DIR("/lib")
260SEARCH_DIR("/usr/lib");</computeroutput></screen>
261
262 <para>Next make sure that we're using the correct libc:</para>
263
264<screen><userinput>grep "/lib.*/libc.so.6 " dummy.log</userinput></screen>
265
266 <para>The output of the last command should be:</para>
267
268<screen><computeroutput>attempt to open /usr/lib/libc.so.6 succeeded</computeroutput></screen>
269
270 <para>Make sure GCC is using the correct dynamic linker:</para>
271
272<screen><userinput>grep found dummy.log</userinput></screen>
273
274 <para>The output of the last command should be (allowing for
275 platform-specific differences in dynamic linker name):</para>
276
277<screen><computeroutput>found ld-linux-x86-64.so.2 at /usr/lib/ld-linux-x86-64.so.2</computeroutput></screen>
278
279 <para>If the output does not appear as shown above or is not received
280 at all, then something is seriously wrong. Investigate and retrace the
281 steps to find out where the problem is and correct it. <!--The most likely
282 reason is that something went wrong with the specs file adjustment.--> Any
283 issues will need to be resolved before continuing with the process.</para>
284
285 <para>Once everything is working correctly, clean up the test files:</para>
286
287<screen><userinput>rm -v dummy.c a.out dummy.log</userinput></screen>
288
289 <para>Finally, move a misplaced file:</para>
290
291<screen><userinput remap="install">mkdir -pv /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib
292mv -v /usr/lib/*gdb.py /usr/share/gdb/auto-load/usr/lib</userinput></screen>
293
294 </sect2>
295
296 <sect2 id="contents-gcc" role="content">
297 <title>Contents of GCC</title>
298
299 <segmentedlist>
300 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
301 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
302 <segtitle>Installed directories</segtitle>
303
304 <seglistitem>
305 <seg>c++, cc (link to gcc), cpp, g++, gcc,
306 gcc-ar, gcc-nm, gcc-ranlib, gcov, gcov-dump, gcov-tool,
307 and lto-dump</seg>
308
309 <seg>libasan.{a,so}, libatomic.{a,so}, libcc1.so, libgcc.a, libgcc_eh.a,
310 libgcc_s.so, libgcov.a, libgomp.{a,so}, libitm.{a,so},
311 liblsan.{a,so}, liblto_plugin.so,
312 libquadmath.{a,so}, libssp.{a,so}, libssp_nonshared.a,
313 libstdc++.{a,so}, libstdc++fs.a, libsupc++.a, libtsan.{a,so},
314 and libubsan.{a,so}</seg>
315
316 <seg>/usr/include/c++, /usr/lib/gcc, /usr/libexec/gcc, and
317 /usr/share/gcc-&gcc-version;</seg>
318 </seglistitem>
319 </segmentedlist>
320
321 <variablelist>
322 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
323 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
324 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
325
326 <varlistentry id="c">
327 <term><command>c++</command></term>
328 <listitem>
329 <para>The C++ compiler</para>
330 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc c">
331 <primary sortas="b-c++">c++</primary>
332 </indexterm>
333 </listitem>
334 </varlistentry>
335
336 <varlistentry id="cc">
337 <term><command>cc</command></term>
338 <listitem>
339 <para>The C compiler</para>
340 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc cc">
341 <primary sortas="b-cc">cc</primary>
342 </indexterm>
343 </listitem>
344 </varlistentry>
345
346 <varlistentry id="cpp">
347 <term><command>cpp</command></term>
348 <listitem>
349 <para>The C preprocessor; it is used by the compiler to expand the
350 #include, #define, and similar statements in the source files</para>
351 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc cpp">
352 <primary sortas="b-cpp">cpp</primary>
353 </indexterm>
354 </listitem>
355 </varlistentry>
356
357 <varlistentry id="g">
358 <term><command>g++</command></term>
359 <listitem>
360 <para>The C++ compiler</para>
361 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc g">
362 <primary sortas="b-g++">g++</primary>
363 </indexterm>
364 </listitem>
365 </varlistentry>
366
367 <varlistentry id="gcc">
368 <term><command>gcc</command></term>
369 <listitem>
370 <para>The C compiler</para>
371 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcc">
372 <primary sortas="b-gcc">gcc</primary>
373 </indexterm>
374 </listitem>
375 </varlistentry>
376
377 <varlistentry id="gcc-ar">
378 <term><command>gcc-ar</command></term>
379 <listitem>
380 <para>A wrapper around <command>ar</command> that adds a
381 plugin to the command line. This program is only used
382 to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the
383 default build options</para>
384 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcc-ar">
385 <primary sortas="b-gcc-ar">gc-ar</primary>
386 </indexterm>
387 </listitem>
388 </varlistentry>
389
390 <varlistentry id="gcc-nm">
391 <term><command>gcc-nm</command></term>
392 <listitem>
393 <para>A wrapper around <command>nm</command> that adds a
394 plugin to the command line. This program is only used
395 to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the
396 default build options</para>
397 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcc-nm">
398 <primary sortas="b-gcc-nm">gc-nm</primary>
399 </indexterm>
400 </listitem>
401 </varlistentry>
402
403 <varlistentry id="gcc-ranlib">
404 <term><command>gcc-ranlib</command></term>
405 <listitem>
406 <para>A wrapper around <command>ranlib</command> that adds a
407 plugin to the command line. This program is only used
408 to add "link time optimization" and is not useful with the
409 default build options</para>
410 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcc-ranlib">
411 <primary sortas="b-gcc-ranlib">gc-ranlib</primary>
412 </indexterm>
413 </listitem>
414 </varlistentry>
415
416 <varlistentry id="gcov">
417 <term><command>gcov</command></term>
418 <listitem>
419 <para>A coverage testing tool; it is used to analyze programs to
420 determine where optimizations will have the most effect</para>
421 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcov">
422 <primary sortas="b-gcov">gcov</primary>
423 </indexterm>
424 </listitem>
425 </varlistentry>
426
427 <varlistentry id="gcov-dump">
428 <term><command>gcov-dump</command></term>
429 <listitem>
430 <para>Offline gcda and gcno profile dump tool</para>
431 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcov-dump">
432 <primary sortas="b-gcov-dump">gcov-dump</primary>
433 </indexterm>
434 </listitem>
435 </varlistentry>
436
437 <varlistentry id="gcov-tool">
438 <term><command>gcov-tool</command></term>
439 <listitem>
440 <para>Offline gcda profile processing tool</para>
441 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc gcov-tool">
442 <primary sortas="b-gcov-tool">gcov-tool</primary>
443 </indexterm>
444 </listitem>
445 </varlistentry>
446
447 <varlistentry id="lto-dump">
448 <term><command>lto-dump</command></term>
449 <listitem>
450 <para>Tool for dumping object files produced by GCC with LTO
451 enabled</para>
452 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc lto-dump">
453 <primary sortas="b-lto-dump">lto-dump</primary>
454 </indexterm>
455 </listitem>
456 </varlistentry>
457
458 <varlistentry id="libasan">
459 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libasan</filename></term>
460 <listitem>
461 <para>The Address Sanitizer runtime library</para>
462 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libasan">
463 <primary sortas="b-libasan">libasan</primary>
464 </indexterm>
465 </listitem>
466 </varlistentry>
467
468 <varlistentry id="libatomic">
469 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libatomic</filename></term>
470 <listitem>
471 <para>GCC atomic built-in runtime library</para>
472 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libatomic">
473 <primary sortas="b-libatomic">libatomic</primary>
474 </indexterm>
475 </listitem>
476 </varlistentry>
477
478 <varlistentry id="libcc1">
479 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libcc1</filename></term>
480 <listitem>
481 <para>The C preprocessing library</para>
482 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libcc1">
483 <primary sortas="b-libcc1">libcc1</primary>
484 </indexterm>
485 </listitem>
486 </varlistentry>
487
488 <varlistentry id="libgcc">
489 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libgcc</filename></term>
490 <listitem>
491 <para>Contains run-time support for <command>gcc</command></para>
492 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libgcc">
493 <primary sortas="c-libgcc">libgcc</primary>
494 </indexterm>
495 </listitem>
496 </varlistentry>
497
498 <varlistentry id="libgcov">
499 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libgcov</filename></term>
500 <listitem>
501 <para>This library is linked in to a program when GCC is instructed
502 to enable profiling</para>
503 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libgcov">
504 <primary sortas="c-libgcov">libgcov</primary>
505 </indexterm>
506 </listitem>
507 </varlistentry>
508
509 <varlistentry id="libgomp">
510 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libgomp</filename></term>
511 <listitem>
512 <para>GNU implementation of the OpenMP API for multi-platform
513 shared-memory parallel programming in C/C++ and Fortran</para>
514 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libgomp">
515 <primary sortas="c-libgomp">libgomp</primary>
516 </indexterm>
517 </listitem>
518 </varlistentry>
519
520 <varlistentry id="libitm">
521 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libitm</filename></term>
522 <listitem>
523 <para>The GNU transactional memory library</para>
524 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libitm">
525 <primary sortas="c-libitm">libitm</primary>
526 </indexterm>
527 </listitem>
528 </varlistentry>
529
530 <varlistentry id="liblsan">
531 <term><filename class="libraryfile">liblsan</filename></term>
532 <listitem>
533 <para>The Leak Sanitizer runtime library</para>
534 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc liblsan">
535 <primary sortas="c-liblsan">liblsan</primary>
536 </indexterm>
537 </listitem>
538 </varlistentry>
539
540 <varlistentry id="liblto_plugin">
541 <term><filename class="libraryfile">liblto_plugin</filename></term>
542 <listitem>
543 <para>GCC's LTO plugin allows binutils to process object files
544 produced by GCC with LTO enabled</para>
545 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc liblto_plugin">
546 <primary sortas="c-liblto_plugin">liblto_plugin</primary>
547 </indexterm>
548 </listitem>
549 </varlistentry>
550
551 <varlistentry id="libquadmath">
552 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libquadmath</filename></term>
553 <listitem>
554 <para>GCC Quad Precision Math Library API</para>
555 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libquadmath">
556 <primary sortas="c-libquadmath">libquadmath</primary>
557 </indexterm>
558 </listitem>
559 </varlistentry>
560
561 <varlistentry id="libssp">
562 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libssp</filename></term>
563 <listitem>
564 <para>Contains routines supporting GCC's stack-smashing protection
565 functionality</para>
566 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libssp">
567 <primary sortas="c-libssp">libssp</primary>
568 </indexterm>
569 </listitem>
570 </varlistentry>
571
572 <varlistentry id="libstdc">
573 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libstdc++</filename></term>
574 <listitem>
575 <para>The standard C++ library</para>
576 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libstdc">
577 <primary sortas="c-libstdc++">libstdc++</primary>
578 </indexterm>
579 </listitem>
580 </varlistentry>
581
582 <varlistentry id="libstdcfs">
583 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libstdc++fs</filename></term>
584 <listitem>
585 <para>ISO/IEC TS 18822:2015 Filesystem library</para>
586 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libstdcfs">
587 <primary sortas="c-libstdc++fs">libstdc++fs</primary>
588 </indexterm>
589 </listitem>
590 </varlistentry>
591
592 <varlistentry id="libsupc">
593 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libsupc++</filename></term>
594 <listitem>
595 <para>Provides supporting routines for the C++ programming
596 language</para>
597 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libsupc">
598 <primary sortas="c-libsupc++">libsupc++</primary>
599 </indexterm>
600 </listitem>
601 </varlistentry>
602
603 <varlistentry id="libtsan">
604 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libtsan</filename></term>
605 <listitem>
606 <para>The Thread Sanitizer runtime library</para>
607 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libtsan">
608 <primary sortas="c-libtsan">libtsan</primary>
609 </indexterm>
610 </listitem>
611 </varlistentry>
612
613 <varlistentry id="libubsan">
614 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libubsan</filename></term>
615 <listitem>
616 <para>The Undefined Behavior Sanitizer runtime library</para>
617 <indexterm zone="ch-system-gcc libubsan">
618 <primary sortas="c-libubsan">libubsan</primary>
619 </indexterm>
620 </listitem>
621 </varlistentry>
622
623 </variablelist>
624
625 </sect2>
626
627</sect1>
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