source: chapter08/grub.xml@ f868dbc6

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<sect1 id="ch-bootable-grub" role="wrap">
  <?dbhtml filename="grub.html"?>

  <sect1info condition="script">
    <productname>grub</productname>
    <productnumber>&grub-version;</productnumber>
    <address>&grub-url;</address>
  </sect1info>

  <title>Using GRUB to Set Up the Boot Process</title>

  <sect2>
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <warning><para>Configuring GRUB incorrectly can render your system
    inoperable without an alternate boot device such as a CD-ROM.  This
    section is not required to boot your LFS system.  You may just
    want to modify your current boot loader, e.g. Grub-Legacy, GRUB2, or
    LILO.</para></warning>


    <para> Ensure that an emergency boot disk is ready to <quote>rescue</quote>
    the computer if the computer becomes unusable (un-bootable).  If you do not
    already have a boot device, you can create one.  In order for the procedure
    below to work, you need to jump ahead to BLFS and install
    <userinput>xorriso</userinput> from the <ulink
    url="http://www.linuxfromscratch.org/blfs/view/svn/multimedia/libisoburn.html">
    libisoburn</ulink> package.</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cd /tmp &amp;&amp;
grub-mkrescue --output=grub-img.iso &amp;&amp;
xorriso -as cdrecord -v dev=/dev/cdrw blank=as_needed grub-img.iso</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>GRUB Naming Conventions</title>

    <para>GRUB uses its own naming structure for drives and partitions in
    the form of <emphasis>(hdn,m)</emphasis>, where <emphasis>n</emphasis>
    is the hard drive number and <emphasis>m</emphasis> is the partition
    number. The hard drive number starts from zero, but the partition number
    starts from one for normal partitions and five for extended partitions.  
    Note that this is different from earlier versions where 
    both numbers started from zero. For example, partition <filename
    class="partition">sda1</filename> is <emphasis>(hd0,1)</emphasis> to
    GRUB and <filename class="partition">sdb3</filename> is
    <emphasis>(hd1,3)</emphasis>. In contrast to Linux, GRUB does not
    consider CD-ROM drives to be hard drives. For example, if using a CD
    on <filename class="partition">hdb</filename> and a second hard drive
    on <filename class="partition">hdc</filename>, that second hard drive
    would still be <emphasis>(hd1)</emphasis>.</para>

    <para>You can determine what GRUB thinks your disk devices are by running:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grub-mkdevicemap --device-map=device.map
cat device.map</userinput></screen>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Setting Up the Configuration</title>

    <para>GRUB works by writing data to the first physical track of the 
    hard disk.  This area is not part of any file system.  The programs
    there access GRUB modules in the boot partition.  The default location
    is /boot/grub/.</para>

    <para>The location of the boot partition is a choice of the user that
    affects the configuration.  One recommendation is to have a separate small
    (suggested size is 100 MB) partition just for boot information.  That way
    each build, whether LFS or some commercial distro, can access the same boot
    files and access can be made from any booted system.  If you choose to do
    this, you will need to mount the separate partition, move all files in the
    current <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> directory (e.g. the
    linux kernel you just built in the previous section) to the new partition.
    You will then need to unmount the partition and remount it as <filename
    class="directory">/boot</filename>.  If you do this, be sure to update
    <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>

    <para>Using the current lfs partition will also work, but configuration
    for multiple systems is more difficult.</para>

    <para>Using the above information, determine the appropriate
    designator for the root partition (or boot partition, if a separate
    one is used). For the following example, it is assumed that the root
    (or separate boot) partition is <filename
    class="partition">sda2</filename>.</para>

    <para>Install the GRUB files into <filename
    class="directory">/boot/grub</filename> and set up the boot track:</para> 

    <warning>
      <para>The following command will overwrite the current boot loader. Do not
      run the command if this is not desired, for example, if using a third party
      boot manager to manage the Master Boot Record (MBR).</para> 
    </warning>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grub-install /dev/sda</userinput></screen>

    <note><para><application>grub-install</application> is a script and calls another 
    program, grub-probe, that may fail with a message "cannot stat `/dev/root'".  
    If so, create a temporary symbolic link from your root partition to /dev/root:</para>

<screen role="nodump"><userinput>ln -sv /dev/sda2 /dev/root</userinput></screen>

    <para>The symbolic link will only be present until the system is rebooted.
    The link is only needed for the installation procedure.
    </para></note>

  </sect2>

  <sect2>
    <title>Creating the Configuration File</title>

    <para>Generate <filename>/boot/grub/grub.cfg</filename>:</para>

    <screen><userinput>cat &gt; /boot/grub/grub.cfg &lt;&lt; "EOF"
<literal># Begin /boot/grub/grub.cfg
set default=0
set timeout=5

insmod ext2
set root=(hd0,2)

menuentry "GNU/Linux, Linux &linux-version;-lfs-&version;" {
        linux   /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version; root=/dev/sda2 ro
}</literal>
EOF</userinput></screen>

    <note><para>From <application>GRUB</application>'s perspective, the
    kernel files are relative to the partition used.  If you
    used a separate /boot partition, remove /boot from the above
    <emphasis>linux</emphasis> line.  You will also need to change the
    <emphasis>set root</emphasis> line to point to the boot partition.
    </para></note> 

    <para>GRUB is an extremely powerful program and it provides a tremendous
    number of options for booting from a wide variety of devices, operating
    systems, and partition types.  There are also many options for customization 
    such as graphical splash screens, playing sounds, mouse input, etc.  The
    details of these options are beyond the scope of this introduction.</para>

    <caution><para>There is a command, <application>grub-mkconfig</application>, that
    can write a configuration file automatically.  It uses a set of scripts in
    /etc/grub.d/ and will destroy any customizations that you make.  These scripts
    are designed primarily for non-source distributions and are not recommended for 
    LFS.  If you install a commercial Linux distribution, there is a good chance 
    that this program will be run.  Be sure to back up your grub.cfg file.</para></caution> 

   </sect2>

</sect1>