[7152faa] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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[b06ca36] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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[76ccbb3] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-pkgmgt">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="pkgmgt.html"?>
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| 10 |
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[3f3931b0] | 11 | <title>Package Management</title>
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| 12 |
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[76ccbb3] | 13 | <para>Package Management is an often requested addition to the LFS Book. A
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[4349661] | 14 | Package Manager tracks the installation of files, making it easier to
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[f8b1860] | 15 | remove and upgrade packages. A good package manager will also handle the
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| 16 | configuration files specially to keep the user configuration when the
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| 17 | package is reinstalled or upgraded. Before
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[d327d74] | 18 | you begin to wonder, NO—this section will not talk about nor recommend
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[091d624d] | 19 | any particular package manager. What it does provide is a roundup of the more
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[d327d74] | 20 | popular techniques and how they work. The perfect package manager for you may
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[4349661] | 21 | be among these techniques, or it may be a combination of two or more of these
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[d327d74] | 22 | techniques. This section briefly mentions issues that may arise when upgrading
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| 23 | packages.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 24 |
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[3f3931b0] | 25 | <para>Some reasons why no package manager is mentioned in LFS or BLFS
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| 26 | include:</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 27 |
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| 28 | <itemizedlist>
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| 29 | <listitem>
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| 30 | <para>Dealing with package management takes the focus away from the goals
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| 31 | of these books—teaching how a Linux system is built.</para>
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| 32 | </listitem>
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| 33 |
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| 34 | <listitem>
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| 35 | <para>There are multiple solutions for package management, each having
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[4349661] | 36 | its strengths and drawbacks. Finding one solution that satisfies all audiences
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[76ccbb3] | 37 | is difficult.</para>
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| 38 | </listitem>
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| 39 | </itemizedlist>
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| 40 |
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| 41 | <para>There are some hints written on the topic of package management. Visit
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[ba82c18] | 42 | the <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink> and see if one of them
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[4349661] | 43 | fits your needs.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 44 |
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[59fef4c] | 45 | <sect2 id='pkgmgmt-upgrade-issues'>
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[76ccbb3] | 46 | <title>Upgrade Issues</title>
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| 47 |
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| 48 | <para>A Package Manager makes it easy to upgrade to newer versions when they
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[6a156bab] | 49 | are released. Generally the instructions in the LFS and BLFS books can be
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[76ccbb3] | 50 | used to upgrade to the newer versions. Here are some points that you should
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| 51 | be aware of when upgrading packages, especially on a running system.</para>
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| 52 |
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| 53 | <itemizedlist>
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| 54 | <listitem>
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[4349661] | 55 | <para>If the Linux kernel needs to be upgraded (for example, from
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| 56 | 5.10.17 to 5.10.18 or 5.11.1), nothing else needs to be rebuilt.
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| 57 | The system will keep working fine thanks to the well-defined interface
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[7ae2811] | 58 | between the kernel and userspace. Specifically, Linux API headers
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[d3b0a08] | 59 | need not be upgraded
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[4349661] | 60 | along with the kernel. You will merely need to reboot your system to use the
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[7aee318] | 61 | upgraded kernel.</para>
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| 62 | </listitem>
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| 63 |
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| 64 | <listitem>
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[d3b0a08] | 65 | <para>If Glibc needs to be upgraded to a newer
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[343ab13] | 66 | version, (e.g., from Glibc-2.36 to Glibc-&glibc-version;),
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| 67 | some extra steps are needed to avoid breaking the system.
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| 68 | Read <xref linkend='ch-system-glibc'/> for details.</para>
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[4d63404] | 69 | </listitem>
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| 70 |
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[6a156bab] | 71 | <listitem> <para>If a package containing a shared library is updated, and
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[11d5dee] | 72 | if the name of the library changes, then any packages dynamically
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[4349661] | 73 | linked to the library must be recompiled, to link against the
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[6a156bab] | 74 | newer library. (Note that there is no correlation between the package
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| 75 | version and the name of the library.) For example, consider a package
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[4349661] | 76 | foo-1.2.3 that installs a shared library with the name <filename
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| 77 | class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename>. Suppose you upgrade the package to
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| 78 | a newer version foo-1.2.4 that installs a shared library with the name
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[6a156bab] | 79 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.2</filename>. In this case, any
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| 80 | packages that are dynamically linked to <filename
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| 81 | class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename> need to be recompiled to link
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| 82 | against <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.2</filename> in order to
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[4349661] | 83 | use the new library version. You should not remove the old
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| 84 | libraries until all the dependent packages have been recompiled.</para>
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[9a17861] | 85 | </listitem>
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| 86 |
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[d0da969c] | 87 | <listitem><para>If a package is (directly or indirectly) linked to both
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[5e7593e] | 88 | the old and new names of a shared library (for example, the package
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[d0da969c] | 89 | links to both <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.2</filename> and
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[55a29cc] | 90 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libbar.so.1</filename>, while the latter
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[d0da969c] | 91 | links to <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.3</filename>), the
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| 92 | package may malfunction because the different revisions of the shared
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[5e7593e] | 93 | library present incompatible definitions for some symbol names. This can be
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[d0da969c] | 94 | caused by recompiling some, but not all, of the packages linked to the
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| 95 | old shared library after the package providing the shared library is
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| 96 | upgraded. To avoid the issue, users will need to rebuild every package
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| 97 | linked to a shared library with an updated revision (e.g. libfoo.so.2 to
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| 98 | libfoo.so.3) as soon as possible.
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[55a29cc] | 99 | </para></listitem>
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| 100 |
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[9a17861] | 101 | <listitem> <para>If a package containing a shared library is updated,
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[4349661] | 102 | and the name of the library doesn't change, but the version number of the
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[9a17861] | 103 | library <emphasis role="bold">file</emphasis> decreases (for example,
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[4349661] | 104 | the library is still named
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[9a17861] | 105 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename>,
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[4349661] | 106 | but the name of the library file is changed from
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[9a17861] | 107 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> to
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| 108 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.24</filename>),
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| 109 | you should remove the library file from the previously installed version
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[4349661] | 110 | (<filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1.25</filename> in this case).
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[6582ddc5] | 111 | Otherwise, a <command>ldconfig</command> command (invoked by yourself from the command
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[9a17861] | 112 | line, or by the installation of some package) will reset the symlink
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| 113 | <filename class='libraryfile'>libfoo.so.1</filename> to point to
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[4349661] | 114 | the old library file because it seems to be a <quote>newer</quote>
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| 115 | version; its version number is larger. This situation may arise if
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| 116 | you have to downgrade a package, or if the authors change the versioning
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| 117 | scheme for library files.</para> </listitem>
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[9a17861] | 118 |
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[ccb08fa] | 119 | <listitem><para>If a package containing a shared library is updated,
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[4349661] | 120 | and the name of the library doesn't change, but a severe issue
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[59fef4c] | 121 | (especially, a security vulnerability) is fixed, all running programs
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| 122 | linked to the shared library should be restarted. The following
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| 123 | command, run as <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> after
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[6582ddc5] | 124 | the update is complete, will list which processes are using the old versions of those libraries
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[59fef4c] | 125 | (replace <replaceable>libfoo</replaceable> with the name of the
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| 126 | library):</para>
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| 127 |
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[360371a] | 128 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>grep -l '<replaceable>libfoo</replaceable>.*deleted' /proc/*/maps | tr -cd 0-9\\n | xargs -r ps u</userinput></screen>
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[59fef4c] | 129 |
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| 130 | <para>
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[4349661] | 131 | If <application>OpenSSH</application> is being used to access
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| 132 | the system and it is linked to the updated library, you must
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| 133 | restart the <command>sshd</command> service, then logout, login again,
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[360371a] | 134 | and run the preceding command again to confirm that nothing is still using the
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[59fef4c] | 135 | deleted libraries.
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[ccb08fa] | 136 | </para>
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| 137 |
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| 138 | <para revision='systemd'>
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| 139 | If the <command>systemd</command> daemon (running as PID 1) is
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[4349661] | 140 | linked to the updated library, you can restart it without rebooting
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[ccb08fa] | 141 | by running <command>systemctl daemon-reexec</command> as the
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| 142 | <systemitem class='username'>root</systemitem> user.
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[59fef4c] | 143 | </para></listitem>
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[de28837] | 144 |
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| 145 | <listitem>
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[4349661] | 146 | <para>If an executable program or a shared library is overwritten, the processes
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| 147 | using the code or data in that program or library may crash. The
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| 148 | correct way to update a program or a shared library without causing
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[11d5dee] | 149 | the process to crash is to remove it first, then install the new
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[4349661] | 150 | version. The <command>install</command> command
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| 151 | provided by <application>coreutils</application> has already
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| 152 | implemented this, and most packages use that command to install binary files and
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[11d5dee] | 153 | libraries. This means that you won't be troubled by this issue most of the time.
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[7f36b16] | 154 | However, the install process of some packages (notably SpiderMonkey
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[4349661] | 155 | in BLFS) just overwrites the file if it exists; this causes a crash. So
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[de28837] | 156 | it's safer to save your work and close unneeded running processes
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[4349661] | 157 | before updating a package.</para> <!-- binary is an adjective, not a noun. -->
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[de28837] | 158 | </listitem>
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[9a17861] | 159 | </itemizedlist>
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[76ccbb3] | 160 |
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| 161 | </sect2>
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| 162 |
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| 163 | <sect2>
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| 164 | <title>Package Management Techniques</title>
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| 165 |
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| 166 | <para>The following are some common package management techniques. Before
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| 167 | making a decision on a package manager, do some research on the various
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[4349661] | 168 | techniques, particularly the drawbacks of each particular scheme.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 169 |
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| 170 | <sect3>
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| 171 | <title>It is All in My Head!</title>
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| 172 |
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[4349661] | 173 | <para>Yes, this is a package management technique. Some folks do not
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| 174 | need a package manager because they know the packages intimately
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| 175 | and know which files are installed by each package. Some users also do not
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[76ccbb3] | 176 | need any package management because they plan on rebuilding the entire
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[4349661] | 177 | system whenever a package is changed.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 178 |
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[76ccbb3] | 179 | </sect3>
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| 180 |
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| 181 | <sect3>
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| 182 | <title>Install in Separate Directories</title>
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| 183 |
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[4349661] | 184 | <para>This is a simplistic package management technique that does not need a
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| 185 | special program to manage the packages. Each package is installed in a
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[76ccbb3] | 186 | separate directory. For example, package foo-1.1 is installed in
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[d11686c] | 187 | <filename class='directory'>/opt/foo-1.1</filename>
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| 188 | and a symlink is made from <filename>/opt/foo</filename> to
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| 189 | <filename class='directory'>/opt/foo-1.1</filename>. When
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[4349661] | 190 | a new version foo-1.2 comes along, it is installed in
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[d11686c] | 191 | <filename class='directory'>/opt/foo-1.2</filename> and the previous
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[76ccbb3] | 192 | symlink is replaced by a symlink to the new version.</para>
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| 193 |
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| 194 | <para>Environment variables such as <envar>PATH</envar>,
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[d11686c] | 195 | <envar>MANPATH</envar>, <envar>INFOPATH</envar>,
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| 196 | <envar>PKG_CONFIG_PATH</envar>, <envar>CPPFLAGS</envar>,
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| 197 | <envar>LDFLAGS</envar>, and the configuration file
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| 198 | <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename> may need to be expanded to
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| 199 | include the corresponding subdirectories in
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| 200 | <filename class='directory'>/opt/foo-x.y</filename>.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 201 |
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[d11686c] | 202 | <para>
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| 203 | This scheme is used by the BLFS book to install some very large
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| 204 | packages to make it easier to upgrade them. If you install more
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| 205 | than a few packages, this scheme becomes unmanageable. And some
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| 206 | packages (for example Linux API headers and Glibc) may not work well
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| 207 | with this scheme.
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| 208 | <emphasis role='bold'>Never use this scheme system-wide.</emphasis>
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| 209 | </para>
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[76ccbb3] | 210 | </sect3>
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| 211 |
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| 212 | <sect3>
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| 213 | <title>Symlink Style Package Management</title>
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| 214 |
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| 215 | <para>This is a variation of the previous package management technique.
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[4349661] | 216 | Each package is installed as in the previous scheme. But instead of
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| 217 | making the symlink via a generic package name, each file is symlinked into the
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[76ccbb3] | 218 | <filename class='directory'>/usr</filename> hierarchy. This removes the
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| 219 | need to expand the environment variables. Though the symlinks can be
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[4349661] | 220 | created by the user, many package managers use this approach, and
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| 221 | automate the creation of the symlinks. A few of the popular ones include Stow,
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[76ccbb3] | 222 | Epkg, Graft, and Depot.</para>
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| 223 |
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[4349661] | 224 | <para>The installation script needs to be fooled, so the package thinks
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[76ccbb3] | 225 | it is installed in <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> though in
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| 226 | reality it is installed in the
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| 227 | <filename class="directory">/usr/pkg</filename> hierarchy. Installing in
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[091d624d] | 228 | this manner is not usually a trivial task. For example, suppose you
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[76ccbb3] | 229 | are installing a package libfoo-1.1. The following instructions may
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| 230 | not install the package properly:</para>
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| 231 |
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[942465e] | 232 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1
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[76ccbb3] | 233 | make
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| 234 | make install</userinput></screen>
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| 235 |
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| 236 | <para>The installation will work, but the dependent packages may not link
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| 237 | to libfoo as you would expect. If you compile a package that links against
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| 238 | libfoo, you may notice that it is linked to
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| 239 | <filename class='libraryfile'>/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1/lib/libfoo.so.1</filename>
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| 240 | instead of <filename class='libraryfile'>/usr/lib/libfoo.so.1</filename>
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| 241 | as you would expect. The correct approach is to use the
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[4349661] | 242 | <envar>DESTDIR</envar> variable to direct the installation. This
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[76ccbb3] | 243 | approach works as follows:</para>
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| 244 |
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[942465e] | 245 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr
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[76ccbb3] | 246 | make
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| 247 | make DESTDIR=/usr/pkg/libfoo/1.1 install</userinput></screen>
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| 248 |
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[3f3931b0] | 249 | <para>Most packages support this approach, but there are some which do not.
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[4349661] | 250 | For the non-compliant packages, you may either need to install the
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| 251 | package manually, or you may find that it is easier to install some problematic
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[3f3931b0] | 252 | packages into <filename class='directory'>/opt</filename>.</para>
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| 253 |
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[76ccbb3] | 254 | </sect3>
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| 255 |
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| 256 | <sect3>
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| 257 | <title>Timestamp Based</title>
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| 258 |
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| 259 | <para>In this technique, a file is timestamped before the installation of
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| 260 | the package. After the installation, a simple use of the
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| 261 | <command>find</command> command with the appropriate options can generate
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| 262 | a log of all the files installed after the timestamp file was created. A
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[4349661] | 263 | package manager that uses this approach is install-log.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 264 |
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| 265 | <para>Though this scheme has the advantage of being simple, it has two
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| 266 | drawbacks. If, during installation, the files are installed with any
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| 267 | timestamp other than the current time, those files will not be tracked by
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[4349661] | 268 | the package manager. Also, this scheme can only be used when packages
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| 269 | are installed one at a time. The logs are not reliable if two packages are
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| 270 | installed simultaneously from two different consoles.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 271 |
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[76ccbb3] | 272 | </sect3>
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| 273 |
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| 274 | <sect3>
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[d327d74] | 275 | <title>Tracing Installation Scripts</title>
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[76ccbb3] | 276 |
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[d327d74] | 277 | <para>In this approach, the commands that the installation scripts perform
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| 278 | are recorded. There are two techniques that one can use:</para>
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| 279 |
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| 280 | <para>The <envar>LD_PRELOAD</envar> environment variable can be set to
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| 281 | point to a library to be preloaded before installation. During
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[76ccbb3] | 282 | installation, this library tracks the packages that are being installed by
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| 283 | attaching itself to various executables such as <command>cp</command>,
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| 284 | <command>install</command>, <command>mv</command> and tracking the system
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| 285 | calls that modify the filesystem. For this approach to work, all the
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| 286 | executables need to be dynamically linked without the suid or sgid bit.
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| 287 | Preloading the library may cause some unwanted side-effects during
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[4349661] | 288 | installation. Therefore, it's a good idea to perform some tests to
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| 289 | ensure that the package manager does not break anything, and that it logs all the
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[76ccbb3] | 290 | appropriate files.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 291 |
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[4349661] | 292 | <para>Another technique is to use <command>strace</command>, which
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| 293 | logs all the system calls made during the execution of the installation
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[d327d74] | 294 | scripts.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 295 | </sect3>
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| 296 |
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| 297 | <sect3>
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| 298 | <title>Creating Package Archives</title>
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| 299 |
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| 300 | <para>In this scheme, the package installation is faked into a separate
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[4349661] | 301 | tree as previously described in the symlink style package management section. After the
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[76ccbb3] | 302 | installation, a package archive is created using the installed files.
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[4349661] | 303 | This archive is then used to install the package on the local
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| 304 | machine or even on other machines.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 305 |
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| 306 | <para>This approach is used by most of the package managers found in the
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| 307 | commercial distributions. Examples of package managers that follow this
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| 308 | approach are RPM (which, incidentally, is required by the <ulink
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[fb66c4c] | 309 | url="https://refspecs.linuxfoundation.org/lsb.shtml">Linux
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[76ccbb3] | 310 | Standard Base Specification</ulink>), pkg-utils, Debian's apt, and
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| 311 | Gentoo's Portage system. A hint describing how to adopt this style of
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| 312 | package management for LFS systems is located at <ulink
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[6b8936f] | 313 | url="&hints-root;fakeroot.txt"/>.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 314 |
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[4349661] | 315 | <para>The creation of package files that include dependency information is
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| 316 | complex, and beyond the scope of LFS.</para>
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[33f0959] | 317 |
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[4349661] | 318 | <para>Slackware uses a <command>tar</command>-based system for package
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[33f0959] | 319 | archives. This system purposely does not handle package dependencies
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| 320 | as more complex package managers do. For details of Slackware package
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| 321 | management, see <ulink
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[fb66c4c] | 322 | url="https://www.slackbook.org/html/package-management.html"/>.</para>
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[76ccbb3] | 323 | </sect3>
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| 324 |
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| 325 | <sect3>
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| 326 | <title>User Based Management</title>
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| 327 |
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| 328 | <para>This scheme, unique to LFS, was devised by Matthias Benkmann, and is
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[ba82c18] | 329 | available from the <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints Project</ulink>. In
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[76ccbb3] | 330 | this scheme, each package is installed as a separate user into the
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| 331 | standard locations. Files belonging to a package are easily identified by
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| 332 | checking the user ID. The features and shortcomings of this approach are
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| 333 | too complex to describe in this section. For the details please see the
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[6b8936f] | 334 | hint at <ulink url="&hints-root;more_control_and_pkg_man.txt"/>.</para>
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[3f3931b0] | 335 |
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[76ccbb3] | 336 | </sect3>
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| 337 |
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| 338 | </sect2>
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| 339 |
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[33f0959] | 340 | <sect2>
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| 341 | <title>Deploying LFS on Multiple Systems</title>
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| 342 |
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[cf7ba91] | 343 | <para>One of the advantages of an LFS system is that there are no files that
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[33f0959] | 344 | depend on the position of files on a disk system. Cloning an LFS build to
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[ea23e54] | 345 | another computer with the same architecture as the base system is as
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[33f0959] | 346 | simple as using <command>tar</command> on the LFS partition that contains
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[091d624d] | 347 | the root directory (about 900MB uncompressed for a basic LFS build), copying
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| 348 | <!-- D. Bryant created LFS 11.2 in October 2022; 900MB is (roughly) the size of his rsync archive. -->
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[4349661] | 349 | that file via network transfer or CD-ROM / USB stick to the new system, and expanding
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| 350 | it. After that, a few configuration files will have to be changed.
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[2ca8941] | 351 | Configuration files that may need to be updated include:
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[33f0959] | 352 | <filename>/etc/hosts</filename>,
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| 353 | <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>,
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| 354 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>,
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| 355 | <filename>/etc/group</filename>,
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[1118b17] | 356 | <phrase revision="systemd">
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| 357 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>, and
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| 358 | <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename>.
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| 359 | </phrase>
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| 360 | <phrase revision="sysv">
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| 361 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename>,
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| 362 | <filename>/etc/ld.so.conf</filename>,
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| 363 | <filename>/etc/sysconfig/rc.site</filename>,
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| 364 | <filename>/etc/sysconfig/network</filename>, and
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| 365 | <filename>/etc/sysconfig/ifconfig.eth0</filename>.
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| 366 | </phrase>
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[33f0959] | 367 | </para>
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| 368 |
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[4349661] | 369 | <para>A custom kernel may be needed for the new system, depending on
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[33f0959] | 370 | differences in system hardware and the original kernel
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| 371 | configuration.</para>
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| 372 |
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[1118b17] | 373 | <note><para>There have been some reports of issues when copying between
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| 374 | similar but not identical architectures. For instance, the instruction set
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[4349661] | 375 | for an Intel system is not identical with the AMD processor's instructions, and later
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| 376 | versions of some processors may provide instructions that are unavailable with
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[ea23e54] | 377 | earlier versions.</para></note>
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| 378 |
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[4349661] | 379 | <para>Finally, the new system has to be made bootable via <xref
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[33f0959] | 380 | linkend="ch-bootable-grub"/>.</para>
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| 381 |
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| 382 | </sect2>
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| 383 |
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[76ccbb3] | 384 | </sect1>
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