| 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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| 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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| 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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| 7 |
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| 8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-shadow" role="wrap">
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| 9 | <?dbhtml filename="shadow.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <sect1info condition="script">
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| 12 | <productname>shadow</productname>
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| 13 | <productnumber>&shadow-version;</productnumber>
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| 14 | <address>&shadow-url;</address>
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| 15 | </sect1info>
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| 16 |
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| 17 | <title>Shadow-&shadow-version;</title>
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| 18 |
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| 19 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow">
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| 20 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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| 21 | </indexterm>
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| 22 |
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| 23 | <sect2 role="package">
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| 24 | <title/>
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| 25 |
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| 26 | <para>The Shadow package contains programs for handling passwords in a secure
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| 27 | way.</para>
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| 28 |
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| 29 | <segmentedlist>
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| 30 | <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
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| 31 | <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
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| 32 |
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| 33 | <seglistitem>
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| 34 | <seg>&shadow-fin-sbu;</seg>
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| 35 | <seg>&shadow-fin-du;</seg>
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| 36 | </seglistitem>
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| 37 | </segmentedlist>
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| 38 |
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| 39 | </sect2>
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| 40 |
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| 41 | <sect2 role="installation">
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| 42 | <title>Installation of Shadow</title>
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| 43 |
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| 44 | <important>
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| 45 | <para>
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| 46 | If you've installed Linux-PAM, you should follow
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| 47 | <ulink url='&blfs-book;postlfs/shadow.xml'>the BLFS shadow
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| 48 | page</ulink> instead of this page to build (or, rebuild or upgrade)
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| 49 | shadow.
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| 50 | </para>
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| 51 | </important>
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| 52 |
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| 53 | <note>
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| 54 | <para>If you would like to enforce the use of strong passwords, refer to
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| 55 | <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/cracklib.html"/> for installing
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| 56 | CrackLib prior to building Shadow. Then add
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| 57 | <parameter>--with-libcrack</parameter> to the <command>configure</command>
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| 58 | command below.</para>
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| 59 | </note>
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| 60 |
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| 61 | <para>Disable the installation of the <command>groups</command> program
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| 62 | and its man pages, as Coreutils provides a better version. Also,
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| 63 | prevent the installation of manual pages that were already installed in
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| 64 | <xref linkend="ch-system-man-pages"/>:</para>
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| 65 |
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| 66 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/groups$(EXEEXT) //' src/Makefile.in
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| 67 | find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/groups\.1 / /' {} \;
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| 68 | find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/getspnam\.3 / /' {} \;
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| 69 | find man -name Makefile.in -exec sed -i 's/passwd\.5 / /' {} \;</userinput></screen>
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| 70 |
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| 71 | <para id="shadow-login_defs">Instead of using the default
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| 72 | <emphasis>crypt</emphasis> method, use the much more secure
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| 73 | <emphasis>YESCRYPT</emphasis> method of password encryption, which also
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| 74 | allows passwords longer than 8 characters.
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| 75 | It is also necessary to change
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| 76 | the obsolete <filename class="directory">/var/spool/mail</filename> location
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| 77 | for user mailboxes that Shadow uses by default to the <filename
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| 78 | class="directory">/var/mail</filename> location used currently. And,
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| 79 | remove <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> and
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| 80 | <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> from the <envar>PATH</envar>,
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| 81 | since they are simply symlinks to their counterparts in
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| 82 | <filename class="directory">/usr</filename>.</para>
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| 83 |
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| 84 | <note>
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| 85 | <para>If you wish to include <filename class="directory">/bin</filename>
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| 86 | and/or <filename class="directory">/sbin</filename> in the <envar>PATH</envar>
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| 87 | for some reason, modify the
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| 88 | <envar>PATH</envar> in <filename>.bashrc</filename> after LFS has been
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| 89 | built.</para>
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| 90 | </note>
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| 91 |
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| 92 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -e 's:#ENCRYPT_METHOD DES:ENCRYPT_METHOD YESCRYPT:' \
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| 93 | -e 's:/var/spool/mail:/var/mail:' \
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| 94 | -e '/PATH=/{s@/sbin:@@;s@/bin:@@}' \
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| 95 | -i etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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| 96 |
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| 97 | <note>
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| 98 | <para>If you chose to build Shadow with Cracklib support, issue this command:</para>
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| 99 |
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| 100 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>sed -i 's:DICTPATH.*:DICTPATH\t/lib/cracklib/pw_dict:' etc/login.defs</userinput></screen>
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| 101 | </note>
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| 102 | <!--
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| 103 | <para>Make a minor change to make the first group number generated
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| 104 | by useradd 1000:</para>
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| 105 |
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| 106 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -i 's/1000/999/' etc/useradd</userinput></screen>
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| 107 | -->
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| 108 | <!--
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| 109 | <para>Fix a simple programming error by modifying a file with following command:</para>
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| 110 |
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| 111 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">sed -e "224s/rounds/min_rounds/" -i libmisc/salt.c</userinput></screen>
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| 112 | -->
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| 113 | <para>Prepare Shadow for compilation:</para>
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| 114 |
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| 115 | <screen><userinput remap="configure">touch /usr/bin/passwd
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| 116 | ./configure --sysconfdir=/etc \
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| 117 | --disable-static \
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| 118 | --with-{b,yes}crypt \
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| 119 | --without-libbsd \
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| 120 | --with-group-name-max-length=32</userinput></screen>
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| 121 |
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| 122 | <variablelist>
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| 123 | <title>The meaning of the new configuration options:</title>
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| 124 |
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| 125 | <varlistentry>
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| 126 | <term><command>touch /usr/bin/passwd</command></term>
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| 127 | <listitem>
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| 128 | <para>The file <filename>/usr/bin/passwd</filename> needs
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| 129 | to exist because its location is hardcoded in some programs;
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| 130 | if it does not already exist, the installation script will
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| 131 | create it in the wrong place.</para>
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| 132 | </listitem>
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| 133 | </varlistentry>
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| 134 |
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| 135 | <varlistentry>
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| 136 | <term><parameter>--with-{b,yes}crypt</parameter></term>
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| 137 | <listitem>
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| 138 | <para>The shell expands this to two switches,
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| 139 | <parameter>--with-bcrypt</parameter> and
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| 140 | <parameter>--with-yescrypt</parameter>. They allow shadow to use
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| 141 | the Bcrypt and Yescrypt algorithms implemented by
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| 142 | <application>Libxcrypt</application> for hashing passwords.
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| 143 | These algorithms are more secure (in particular, much more
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| 144 | resistant to GPU-based attacks) than the traditional SHA
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| 145 | algorithms.</para>
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| 146 | </listitem>
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| 147 | </varlistentry>
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| 148 |
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| 149 | <varlistentry>
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| 150 | <term><parameter>--with-group-name-max-length=32</parameter></term>
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| 151 | <listitem>
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| 152 | <para>The longest permissible user name is 32 characters. Make the maximum
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| 153 | length of a group name the same.</para>
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| 154 | </listitem>
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| 155 | </varlistentry>
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| 156 |
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| 157 | <varlistentry>
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| 158 | <term><parameter>--without-libbsd</parameter></term>
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| 159 | <listitem>
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| 160 | <para>Do not use the readpassphrase function from libbsd which
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| 161 | is not in LFS. Use the internal copy instead.</para>
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| 162 | </listitem>
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| 163 | </varlistentry>
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| 164 |
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| 165 | </variablelist>
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| 166 |
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| 167 | <para>Compile the package:</para>
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| 168 |
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| 169 | <screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen>
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| 170 |
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| 171 | <para>This package does not come with a test suite.</para>
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| 172 |
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| 173 | <para>Install the package:</para>
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| 174 |
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| 175 | <screen><userinput remap="install">make exec_prefix=/usr install
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| 176 | make -C man install-man</userinput></screen>
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| 177 |
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| 178 | </sect2>
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| 179 |
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| 180 | <sect2 id="conf-shadow" role="configuration">
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| 181 | <title>Configuring Shadow</title>
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| 182 |
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| 183 | <indexterm zone="conf-shadow">
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| 184 | <primary sortas="a-Shadow">Shadow</primary>
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| 185 | <secondary>configuring</secondary>
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| 186 | </indexterm>
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| 187 |
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| 188 | <para>This package contains utilities to add, modify, and delete users and
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| 189 | groups; set and change their passwords; and perform other administrative
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| 190 | tasks. For a full explanation of what <emphasis>password shadowing</emphasis>
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| 191 | means, see the <filename>doc/HOWTO</filename> file within the unpacked
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| 192 | source tree. If you use Shadow support, keep in mind that programs which need
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| 193 | to verify passwords (display managers, FTP programs, pop3 daemons, etc.)
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| 194 | must be Shadow-compliant. That is, they must be able to work with
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| 195 | shadowed passwords.</para>
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| 196 |
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| 197 | <para>To enable shadowed passwords, run the following command:</para>
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| 198 |
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| 199 | <screen><userinput>pwconv</userinput></screen>
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| 200 |
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| 201 | <para>To enable shadowed group passwords, run:</para>
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| 202 |
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| 203 | <screen><userinput>grpconv</userinput></screen>
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| 204 |
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| 205 | <para>Shadow's default configuration for the <command>useradd</command>
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| 206 | utility needs some explanation. First, the default
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| 207 | action for the <command>useradd</command> utility is to create the user and
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| 208 | a group with the same name as the user. By default the user ID (UID) and
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| 209 | group ID (GID) numbers will begin at 1000. This means if you don't pass
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| 210 | extra parameters to <command>useradd</command>, each user will be a member of a
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| 211 | unique group on the system. If this behavior is undesirable, you'll need
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| 212 | to pass either the <parameter>-g</parameter> or <parameter>-N</parameter>
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| 213 | parameter to <command>useradd</command>, or else change the setting of
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| 214 | <parameter>USERGROUPS_ENAB</parameter> in
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| 215 | <filename>/etc/login.defs</filename>. See <ulink role='man'
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| 216 | url='&man;useradd.8'>useradd(8)</ulink> for more information.</para>
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| 217 |
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| 218 | <para>Second, to change the default parameters, the file
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| 219 | <filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> must be created and tailored
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| 220 | to suit your particular needs. Create it with:</para>
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| 221 |
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| 222 | <screen><userinput>mkdir -p /etc/default
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| 223 | useradd -D --gid 999</userinput></screen>
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| 224 |
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| 225 | <variablelist>
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| 226 | <title><filename>/etc/default/useradd</filename> parameter explanations</title>
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| 227 |
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| 228 | <varlistentry>
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| 229 | <term><parameter>GROUP=999</parameter></term>
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| 230 | <listitem>
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| 231 | <para>This parameter sets the beginning of the group numbers used in
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| 232 | the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file. The particular value 999
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| 233 | comes from the <parameter>--gid</parameter> parameter above. You
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| 234 | may set it to any desired value.
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| 235 |
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| 236 | Note that <command>useradd</command> will never reuse a UID or GID.
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| 237 | If the number identified in this parameter is used, it will use the
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| 238 | next available number. Note also that if you don't have a group with
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| 239 | an ID equal to this number on your system, then the first time you use
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| 240 | <command>useradd</command> without the <parameter>-g</parameter>
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| 241 | parameter, an error message will be generated—<computeroutput>useradd:
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| 242 | unknown GID 999</computeroutput>,
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| 243 | even though the account has been created correctly. That is why we
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| 244 | created the group <systemitem class="groupname">users</systemitem>
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| 245 | with this group ID in
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| 246 | <xref linkend='ch-tools-createfiles' role='.'/></para>
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| 247 |
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| 248 | </listitem>
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| 249 | </varlistentry>
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| 250 | <varlistentry>
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| 251 | <term><parameter>CREATE_MAIL_SPOOL=yes</parameter></term>
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| 252 | <listitem>
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| 253 | <para>This parameter causes <command>useradd</command> to create a
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| 254 | mailbox file for each new user. <command>useradd</command>
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| 255 | will assign the group ownership of this file to the
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| 256 | <systemitem class="groupname">mail</systemitem> group with 0660
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| 257 | permissions. If you would rather not create these files,
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| 258 | issue the following command:</para>
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| 259 |
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| 260 | <screen><userinput>sed -i '/MAIL/s/yes/no/' /etc/default/useradd</userinput></screen>
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| 261 | </listitem>
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| 262 | </varlistentry>
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| 263 |
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| 264 | </variablelist>
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| 265 |
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| 266 | </sect2>
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| 267 |
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| 268 | <sect2 role="configuration">
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| 269 | <title>Setting the Root Password</title>
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| 270 |
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| 271 | <para>Choose a password for user <emphasis>root</emphasis> and set it
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| 272 | by running:</para>
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| 273 |
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| 274 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>passwd root</userinput></screen>
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| 275 |
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| 276 | </sect2>
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| 277 |
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| 278 | <sect2 id="contents-shadow" role="content">
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| 279 | <title>Contents of Shadow</title>
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| 280 |
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| 281 | <segmentedlist>
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| 282 | <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
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| 283 | <segtitle>Installed directories</segtitle>
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| 284 | <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
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| 285 |
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| 286 | <seglistitem>
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| 287 | <seg>chage, chfn, chgpasswd, chpasswd, chsh, expiry, faillog,
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| 288 | getsubids, gpasswd, groupadd, groupdel, groupmems, groupmod, grpck,
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| 289 | grpconv, grpunconv, login, logoutd, newgidmap, newgrp,
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| 290 | newuidmap, newusers, nologin, passwd, pwck, pwconv, pwunconv,
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| 291 | sg (link to newgrp), su, useradd, userdel, usermod,
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| 292 | vigr (link to vipw), and vipw</seg>
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| 293 | <seg>/etc/default and /usr/include/shadow</seg>
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| 294 | <seg>libsubid.so</seg>
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| 295 | </seglistitem>
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| 296 | </segmentedlist>
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| 297 |
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| 298 | <variablelist>
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| 299 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
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| 300 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
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| 301 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
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| 302 |
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| 303 | <varlistentry id="chage">
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| 304 | <term><command>chage</command></term>
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| 305 | <listitem>
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| 306 | <para>Used to change the maximum number of days between obligatory
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| 307 | password changes</para>
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| 308 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chage">
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| 309 | <primary sortas="b-chage">chage</primary>
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| 310 | </indexterm>
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| 311 | </listitem>
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| 312 | </varlistentry>
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| 313 |
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| 314 | <varlistentry id="chfn">
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| 315 | <term><command>chfn</command></term>
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| 316 | <listitem>
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| 317 | <para>Used to change a user's full name and other information</para>
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| 318 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chfn">
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| 319 | <primary sortas="b-chfn">chfn</primary>
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| 320 | </indexterm>
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| 321 | </listitem>
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| 322 | </varlistentry>
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| 323 |
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| 324 | <varlistentry id="chgpasswd">
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| 325 | <term><command>chgpasswd</command></term>
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| 326 | <listitem>
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| 327 | <para>Used to update group passwords in batch mode</para>
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| 328 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chgpasswd">
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| 329 | <primary sortas="b-chgpasswd">chgpasswd</primary>
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| 330 | </indexterm>
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| 331 | </listitem>
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| 332 | </varlistentry>
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| 333 |
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| 334 | <varlistentry id="chpasswd">
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| 335 | <term><command>chpasswd</command></term>
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| 336 | <listitem>
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| 337 | <para>Used to update user passwords in batch mode</para>
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| 338 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chpasswd">
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| 339 | <primary sortas="b-chpasswd">chpasswd</primary>
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| 340 | </indexterm>
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| 341 | </listitem>
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| 342 | </varlistentry>
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| 343 |
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| 344 | <varlistentry id="chsh">
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| 345 | <term><command>chsh</command></term>
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| 346 | <listitem>
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| 347 | <para>Used to change a user's default login shell</para>
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| 348 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow chsh">
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| 349 | <primary sortas="b-chsh">chsh</primary>
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| 350 | </indexterm>
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| 351 | </listitem>
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| 352 | </varlistentry>
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| 353 |
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| 354 | <varlistentry id="expiry">
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| 355 | <term><command>expiry</command></term>
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| 356 | <listitem>
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| 357 | <para>Checks and enforces the current password expiration policy</para>
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| 358 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow expiry">
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| 359 | <primary sortas="b-expiry">expiry</primary>
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| 360 | </indexterm>
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| 361 | </listitem>
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| 362 | </varlistentry>
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| 363 |
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| 364 | <varlistentry id="faillog">
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| 365 | <term><command>faillog</command></term>
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| 366 | <listitem>
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| 367 | <para>Is used to examine the log of login failures, to set a maximum
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| 368 | number of failures before an account is blocked, and to reset the
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| 369 | failure count</para>
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| 370 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow faillog">
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| 371 | <primary sortas="b-faillog">faillog</primary>
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| 372 | </indexterm>
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| 373 | </listitem>
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| 374 | </varlistentry>
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| 375 |
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| 376 | <varlistentry id="getsubids">
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| 377 | <term><command>getsubids</command></term>
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| 378 | <listitem>
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| 379 | <para>Is used to list the subordinate id ranges for a user</para>
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| 380 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow getsubids">
|
|---|
| 381 | <primary sortas="b-getsubids">getsubids</primary>
|
|---|
| 382 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 383 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 384 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 385 |
|
|---|
| 386 | <varlistentry id="gpasswd">
|
|---|
| 387 | <term><command>gpasswd</command></term>
|
|---|
| 388 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 389 | <para>Is used to add and delete members and administrators to
|
|---|
| 390 | groups</para>
|
|---|
| 391 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow gpasswd">
|
|---|
| 392 | <primary sortas="b-gpasswd">gpasswd</primary>
|
|---|
| 393 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 394 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 395 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 396 |
|
|---|
| 397 | <varlistentry id="groupadd">
|
|---|
| 398 | <term><command>groupadd</command></term>
|
|---|
| 399 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 400 | <para>Creates a group with the given name</para>
|
|---|
| 401 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupadd">
|
|---|
| 402 | <primary sortas="b-groupadd">groupadd</primary>
|
|---|
| 403 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 404 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 405 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 406 |
|
|---|
| 407 | <varlistentry id="groupdel">
|
|---|
| 408 | <term><command>groupdel</command></term>
|
|---|
| 409 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 410 | <para>Deletes the group with the given name</para>
|
|---|
| 411 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupdel">
|
|---|
| 412 | <primary sortas="b-groupdel">groupdel</primary>
|
|---|
| 413 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 414 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 415 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 416 |
|
|---|
| 417 | <varlistentry id="groupmems">
|
|---|
| 418 | <term><command>groupmems</command></term>
|
|---|
| 419 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 420 | <para>Allows a user to administer his/her own group membership list
|
|---|
| 421 | without the requirement of super user privileges.</para>
|
|---|
| 422 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmems">
|
|---|
| 423 | <primary sortas="b-groupmems">groupmems</primary>
|
|---|
| 424 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 425 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 426 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 427 |
|
|---|
| 428 | <varlistentry id="groupmod">
|
|---|
| 429 | <term><command>groupmod</command></term>
|
|---|
| 430 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 431 | <para>Is used to modify the given group's name or GID</para>
|
|---|
| 432 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow groupmod">
|
|---|
| 433 | <primary sortas="b-groupmod">groupmod</primary>
|
|---|
| 434 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 435 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 436 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 437 |
|
|---|
| 438 | <varlistentry id="grpck">
|
|---|
| 439 | <term><command>grpck</command></term>
|
|---|
| 440 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 441 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the group files
|
|---|
| 442 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> and
|
|---|
| 443 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename></para>
|
|---|
| 444 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpck">
|
|---|
| 445 | <primary sortas="b-grpck">grpck</primary>
|
|---|
| 446 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 447 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 448 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 449 |
|
|---|
| 450 | <varlistentry id="grpconv">
|
|---|
| 451 | <term><command>grpconv</command></term>
|
|---|
| 452 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 453 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow group file from the normal
|
|---|
| 454 | group file</para>
|
|---|
| 455 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpconv">
|
|---|
| 456 | <primary sortas="b-grpconv">grpconv</primary>
|
|---|
| 457 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 458 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 459 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 460 |
|
|---|
| 461 | <varlistentry id="grpunconv">
|
|---|
| 462 | <term><command>grpunconv</command></term>
|
|---|
| 463 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 464 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/group</filename> from
|
|---|
| 465 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
|
|---|
| 466 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow grpunconv">
|
|---|
| 467 | <primary sortas="b-grpunconv">grpunconv</primary>
|
|---|
| 468 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 469 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 470 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 471 |
|
|---|
| 472 | <varlistentry id="login">
|
|---|
| 473 | <term><command>login</command></term>
|
|---|
| 474 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 475 | <para>Is used by the system to let users sign on</para>
|
|---|
| 476 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow login">
|
|---|
| 477 | <primary sortas="b-login">login</primary>
|
|---|
| 478 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 479 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 480 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 481 |
|
|---|
| 482 | <varlistentry id="logoutd">
|
|---|
| 483 | <term><command>logoutd</command></term>
|
|---|
| 484 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 485 | <para>Is a daemon used to enforce restrictions on log-on time
|
|---|
| 486 | and ports</para>
|
|---|
| 487 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow logoutd">
|
|---|
| 488 | <primary sortas="b-logoutd">logoutd</primary>
|
|---|
| 489 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 490 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 491 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 492 |
|
|---|
| 493 | <varlistentry id="newgidmap">
|
|---|
| 494 | <term><command>newgidmap</command></term>
|
|---|
| 495 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 496 | <para>Is used to set the gid mapping of a user namespace</para>
|
|---|
| 497 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgidmap">
|
|---|
| 498 | <primary sortas="b-newgidmap">newgidmap</primary>
|
|---|
| 499 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 500 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 501 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 502 |
|
|---|
| 503 | <varlistentry id="newgrp">
|
|---|
| 504 | <term><command>newgrp</command></term>
|
|---|
| 505 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 506 | <para>Is used to change the current GID during a login session</para>
|
|---|
| 507 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newgrp">
|
|---|
| 508 | <primary sortas="b-newgrp">newgrp</primary>
|
|---|
| 509 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 510 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 511 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 512 |
|
|---|
| 513 | <varlistentry id="newuidmap">
|
|---|
| 514 | <term><command>newuidmap</command></term>
|
|---|
| 515 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 516 | <para>Is used to set the uid mapping of a user namespace</para>
|
|---|
| 517 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newuidmap">
|
|---|
| 518 | <primary sortas="b-newuidmap">newuidmap</primary>
|
|---|
| 519 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 520 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 521 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 522 |
|
|---|
| 523 | <varlistentry id="newusers">
|
|---|
| 524 | <term><command>newusers</command></term>
|
|---|
| 525 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 526 | <para>Is used to create or update an entire series of user
|
|---|
| 527 | accounts</para>
|
|---|
| 528 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow newusers">
|
|---|
| 529 | <primary sortas="b-newusers">newusers</primary>
|
|---|
| 530 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 531 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 532 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 533 |
|
|---|
| 534 | <varlistentry id="nologin">
|
|---|
| 535 | <term><command>nologin</command></term>
|
|---|
| 536 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 537 | <para>Displays a message saying an account is not available; it is designed
|
|---|
| 538 | to be used as the default shell for disabled accounts</para>
|
|---|
| 539 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow nologin">
|
|---|
| 540 | <primary sortas="b-nologin">nologin</primary>
|
|---|
| 541 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 542 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 543 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 544 |
|
|---|
| 545 | <varlistentry id="passwd">
|
|---|
| 546 | <term><command>passwd</command></term>
|
|---|
| 547 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 548 | <para>Is used to change the password for a user or group account</para>
|
|---|
| 549 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow passwd">
|
|---|
| 550 | <primary sortas="b-passwd">passwd</primary>
|
|---|
| 551 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 552 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 553 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 554 |
|
|---|
| 555 | <varlistentry id="pwck">
|
|---|
| 556 | <term><command>pwck</command></term>
|
|---|
| 557 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 558 | <para>Verifies the integrity of the password files
|
|---|
| 559 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
|
|---|
| 560 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename></para>
|
|---|
| 561 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwck">
|
|---|
| 562 | <primary sortas="b-pwck">pwck</primary>
|
|---|
| 563 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 564 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 565 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 566 |
|
|---|
| 567 | <varlistentry id="pwconv">
|
|---|
| 568 | <term><command>pwconv</command></term>
|
|---|
| 569 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 570 | <para>Creates or updates the shadow password file from the normal
|
|---|
| 571 | password file</para>
|
|---|
| 572 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwconv">
|
|---|
| 573 | <primary sortas="b-pwconv">pwconv</primary>
|
|---|
| 574 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 575 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 576 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 577 |
|
|---|
| 578 | <varlistentry id="pwunconv">
|
|---|
| 579 | <term><command>pwunconv</command></term>
|
|---|
| 580 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 581 | <para>Updates <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> from
|
|---|
| 582 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> and then deletes the latter</para>
|
|---|
| 583 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow pwunconv">
|
|---|
| 584 | <primary sortas="b-pwunconv">pwunconv</primary>
|
|---|
| 585 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 586 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 587 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 588 |
|
|---|
| 589 | <varlistentry id="sg">
|
|---|
| 590 | <term><command>sg</command></term>
|
|---|
| 591 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 592 | <para>Executes a given command while the user's GID
|
|---|
| 593 | is set to that of the given group</para>
|
|---|
| 594 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow sg">
|
|---|
| 595 | <primary sortas="b-sg">sg</primary>
|
|---|
| 596 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 597 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 598 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 599 |
|
|---|
| 600 | <varlistentry id="su">
|
|---|
| 601 | <term><command>su</command></term>
|
|---|
| 602 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 603 | <para>Runs a shell with substitute user and group IDs</para>
|
|---|
| 604 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow su">
|
|---|
| 605 | <primary sortas="b-su">su</primary>
|
|---|
| 606 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 607 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 608 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 609 |
|
|---|
| 610 | <varlistentry id="useradd">
|
|---|
| 611 | <term><command>useradd</command></term>
|
|---|
| 612 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 613 | <para>Creates a new user with the given name, or updates the default
|
|---|
| 614 | new-user information</para>
|
|---|
| 615 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow useradd">
|
|---|
| 616 | <primary sortas="b-useradd">useradd</primary>
|
|---|
| 617 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 618 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 619 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 620 |
|
|---|
| 621 | <varlistentry id="userdel">
|
|---|
| 622 | <term><command>userdel</command></term>
|
|---|
| 623 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 624 | <para>Deletes the specified user account</para>
|
|---|
| 625 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow userdel">
|
|---|
| 626 | <primary sortas="b-userdel">userdel</primary>
|
|---|
| 627 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 628 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 629 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 630 |
|
|---|
| 631 | <varlistentry id="usermod">
|
|---|
| 632 | <term><command>usermod</command></term>
|
|---|
| 633 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 634 | <para>Is used to modify the given user's login name, user
|
|---|
| 635 | identification (UID), shell, initial group, home directory, etc.</para>
|
|---|
| 636 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow usermod">
|
|---|
| 637 | <primary sortas="b-usermod">usermod</primary>
|
|---|
| 638 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 639 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 640 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 641 |
|
|---|
| 642 | <varlistentry id="vigr">
|
|---|
| 643 | <term><command>vigr</command></term>
|
|---|
| 644 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 645 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/group</filename> or
|
|---|
| 646 | <filename>/etc/gshadow</filename> files</para>
|
|---|
| 647 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vigr">
|
|---|
| 648 | <primary sortas="b-vigr">vigr</primary>
|
|---|
| 649 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 650 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 651 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 652 |
|
|---|
| 653 | <varlistentry id="vipw">
|
|---|
| 654 | <term><command>vipw</command></term>
|
|---|
| 655 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 656 | <para>Edits the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> or
|
|---|
| 657 | <filename>/etc/shadow</filename> files</para>
|
|---|
| 658 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow vipw">
|
|---|
| 659 | <primary sortas="b-vipw">vipw</primary>
|
|---|
| 660 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 661 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 662 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 663 |
|
|---|
| 664 | <varlistentry id="libsubid">
|
|---|
| 665 | <term><filename class='libraryfile'>libsubid</filename></term>
|
|---|
| 666 | <listitem>
|
|---|
| 667 | <para>library to handle subordinate id ranges for users and groups</para>
|
|---|
| 668 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-shadow libsubid">
|
|---|
| 669 | <primary sortas="c-libsubid">libsubid</primary>
|
|---|
| 670 | </indexterm>
|
|---|
| 671 | </listitem>
|
|---|
| 672 | </varlistentry>
|
|---|
| 673 |
|
|---|
| 674 | </variablelist>
|
|---|
| 675 |
|
|---|
| 676 | </sect2>
|
|---|
| 677 |
|
|---|
| 678 | </sect1>
|
|---|
