1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-config-network" revision="systemd">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="network.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>General Network Configuration</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-config-network">
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14 | <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
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15 | <secondary>configuring</secondary></indexterm>
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16 |
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17 | <para>This section only applies if a network card is to be
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18 | configured.</para>
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19 |
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20 | <sect2>
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21 | <title>Network Interface Configuration Files</title>
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22 |
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23 | <para>Starting with version 209, systemd ships a network configuration
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24 | daemon called <command>systemd-networkd</command> which can be used for
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25 | basic network configuration. Additionally, since version 213, DNS name
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26 | resolution can be handled by <command>systemd-resolved</command> in place
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27 | of a static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file. Both services are
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28 | enabled by default.</para>
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29 |
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30 | <note>
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31 | <para>
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32 | If you will not use <command>systemd-networkd</command> for network
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33 | configuration (for example, when the system is not connected to
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34 | network, or you want to use another utility like NetworkManager
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35 | for network configuration), disable a service to prevent an error
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36 | message during boot:
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37 | </para>
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38 | <screen role='nodump'><userinput>systemctl disable systemd-networkd-wait-online</userinput></screen>
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39 | </note>
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40 |
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41 | <para>Configuration files for <command>systemd-networkd</command> (and
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42 | <command>systemd-resolved</command>) can be placed in
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43 | <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>
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44 | or <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename>. Files in
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45 | <filename class="directory">/etc/systemd/network</filename> have a
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46 | higher priority than the ones in
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47 | <filename class="directory">/usr/lib/systemd/network</filename>.
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48 | There are three types of configuration files:
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49 | <filename class="extension">.link</filename>,
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50 | <filename class="extension">.netdev</filename> and
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51 | <filename class="extension">.network</filename> files. For detailed
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52 | descriptions and example contents of these configuration files, consult
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53 | the
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54 | <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.link.5'>systemd.link(5)</ulink>,
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55 | <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.netdev.5'>systemd.netdev(5)</ulink>, and
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56 | <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.network.5'>systemd.network(5)</ulink>
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57 | manual pages.</para>
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58 |
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59 | <sect3 id="systemd-network-devices">
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60 | <title>Network Device Naming</title>
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61 |
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62 | <para>
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63 | Udev normally assigns network card interface names based
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64 | on physical system characteristics such as enp2s1. If you are
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65 | not sure what your interface name is, you can always run
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66 | <command>ip link</command> after you have booted your system.
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67 | </para>
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68 |
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69 | <note>
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70 | <para>The interface names depend on the implementation and
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71 | configuration of the udev daemon running on the system. The udev
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72 | daemon for LFS (<command>systemd-udevd</command>, installed in
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73 | <xref linkend="ch-system-systemd"/>) will not run unless the LFS
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74 | system is booted. So it's unreliable to determine the interface
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75 | names being used in LFS system by running those commands on the host
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76 | distro,
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77 | <emphasis>even though you are in the chroot environment</emphasis>.</para>
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78 | </note>
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79 |
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80 | <para>
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81 | For most systems, there is only one network interface for
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82 | each type of connection. For example, the classic interface
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83 | name for a wired connection is eth0. A wireless connection
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84 | will usually have the name wifi0 or wlan0.
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85 | </para>
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86 |
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87 | <para>
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88 | If you prefer to use the classic or customized network interface names,
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89 | there are three alternative ways to do that:</para>
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90 |
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91 | <itemizedlist>
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92 | <listitem>
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93 | <para>
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94 | Mask udev's <filename class='extension'>.link</filename> file
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95 | for the default policy:
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96 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>ln -s /dev/null /etc/systemd/network/99-default.link</userinput></screen>
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97 | </para>
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98 | </listitem>
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99 |
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100 | <listitem>
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101 | <para>
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102 | Create a manual naming scheme, for example by naming the
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103 | interfaces something like <literal>internet0</literal>,
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104 | <literal>dmz0</literal>, or <literal>lan0</literal>.
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105 | To do that, create <filename class='extension'>.link</filename>
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106 | files in /etc/systemd/network/ that select an explicit name or a
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107 | better naming scheme for your network interfaces. For example:
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108 | </para>
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109 |
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110 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat > /etc/systemd/network/10-ether0.link << "EOF"
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111 | <literal>[Match]
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112 | # Change the MAC address as appropriate for your network device
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113 | MACAddress=12:34:45:78:90:AB
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114 |
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115 | [Link]
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116 | Name=ether0</literal>
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117 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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118 |
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119 | <para>
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120 | See <ulink role='man' url='&man;systemd.link.5'>systemd.link(5)</ulink> for more information.
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121 | </para>
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122 | </listitem>
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123 |
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124 | <listitem>
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125 | <para>
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126 | In /boot/grub/grub.cfg, pass the option
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127 | <option>net.ifnames=0</option> on the kernel command line.
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128 | </para>
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129 | </listitem>
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130 | </itemizedlist>
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131 | </sect3>
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132 |
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133 | <sect3 id="systemd-networkd-static">
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134 | <title>Static IP Configuration</title>
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135 |
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136 | <para>The command below creates a basic configuration file for a
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137 | Static IP setup (using both systemd-networkd and
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138 | systemd-resolved):</para>
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139 | <!-- jhalfs relies on the values for Name, Address, etc. If you want to change
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140 | them, please inform the jhalfs maintainer(s). -->
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141 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/systemd/network/10-eth-static.network << "EOF"
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142 | <literal>[Match]
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143 | Name=<replaceable><network-device-name></replaceable>
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144 |
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145 | [Network]
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146 | Address=192.168.0.2/24
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147 | Gateway=192.168.0.1
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148 | DNS=192.168.0.1
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149 | Domains=<replaceable><Your Domain Name></replaceable></literal>
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150 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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151 |
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152 | <para>Multiple DNS entries can be added if you have more than one DNS
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153 | server. Do not include DNS or Domains entries if you intend to use a
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154 | static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> file.</para>
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155 |
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156 | </sect3>
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157 |
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158 | <sect3 id="systemd-networkd-dhcp">
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159 | <title>DHCP Configuration</title>
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160 |
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161 | <para>The command below creates a basic configuration file for an IPv4
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162 | DHCP setup:</para>
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163 |
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164 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat > /etc/systemd/network/10-eth-dhcp.network << "EOF"
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165 | <literal>[Match]
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166 | Name=<network-device-name>
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167 |
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168 | [Network]
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169 | DHCP=ipv4
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170 |
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171 | [DHCPv4]
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172 | UseDomains=true</literal>
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173 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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174 |
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175 | </sect3>
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176 |
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177 | </sect2>
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178 |
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179 | <sect2 id="resolv.conf">
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180 | <title>Creating the /etc/resolv.conf File</title>
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181 |
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182 | <indexterm zone="resolv.conf">
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183 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/resolv.conf">/etc/resolv.conf</primary>
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184 | </indexterm>
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185 |
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186 | <para>If the system is going to be connected to the Internet, it will
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187 | need some means of Domain Name Service (DNS) name resolution to
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188 | resolve Internet domain names to IP addresses, and vice versa. This is
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189 | best achieved by placing the IP address of the DNS server, available
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190 | from the ISP or network administrator, into
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191 | <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>.</para>
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192 |
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193 | <sect3 id="resolv-conf-systemd-resolved">
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194 | <title>systemd-resolved Configuration</title>
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195 |
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196 | <note><para>If using methods incompatible with systemd-resolved to
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197 | configure your network interfaces (ex: ppp, etc.), or if using any
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198 | type of local resolver (ex: bind, dnsmasq, unbound, etc.),
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199 | or any other software that generates an <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>
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200 | (ex: a <command>resolvconf</command> program other than the one
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201 | provided by systemd), the <command>systemd-resolved</command> service
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202 | should not be used.</para>
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203 |
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204 | <para>To disable systemd-resolved, issue the following command:</para>
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205 |
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206 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>systemctl disable systemd-resolved</userinput></screen></note>
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207 |
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208 | <para>When using <command>systemd-resolved</command> for DNS
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209 | configuration, it creates the file
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210 | <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf</filename>.
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211 | And, if <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> does not exist, it
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212 | will be created by <command>systemd-resolved</command> as a symlink to
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213 | <filename>/run/systemd/resolve/stub-resolv.conf</filename>. So it's
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214 | unnecessary to create a <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename>
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215 | manually.</para>
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216 | <!--Create a
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217 | symlink in <filename>/etc</filename> to use the generated file:</para>
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218 |
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219 | <screen><userinput>ln -sfv /run/systemd/resolve/resolv.conf /etc/resolv.conf</userinput></screen>
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220 | At least in systemd-250, this file gets created on first bootup.
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221 | -->
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222 | </sect3>
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223 |
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224 | <sect3 id="resolv-conf-static">
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225 | <title>Static resolv.conf Configuration</title>
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226 |
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227 | <para>If a static <filename>/etc/resolv.conf</filename> is desired,
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228 | create it by running the following command:</para>
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229 |
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230 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat > /etc/resolv.conf << "EOF"
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231 | <literal># Begin /etc/resolv.conf
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232 |
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233 | domain <replaceable><Your Domain Name></replaceable>
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234 | nameserver <replaceable><IP address of your primary nameserver></replaceable>
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235 | nameserver <replaceable><IP address of your secondary nameserver></replaceable>
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236 |
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237 | # End /etc/resolv.conf</literal>
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238 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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239 |
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240 | <para>The <varname>domain</varname> statement can be omitted
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241 | or replaced with a <varname>search</varname> statement. See the man page
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242 | for resolv.conf for more details.</para>
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243 |
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244 | <para>Replace
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245 | <replaceable><IP address of the nameserver></replaceable>
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246 | with the IP address of the DNS server most appropriate for your setup.
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247 | There will often be more than one entry (requirements demand secondary
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248 | servers for fallback capability). If you only need or want one DNS server,
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249 | remove the second <emphasis>nameserver</emphasis> line from the file.
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250 | The IP address may also be a router on the local network. Another option
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251 | is to use the Google Public DNS service using the IP addresses below as
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252 | nameservers.</para>
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253 |
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254 | <note><para>The Google Public IPv4 DNS addresses are
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255 | <parameter>8.8.8.8</parameter> and <parameter>8.8.4.4</parameter>
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256 | for IPv4, and <parameter>2001:4860:4860::8888</parameter> and
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257 | <parameter>2001:4860:4860::8844</parameter> for IPv6.</para></note>
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258 |
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259 | </sect3>
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260 |
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261 | </sect2>
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262 |
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263 | <sect2 id="ch-config-hostname">
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264 | <title>Configuring the system hostname</title>
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265 |
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266 | <indexterm zone="ch-config-hostname">
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267 | <primary sortas="d-hostname">hostname</primary>
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268 | <secondary>configuring</secondary>
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269 | </indexterm>
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270 |
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271 | <para>During the boot process, the file <filename>/etc/hostname</filename>
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272 | is used for establishing the system's hostname.</para>
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273 |
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274 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/hostname</filename> file and enter a
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275 | hostname by running:</para>
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276 |
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277 | <screen><userinput>echo "<replaceable><lfs></replaceable>" > /etc/hostname</userinput></screen>
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278 |
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279 | <para><replaceable><lfs></replaceable> needs to be replaced with the
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280 | name given to the computer. Do not enter the Fully Qualified Domain Name
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281 | (FQDN) here. That information is put in the
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282 | <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file.</para>
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283 |
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284 | </sect2>
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285 |
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286 | <sect2 id="ch-config-hosts">
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287 | <title>Customizing the /etc/hosts File</title>
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288 |
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289 | <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
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290 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/hosts">/etc/hosts</primary>
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291 | </indexterm>
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292 |
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293 | <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
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294 | <primary sortas="d-localnet">localnet</primary>
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295 | <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
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296 | </indexterm>
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297 |
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298 | <indexterm zone="ch-config-hosts">
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299 | <primary sortas="d-network">network</primary>
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300 | <secondary>/etc/hosts</secondary>
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301 | </indexterm>
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302 |
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303 | <para>Decide on a fully-qualified domain name (FQDN), and possible aliases
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304 | for use in the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file. If using static IP
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305 | addresses, you'll also need to decide on an IP address. The syntax
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306 | for a hosts file entry is:</para>
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307 |
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308 | <screen><literal>IP_address myhost.example.org aliases</literal></screen>
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309 |
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310 | <para>Unless the computer is to be visible to the Internet (i.e., there is
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311 | a registered domain and a valid block of assigned IP addresses—most
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312 | users do not have this), make sure that the IP address is in the private
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313 | network IP address range. Valid ranges are:</para>
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314 |
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315 | <screen><literal>Private Network Address Range Normal Prefix
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316 | 10.0.0.1 - 10.255.255.254 8
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317 | 172.x.0.1 - 172.x.255.254 16
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318 | 192.168.y.1 - 192.168.y.254 24</literal></screen>
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319 |
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320 | <para>x can be any number in the range 16-31. y can be any number in the
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321 | range 0-255.</para>
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322 |
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323 | <para>A valid private IP address could be 192.168.1.1.</para>
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324 |
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325 | <para>If the computer is to be visible to the Internet, a valid FQDN
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326 | can be the domain name itself, or a string resulted by concatenating a
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327 | prefix (often the hostname) and the domain name with a <quote>.</quote>
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328 | character. And, you need to contact the domain provider to resolve the
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329 | FQDN to your public IP address.</para>
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330 |
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331 | <para>Even if the computer is not visible to the Internet, a FQDN is
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332 | still needed for certain programs, such as MTAs, to operate properly.
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333 | A special FQDN, <literal>localhost.localdomain</literal>, can be used
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334 | for this purpose.</para>
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335 |
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336 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/hosts</filename> file using the following
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337 | command:</para>
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338 |
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339 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/hosts << "EOF"
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340 | <literal># Begin /etc/hosts
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341 |
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342 | <replaceable><192.168.0.2></replaceable> <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable> <replaceable>[alias1] [alias2] ...</replaceable>
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343 | ::1 ip6-localhost ip6-loopback
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344 | ff02::1 ip6-allnodes
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345 | ff02::2 ip6-allrouters
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346 |
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347 | # End /etc/hosts</literal>
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348 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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349 |
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350 | <para>The <replaceable><192.168.0.2></replaceable> and
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351 | <replaceable><FQDN></replaceable> values need to be
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352 | changed for specific uses or requirements (if assigned an IP address by a
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353 | network/system administrator and the machine will be connected to an
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354 | existing network). The optional alias name(s) can be omitted, and the
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355 | <replaceable><192.168.0.2></replaceable> line can be omitted if you
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356 | are using a connection configured with DHCP or IPv6 Autoconfiguration,
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357 | or using <literal>localhost.localdomain</literal> as the FQDN.</para>
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358 |
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359 | <para>The <filename>/etc/hostname</filename> does not contain entries
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360 | for <literal>localhost</literal>,
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361 | <literal>localhost.localdomain</literal>, or the hostname (without a
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362 | domain) because they are handled by the
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363 | <systemitem class='library'>myhostname</systemitem> NSS module, read
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364 | the man page <ulink role='man'
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365 | url='&man;nss-myhostname.8'>nss-myhostname(8)</ulink> for
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366 | details.</para>
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367 |
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368 | <para>The ::1 entry is the IPv6 counterpart of 127.0.0.1 and represents
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369 | the IPv6 loopback interface.</para>
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370 |
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371 | </sect2>
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372 |
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373 | </sect1>
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