Changeset 688f954


Ignore:
Timestamp:
02/03/2006 05:57:02 PM (18 years ago)
Author:
Manuel Canales Esparcia <manuel@…>
Children:
fa20ad6
Parents:
458de8d
Message:

Ported r7325 from trunk to udev_update branch.

git-svn-id: ​http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/branches/udev_update/BOOK@7332 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689

Location:
chapter06
Files:
7 edited

Legend:

Unmodified
Added
Removed

  • chapter06/bzip2.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-bzip2" role="wrap">
    7 <title>Bzip2-&bzip2-version;</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="bzip2.html"?>
    9 
    10 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2"><primary sortas="a-Bzip2">Bzip2</primary></indexterm>
    11 
    12 <sect2 role="package"><title/>
    13 <para>The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing
    14 files. Compressing text files with <command>bzip2</command> yields a much better
    15 compression percentage than with the traditional <command>gzip</command>.</para>
    16 
    17 <segmentedlist>
    18 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
    19 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
    20 <seglistitem><seg>0.1 SBU</seg><seg>3.9 MB</seg></seglistitem>
    21 </segmentedlist>
    22 
    23 <segmentedlist>
    24 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
    25 <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils,
    26 GCC, Glibc, and Make</seg></seglistitem>
    27 </segmentedlist>
    28 </sect2>
    29 
    30 <sect2 role="installation">
    31 <title>Installation of Bzip2</title>
    32 
    33 <para>Apply a patch to install the documentation for this package:</para>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="bzip2.html"?>
     10
     11  <title>Bzip2-&bzip2-version;</title>
     12
     13  <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2">
     14    <primary sortas="a-Bzip2">Bzip2</primary>
     15  </indexterm>
     16
     17  <sect2 role="package">
     18    <title/>
     19
     20    <para>The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing
     21    files. Compressing text files with <command>bzip2</command> yields a much
     22    better compression percentage than with the traditional
     23    <command>gzip</command>.</para>
     24
     25    <segmentedlist>
     26      <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
     27      <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
     28
     29      <seglistitem>
     30        <seg>0.1 SBU</seg>
     31        <seg>3.9 MB</seg>
     32      </seglistitem>
     33    </segmentedlist>
     34
     35    <segmentedlist>
     36      <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
     37
     38      <seglistitem>
     39        <seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, and Make</seg>
     40      </seglistitem>
     41    </segmentedlist>
     42
     43  </sect2>
     44
     45  <sect2 role="installation">
     46    <title>Installation of Bzip2</title>
     47
     48    <para>Apply a patch to install the documentation for this package:</para>
    3449
    3550<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&bzip2-docs-patch;</userinput></screen>
    3651
    37 <para>The <command>bzgrep</command> command does not escape '|' and '&amp;' in
    38 filenames passed to it. This allows arbitrary commands to be executed with the
    39 privileges of the user running <command>bzgrep</command>. Apply the following to
    40 address this:</para>
     52    <para>The <command>bzgrep</command> command does not escape '|' and '&amp;'
     53    in filenames passed to it. This allows arbitrary commands to be executed
     54    with the privileges of the user running <command>bzgrep</command>. Apply
     55    the following to address this:</para>
    4156
    4257<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&bzip2-bzgrep-patch;</userinput></screen>
    4358
    44 <para>Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:</para>
     59    <para>Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:</para>
    4560
    4661<screen><userinput>make -f Makefile-libbz2_so
    4762make clean</userinput></screen>
    4863
    49 <para>The <parameter>-f</parameter> flag will cause Bzip2 to be built
    50 using a different <filename>Makefile</filename> file, in this case the
    51 <filename>Makefile-libbz2_so</filename> file, which creates a dynamic
    52 <filename class="libraryfile">libbz2.so</filename> library and links the Bzip2
    53 utilities against it.</para>
    54 
    55 <para>Compile and test the package:</para>
     64    <variablelist>
     65      <title>The meaning of the make parameter:</title>
     66
     67      <varlistentry>
     68        <term><parameter>-f Makefile-libbz2_so</parameter></term>
     69        <listitem>
     70          <para>This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different
     71          <filename>Makefile</filename> file, in this case the
     72          <filename>Makefile-libbz2_so</filename> file, which creates a dynamic
     73          <filename class="libraryfile">libbz2.so</filename> library and links
     74          the Bzip2 utilities against it.</para>
     75        </listitem>
     76      </varlistentry>
     77
     78    </variablelist>
     79
     80    <para>Compile and test the package:</para>
    5681
    5782<screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
    5883
    59 <para>If reinstalling Bzip2, perform
    60 <userinput>rm -vf /usr/bin/bz*</userinput> first, otherwise the following
    61 <command>make install</command> will fail.</para>
    62 
    63 <para>Install the programs:</para>
     84    <para>If reinstalling Bzip2, perform
     85    <userinput>rm -vf /usr/bin/bz*</userinput> first, otherwise the following
     86    <command>make install</command> will fail.</para>
     87
     88    <para>Install the programs:</para>
    6489
    6590<screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
    6691
    67 <para>Install the shared <command>bzip2</command> binary into the
    68 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> directory, make
    69 some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:</para>
     92    <para>Install the shared <command>bzip2</command> binary into the
     93    <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> directory, make
     94    some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:</para>
    7095
    7196<screen><userinput>cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2
    … …  
    76101ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat</userinput></screen>
    77102
    78 </sect2>
    79 
    80 
    81 <sect2 id="contents-bzip2" role="content"><title>Contents of Bzip2</title>
    82 
    83 <segmentedlist>
    84 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
    85 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
    86 <seglistitem><seg>bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp, bzdiff,
    87 bzegrep, bzfgrep, bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless, and bzmore</seg>
    88 <seg>libbz2.[a,so]</seg></seglistitem>
    89 </segmentedlist>
    90 
    91 <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
    92 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
    93 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
    94 
    95 <varlistentry id="bunzip2">
    96 <term><command>bunzip2</command></term>
    97 <listitem>
    98 <para>Decompresses bzipped files</para>
    99 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bunzip2"><primary sortas="b-bunzip2">bunzip2</primary></indexterm>
    100 </listitem>
    101 </varlistentry>
    102 
    103 <varlistentry id="bzcat">
    104 <term><command>bzcat</command></term>
    105 <listitem>
    106 <para>Decompresses to standard output</para>
    107 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcat"><primary sortas="b-bzcat">bzcat</primary></indexterm>
    108 </listitem>
    109 </varlistentry>
    110 
    111 <varlistentry id="bzcmp">
    112 <term><command>bzcmp</command></term>
    113 <listitem>
    114 <para>Runs <command>cmp</command> on bzipped files</para>
    115 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcmp"><primary sortas="b-bzcmp">bzcmp</primary></indexterm>
    116 </listitem>
    117 </varlistentry>
    118 
    119 <varlistentry id="bzdiff">
    120 <term><command>bzdiff</command></term>
    121 <listitem>
    122 <para>Runs <command>diff</command> on bzipped files</para>
    123 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzdiff"><primary sortas="b-bzdiff">bzdiff</primary></indexterm>
    124 </listitem>
    125 </varlistentry>
    126 
    127 <varlistentry id="bzgrep">
    128 <term><command>bzgrep</command></term>
    129 <listitem>
    130 <para>Runs <command>grep</command> on bzipped files</para>
    131 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzgrep"><primary sortas="b-bzgrep">bzgrep</primary></indexterm>
    132 </listitem>
    133 </varlistentry>
    134 
    135 <varlistentry id="bzegrep">
    136 <term><command>bzegrep</command></term>
    137 <listitem>
    138 <para>Runs <command>egrep</command> on bzipped files</para>
    139 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzegrep"><primary sortas="b-bzegrep">bzegrep</primary></indexterm>
    140 </listitem>
    141 </varlistentry>
    142 
    143 <varlistentry id="bzfgrep">
    144 <term><command>bzfgrep</command></term>
    145 <listitem>
    146 <para>Runs <command>fgrep</command> on bzipped files</para>
    147 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzfgrep"><primary sortas="b-bzfgrep">bzfgrep</primary></indexterm>
    148 </listitem>
    149 </varlistentry>
    150 
    151 <varlistentry id="bzip2">
    152 <term><command>bzip2</command></term>
    153 <listitem>
    154 <para>Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text
    155 compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is
    156 better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using
    157 <quote>Lempel-Ziv</quote> algorithms, like <command>gzip</command></para>
    158 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2"><primary sortas="b-bzip2">bzip2</primary></indexterm>
    159 </listitem>
    160 </varlistentry>
    161 
    162 <varlistentry id="bzip2recover">
    163 <term><command>bzip2recover</command></term>
    164 <listitem>
    165 <para>Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files</para>
    166 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2recover"><primary sortas="b-bzip2recover">bzip2recover</primary></indexterm>
    167 </listitem>
    168 </varlistentry>
    169 
    170 <varlistentry id="bzless">
    171 <term><command>bzless</command></term>
    172 <listitem>
    173 <para>Runs <command>less</command> on bzipped files</para>
    174 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzless"><primary sortas="b-bzless">bzless</primary></indexterm>
    175 </listitem>
    176 </varlistentry>
    177 
    178 <varlistentry id="bzmore">
    179 <term><command>bzmore</command></term>
    180 <listitem>
    181 <para>Runs <command>more</command> on bzipped files</para>
    182 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzmore"><primary sortas="b-bzmore">bzmore</primary></indexterm>
    183 </listitem>
    184 </varlistentry>
    185 
    186 <varlistentry id="libbz2">
    187 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libbz2*</filename></term>
    188 <listitem>
    189 <para>The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data
    190 compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm</para>
    191 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 libbz2"><primary sortas="c-libbz2*">libbz2*</primary></indexterm>
    192 </listitem>
    193 </varlistentry>
    194 </variablelist>
    195 
    196 </sect2>
     103  </sect2>
     104
     105  <sect2 id="contents-bzip2" role="content">
     106    <title>Contents of Bzip2</title>
     107
     108    <segmentedlist>
     109      <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
     110      <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle>
     111
     112      <seglistitem>
     113        <seg>bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp, bzdiff,
     114        bzegrep, bzfgrep, bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless, and bzmore</seg>
     115        <seg>libbz2.[a,so]</seg>
     116      </seglistitem>
     117    </segmentedlist>
     118
     119    <variablelist>
     120      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
     121      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
     122      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
     123
     124      <varlistentry id="bunzip2">
     125        <term><command>bunzip2</command></term>
     126        <listitem>
     127          <para>Decompresses bzipped files</para>
     128          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bunzip2">
     129            <primary sortas="b-bunzip2">bunzip2</primary>
     130          </indexterm>
     131        </listitem>
     132      </varlistentry>
     133
     134      <varlistentry id="bzcat">
     135        <term><command>bzcat</command></term>
     136        <listitem>
     137          <para>Decompresses to standard output</para>
     138          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcat">
     139            <primary sortas="b-bzcat">bzcat</primary>
     140          </indexterm>
     141        </listitem>
     142      </varlistentry>
     143
     144      <varlistentry id="bzcmp">
     145        <term><command>bzcmp</command></term>
     146        <listitem>
     147          <para>Runs <command>cmp</command> on bzipped files</para>
     148          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcmp">
     149            <primary sortas="b-bzcmp">bzcmp</primary>
     150          </indexterm>
     151        </listitem>
     152      </varlistentry>
     153
     154      <varlistentry id="bzdiff">
     155        <term><command>bzdiff</command></term>
     156        <listitem>
     157          <para>Runs <command>diff</command> on bzipped files</para>
     158          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzdiff">
     159            <primary sortas="b-bzdiff">bzdiff</primary>
     160          </indexterm>
     161        </listitem>
     162      </varlistentry>
     163
     164      <varlistentry id="bzgrep">
     165        <term><command>bzgrep</command></term>
     166        <listitem>
     167          <para>Runs <command>grep</command> on bzipped files</para>
     168          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzgrep">
     169            <primary sortas="b-bzgrep">bzgrep</primary>
     170          </indexterm>
     171        </listitem>
     172      </varlistentry>
     173
     174      <varlistentry id="bzegrep">
     175        <term><command>bzegrep</command></term>
     176        <listitem>
     177          <para>Runs <command>egrep</command> on bzipped files</para>
     178          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzegrep">
     179            <primary sortas="b-bzegrep">bzegrep</primary>
     180          </indexterm>
     181        </listitem>
     182      </varlistentry>
     183
     184      <varlistentry id="bzfgrep">
     185        <term><command>bzfgrep</command></term>
     186        <listitem>
     187          <para>Runs <command>fgrep</command> on bzipped files</para>
     188          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzfgrep">
     189            <primary sortas="b-bzfgrep">bzfgrep</primary>
     190          </indexterm>
     191        </listitem>
     192      </varlistentry>
     193
     194      <varlistentry id="bzip2">
     195        <term><command>bzip2</command></term>
     196        <listitem>
     197          <para>Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text
     198          compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is
     199          better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using
     200          <quote>Lempel-Ziv</quote> algorithms, like <command>gzip</command></para>
     201          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2">
     202            <primary sortas="b-bzip2">bzip2</primary>
     203          </indexterm>
     204        </listitem>
     205      </varlistentry>
     206
     207      <varlistentry id="bzip2recover">
     208        <term><command>bzip2recover</command></term>
     209        <listitem>
     210          <para>Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files</para>
     211          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2recover">
     212            <primary sortas="b-bzip2recover">bzip2recover</primary>
     213          </indexterm>
     214        </listitem>
     215      </varlistentry>
     216
     217      <varlistentry id="bzless">
     218        <term><command>bzless</command></term>
     219        <listitem>
     220          <para>Runs <command>less</command> on bzipped files</para>
     221          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzless">
     222            <primary sortas="b-bzless">bzless</primary>
     223          </indexterm>
     224        </listitem>
     225      </varlistentry>
     226
     227      <varlistentry id="bzmore">
     228        <term><command>bzmore</command></term>
     229        <listitem>
     230          <para>Runs <command>more</command> on bzipped files</para>
     231          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzmore">
     232            <primary sortas="b-bzmore">bzmore</primary>
     233          </indexterm>
     234        </listitem>
     235      </varlistentry>
     236
     237      <varlistentry id="libbz2">
     238        <term><filename class="libraryfile">libbz2*</filename></term>
     239        <listitem>
     240          <para>The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data
     241          compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm</para>
     242          <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 libbz2">
     243            <primary sortas="c-libbz2*">libbz2*</primary>
     244          </indexterm>
     245        </listitem>
     246      </varlistentry>
     247
     248    </variablelist>
     249
     250  </sect2>
    197251
    198252</sect1>
    199 

  • chapter06/changingowner.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-changingowner">
    7 <title>Changing Ownership</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html"?>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html"?>
    910
    10 <para>Currently, the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename>
    11 directory is owned by the user <emphasis>lfs</emphasis>, a user that
    12 exists only on the host system. Although the <filename
    13 class="directory">/tools</filename> directory can be deleted once the
    14 LFS system has been finished, it can be retained to build additional
    15 LFS systems. If the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename>
    16 directory is kept as is, the files are owned by a user ID without a
    17 corresponding account. This is dangerous because a user account
    18 created later could get this same user ID and would own the <filename
    19 class="directory">/tools</filename> directory and all the files
    20 therein, thus exposing these files to possible malicious
    21 manipulation.</para>
     11  <title>Changing Ownership</title>
    2212
    23 <para>To avoid this issue, add the <emphasis>lfs</emphasis> user to
    24 the new LFS system later when creating the
    25 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file, taking care to assign it the
    26 same user and group IDs as on the host system. Alternatively, assign
    27 the contents of the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename>
    28 directory to user <emphasis>root</emphasis> by running the following
    29 command:</para>
     13  <para>Currently, the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory
     14  is owned by the user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, a user
     15  that exists only on the host system. Although the <filename
     16  class="directory">/tools</filename> directory can be deleted once the LFS
     17  system has been finished, it can be retained to build additional LFS systems.
     18  If the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory is kept as is,
     19  the files are owned by a user ID without a corresponding account. This is
     20  dangerous because a user account created later could get this same user ID
     21  and would own the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory
     22  and all the files therein, thus exposing these files to possible malicious
     23  manipulation.</para>
     24
     25  <para>To avoid this issue, add the <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>
     26  user to the new LFS system later when creating the
     27  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file, taking care to assign it the same user
     28  and group IDs as on the host system. Alternatively, assign the contents of
     29  the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory to user
     30  <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> by running the following
     31  command:</para>
    3032
    3133<screen><userinput>chown -R 0:0 /tools</userinput></screen>
    3234
    33 <para>The command uses <parameter>0:0</parameter> instead of
    34 <parameter>root:root</parameter>, because <command>chown</command>
    35 is unable to resolve the name <quote>root</quote> until the
    36 <filename>passwd</filename> file has been created.</para>
     35  <para>The command uses <parameter>0:0</parameter> instead of
     36  <parameter>root:root</parameter>, because <command>chown</command>
     37  is unable to resolve the name <quote>root</quote> until the
     38  <filename>passwd</filename> file has been created.</para>
    3739
    3840</sect1>
    39 

  • chapter06/chapter06.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<chapter id="chapter-building-system" xreflabel="Chapter 6">
    7 <?dbhtml dir="chapter06"?>
    8 <title>Installing Basic System Software</title>
    9 <?dbhtml filename="chapter06.html"?>
     9  <?dbhtml dir="chapter06"?>
     10  <?dbhtml filename="chapter06.html"?>
    1011
    11 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="introduction.xml"/>
    12 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pkgmgt.xml"/>
    13 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/>
    14 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="chroot.xml"/>
    15 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/>
    16 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="creatingdirs.xml"/>
    17 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="createfiles.xml"/>
    18 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pwdgroup.xml"/>
    19 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="devices.xml"/>
    20 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="linux-libc-headers.xml"/>
    21 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-pages.xml"/>
    22 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="glibc.xml"/>
    23 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readjusting.xml"/>
    24 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="binutils.xml"/>
    25 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gcc.xml"/>
    26 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="coreutils.xml"/>
    27 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="zlib.xml"/>
    28 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="mktemp.xml"/>
    29 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iana-etc.xml"/>
    30 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="findutils.xml"/>
    31 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gawk.xml"/>
    32 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="ncurses.xml"/>
    33 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readline.xml"/>
    34 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="vim.xml"/>
    35 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="m4.xml"/>
    36 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bison.xml"/>
    37 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="less.xml"/>
    38 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="db.xml"/>
    39 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="groff.xml"/>
    40 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sed.xml"/>
    41 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="flex.xml"/>
    42 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gettext.xml"/>
    43 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="inetutils.xml"/>
    44 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iproute2.xml"/>
    45 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="perl.xml"/>
    46 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="texinfo.xml"/>
    47 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="autoconf.xml"/>
    48 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="automake.xml"/>
    49 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bash.xml"/>
    50 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="file.xml"/>
    51 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grep.xml"/>
    52 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="libtool.xml"/>
    53 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bzip2.xml"/>
    54 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="diffutils.xml"/>
    55 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kbd.xml"/>
    56 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="e2fsprogs.xml"/>
    57 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grub.xml"/>
    58 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gzip.xml"/>
    59 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-db.xml"/>
    60 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="make.xml"/>
    61 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="module-init-tools.xml"/>
    62 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="patch.xml"/>
    63 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="procps.xml"/>
    64 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="psmisc.xml"/>
    65 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="shadow.xml"/>
    66 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysklogd.xml"/>
    67 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysvinit.xml"/>
    68 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="tar.xml"/>
    69 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="udev.xml"/>
    70 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="util-linux.xml"/>
    71 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="aboutdebug.xml"/>
    72 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="strippingagain.xml"/>
    73 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="revisedchroot.xml"/>
     12  <title>Installing Basic System Software</title>
     13
     14  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="introduction.xml"/>
     15  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pkgmgt.xml"/>
     16  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/>
     17  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="chroot.xml"/>
     18  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/>
     19  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="creatingdirs.xml"/>
     20  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="createfiles.xml"/>
     21  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pwdgroup.xml"/>
     22  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="devices.xml"/>
     23  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="linux-libc-headers.xml"/>
     24  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-pages.xml"/>
     25  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="glibc.xml"/>
     26  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readjusting.xml"/>
     27  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="binutils.xml"/>
     28  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gcc.xml"/>
     29  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="coreutils.xml"/>
     30  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="zlib.xml"/>
     31  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="mktemp.xml"/>
     32  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iana-etc.xml"/>
     33  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="findutils.xml"/>
     34  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gawk.xml"/>
     35  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="ncurses.xml"/>
     36  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readline.xml"/>
     37  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="vim.xml"/>
     38  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="m4.xml"/>
     39  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bison.xml"/>
     40  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="less.xml"/>
     41  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="db.xml"/>
     42  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="groff.xml"/>
     43  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sed.xml"/>
     44  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="flex.xml"/>
     45  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gettext.xml"/>
     46  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="inetutils.xml"/>
     47  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iproute2.xml"/>
     48  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="perl.xml"/>
     49  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="texinfo.xml"/>
     50  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="autoconf.xml"/>
     51  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="automake.xml"/>
     52  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bash.xml"/>
     53  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="file.xml"/>
     54  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grep.xml"/>
     55  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="libtool.xml"/>
     56  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bzip2.xml"/>
     57  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="diffutils.xml"/>
     58  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kbd.xml"/>
     59  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="e2fsprogs.xml"/>
     60  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grub.xml"/>
     61  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gzip.xml"/>
     62  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-db.xml"/>
     63  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="make.xml"/>
     64  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="module-init-tools.xml"/>
     65  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="patch.xml"/>
     66  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="procps.xml"/>
     67  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="psmisc.xml"/>
     68  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="shadow.xml"/>
     69  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysklogd.xml"/>
     70  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysvinit.xml"/>
     71  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="tar.xml"/>
     72  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="udev.xml"/>
     73  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="util-linux.xml"/>
     74  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="aboutdebug.xml"/>
     75  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="strippingagain.xml"/>
     76  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="revisedchroot.xml"/>
    7477
    7578</chapter>

  • chapter06/chroot.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-chroot">
    7 <title>Entering the Chroot Environment</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="chroot.html"?>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="chroot.html"?>
    910
    10 <para>It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin
    11 building and installing the final LFS system. As user
    12 <emphasis>root</emphasis>, run the following command to enter the
    13 realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary
    14 tools:</para>
     11  <title>Entering the Chroot Environment</title>
     12
     13  <para>It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and
     14  installing the final LFS system. As user <systemitem
     15  class="username">root</systemitem>, run the following command to enter the
     16  realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary tools:</para>
    1517
    1618<screen><userinput>chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \
    … …  
    1921    /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
    2022
    21 <para>The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the
    22 <command>env</command> command will clear all variables of the chroot
    23 environment. After that, only the <envar>HOME</envar>,
    24 <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and
    25 <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The
    26 <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct will set the
    27 <envar>TERM</envar> variable inside chroot to the same value as
    28 outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like
    29 <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> to operate
    30 properly.  If other variables are needed, such as
    31 <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is
    32 a good place to set them again.</para>
     23  <para>The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command>
     24  command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only
     25  the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and
     26  <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The
     27  <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct will set the <envar>TERM</envar>
     28  variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is
     29  needed for programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command>
     30  to operate properly.  If other variables are needed, such as
     31  <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set
     32  them again.</para>
    3333
    34 <para>From this point on, there is no need to use the
    35 <envar>LFS</envar> variable anymore, because all work will be
    36 restricted to the LFS file system.  This is because the Bash shell is
    37 told that <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> is now the root
    38 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory.</para>
     34  <para>From this point on, there is no need to use the
     35  <envar>LFS</envar> variable anymore, because all work will be restricted
     36  to the LFS file system.  This is because the Bash shell is told that
     37  <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> is now the root
     38  (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory.</para>
    3939
    40 <para>Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> comes last
    41 in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be
    42 used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not
    43 <quote>remember</quote> the locations of executed binaries&mdash;for this
    44 reason, hashing is switched off by passing the <parameter>+h</parameter> option
    45 to <command>bash</command>.</para>
     40  <para>Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> comes last
     41  in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be
     42  used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not
     43  <quote>remember</quote> the locations of executed binaries&mdash;for this
     44  reason, hashing is switched off by passing the <parameter>+h</parameter> option
     45  to <command>bash</command>.</para>
    4646
    47 <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder
    48 of this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the
    49 chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason
    50 (rebooting for example), remember to first mount the <systemitem
    51 class="filesystem">proc</systemitem> and <systemitem
    52 class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file systems (discussed in the
    53 previous section) and enter chroot again before continuing with the
    54 installations.</para>
     47  <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this
     48  chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment.
     49  If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), remember
     50  to first mount the <systemitem class="filesystem">proc</systemitem> and
     51  <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file systems (discussed
     52  in the previous section) and enter chroot again before continuing with the
     53  installations.</para>
    5554
    56 <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say
    57 <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the
    58 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.</para>
     55  <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say
     56  <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the
     57  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.</para>
    5958
    6059</sect1>
    61 

  • chapter06/coreutils.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-coreutils" role="wrap">
    7 <title>Coreutils-&coreutils-version;</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="coreutils.html"?>
    9 
    10 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils"><primary sortas="a-Coreutils">Coreutils</primary></indexterm>
    11 
    12 <sect2 role="package"><title/>
    13 <para>The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the
    14 basic system characteristics.</para>
    15 
    16 <segmentedlist>
    17 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
    18 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
    19 <seglistitem><seg>0.9 SBU</seg><seg>52.8 MB</seg></seglistitem>
    20 </segmentedlist>
    21 
    22 <segmentedlist>
    23 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
    24 <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC,
    25 Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, and Sed</seg></seglistitem>
    26 </segmentedlist>
    27 </sect2>
    28 
    29 <sect2 role="installation">
    30 <title>Installation of Coreutils</title>
    31 
    32 <para>A known issue with the <command>uname</command> program from
    33 this package is that the <parameter>-p</parameter> switch always
    34 returns <computeroutput>unknown</computeroutput>. The following patch
    35 fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:</para>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="coreutils.html"?>
     10
     11  <title>Coreutils-&coreutils-version;</title>
     12
     13  <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils">
     14    <primary sortas="a-Coreutils">Coreutils</primary>
     15  </indexterm>
     16
     17  <sect2 role="package">
     18    <title/>
     19
     20    <para>The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the
     21    basic system characteristics.</para>
     22
     23    <segmentedlist>
     24      <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
     25      <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
     26
     27      <seglistitem>
     28        <seg>0.9 SBU</seg>
     29        <seg>52.8 MB</seg>
     30      </seglistitem>
     31    </segmentedlist>
     32
     33    <segmentedlist>
     34      <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle>
     35
     36      <seglistitem>
     37        <seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc,
     38        Grep, Make, Perl, and Sed</seg>
     39      </seglistitem>
     40    </segmentedlist>
     41
     42  </sect2>
     43
     44  <sect2 role="installation">
     45    <title>Installation of Coreutils</title>
     46
     47    <para>A known issue with the <command>uname</command> program from
     48    this package is that the <parameter>-p</parameter> switch always
     49    returns <computeroutput>unknown</computeroutput>. The following patch
     50    fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:</para>
    3651
    3752<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-uname-patch;</userinput></screen>
    3853
    39 <para>Prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by
    40 other packages later:</para>
     54    <para>Prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by
     55    other packages later:</para>
    4156
    4257<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-suppress-patch;</userinput></screen>
    4358
    44 <para>POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character
    45 boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch
    46 fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:</para>
     59    <para>POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character
     60    boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch
     61    fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:</para>
    4762
    4863<screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-i18n-patch;</userinput></screen>
    4964
    50 <para>In order for the tests added by this patch to pass, the permissions for
    51 the test file have to be changed:</para>
     65    <para>In order for the tests added by this patch to pass, the permissions for
     66    the test file have to be changed:</para>
    5267
    5368<screen><userinput>chmod +x tests/sort/sort-mb-tests</userinput></screen>
    5469
    55 <note><para>In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting
    56 new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible
    57 without this patch.</para></note>
    58 
    59 <para>It has been found that translated messages sometimes overflow a buffer
    60 in the <command>who -Hu</command> command. Increase the buffer size:</para>
     70    <note>
     71      <para>In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new
     72      bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible
     73      without this patch.</para>
     74    </note>
     75
     76    <para>It has been found that translated messages sometimes overflow a buffer
     77    in the <command>who -Hu</command> command. Increase the buffer size:</para>
    6178
    6279<screen><userinput>sed -i 's/_LEN 6/_LEN 20/' src/who.c</userinput></screen>
    6380
    64 <para>Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:</para>
     81    <para>Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:</para>
    6582
    6683<screen><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput></screen>
    6784
    68 <para>Compile the package:</para>
     85    <para>Compile the package:</para>
    6986
    7087<screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
    7188
    72 <para>The test suite of Coreutils makes several assumptions about the presence
    73 of system users and groups that are not valid within the minimal environment
    74 that exists at the moment. Therefore, additional items need to be set up before
    75 running the tests. Skip down to <quote>Install the package</quote> if not
    76 running the test suite.</para>
    77 
    78 <para>Create two dummy groups and a dummy user:</para>
     89    <para>The test suite of Coreutils makes several assumptions about the
     90    presence of system users and groups that are not valid within the minimal
     91    environment that exists at the moment. Therefore, additional items need
     92    to be set up before running the tests. Skip down to <quote>Install the
     93    package</quote> if not running the test suite.</para>
     94
     95    <para>Create two dummy groups and a dummy user:</para>
    7996
    8097<screen><userinput>echo "dummy1:x:1000:" &gt;&gt; /etc/group
    … …  
    8299echo "dummy:x:1000:1000::/root:/bin/bash" &gt;&gt; /etc/passwd</userinput></screen>
    83100
    84 <para>Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that
    85 are meant to be run as user <emphasis>root</emphasis>:</para>
     101    <para>Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are
     102    meant to be run as user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>:</para>
    86103
    87104<screen><userinput>make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=dummy check-root</userinput></screen>
    88105
    89 <para>Then run the remainder of the tests as the
    90 <emphasis>dummy</emphasis> user:</para>
     106    <para>Then run the remainder of the tests as the
     107    <systemitem class="username">dummy</systemitem> user:</para>
    91108
    92109<screen><userinput>src/su dummy -c "make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</userinput></screen>
    93110
    94 <para>When testing is complete, remove the dummy user and
    95 groups:</para>
     111    <para>When testing is complete, remove the dummy user and groups:</para>
    96112
    97113<screen><userinput>sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/passwd /etc/group</userinput></screen>
    98114
    99 <para>Install the package:</para>
     115    <para>Install the package:</para>
    100116
    101117<screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen>
    102118
    103 <para>Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:</para>
     119    <para>Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:</para>
    104120
    105121<screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin
    … …  
    108124mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin</userinput></screen>
    109125
    110 <para>Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
    111 <command>head</command> and <command>sleep</command>.  As
    112 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> may not be available during the
    113 early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition:</para>
     126    <para>Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on
     127    <command>head</command> and <command>sleep</command>.  As
     128    <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> may not be available during the
     129    early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root
     130    partition:</para>
    114131
    115132<screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep} /bin</userinput></screen>
    116133
    117 </sect2>
    118 
    119 
    120 <sect2 id="contents-coreutils" role="content"><title>Contents of Coreutils</title>
    121 
    122 <segmentedlist>
    123 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
    124 <seglistitem><seg>basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum,
    125 comm, cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du,
    126 echo, env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head,
    127 hostid, hostname, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum,
    128 mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, nice, nl, nohup, od, paste, pathchk, pinky,
    129 pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, rm, rmdir, seq, sha1sum,
    130 shred, sleep, sort, split, stat, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee,
    131 test, touch, tr, true, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink,
    132 users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</seg></seglistitem>
    133 </segmentedlist>
    134 
    135 <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
    136 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
    137 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
    138 
    139 <varlistentry id="basename">
    140 <term><command>basename</command></term>
    141 <listitem>
    142 <para>Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name</para>
    143 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils basename"><primary sortas="b-basename">basename</primary></indexterm>
    144 </listitem>
    145 </varlistentry>
    146 
    147 <varlistentry id="cat">
    148 <term><command>cat</command></term>
    149 <listitem>
    150 <para>Concatenates files to standard output</para>
    151 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cat"><primary sortas="b-cat">cat</primary></indexterm>
    152 </listitem>
    153 </varlistentry>
    154 
    155 <varlistentry id="chgrp">
    156 <term><command>chgrp</command></term>
    157 <listitem>
    158 <para>Changes the group ownership of files and directories</para>
    159 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chgrp"><primary sortas="b-chgrp">chgrp</primary></indexterm>
    160 </listitem>
    161 </varlistentry>
    162 
    163 <varlistentry id="chmod">
    164 <term><command>chmod</command></term>
    165 <listitem>
    166 <para>Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode
    167 can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an
    168 octal number representing the new permissions</para>
    169 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chmod"><primary sortas="b-chmod">chmod</primary></indexterm>
    170 </listitem>
    171 </varlistentry>
    172 
    173 <varlistentry id="chown">
    174 <term><command>chown</command></term>
    175 <listitem>
    176 <para>Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and directories</para>
    177 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chown"><primary sortas="b-chown">chown</primary></indexterm>
    178 </listitem>
    179 </varlistentry>
    180 
    181 <varlistentry id="chroot">
    182 <term><command>chroot</command></term>
    183 <listitem>
    184 <para>Runs a command with the specified directory as the
    185 <filename class="directory">/</filename> directory</para>
    186 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chroot"><primary sortas="b-chroot">chroot</primary></indexterm>
    187 </listitem>
    188 </varlistentry>
    189 
    190 <varlistentry id="cksum">
    191 <term><command>cksum</command></term>
    192 <listitem>
    193 <para>Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte
    194 counts of each specified file</para>
    195 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cksum"><primary sortas="b-cksum">cksum</primary></indexterm>
    196 </listitem>
    197 </varlistentry>
    198 
    199 <varlistentry id="comm">
    200 <term><command>comm</command></term>
    201 <listitem>
    202 <para>Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines
    203 that are unique and the lines that are common</para>
    204 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils comm"><primary sortas="b-comm">comm</primary></indexterm>
    205 </listitem>
    206 </varlistentry>
    207 
    208 <varlistentry id="cp">
    209 <term><command>cp</command></term>
    210 <listitem>
    211 <para>Copies files</para>
    212 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cp"><primary sortas="b-cp">cp</primary></indexterm>
    213 </listitem>
    214 </varlistentry>
    215 
    216 <varlistentry id="csplit">
    217 <term><command>csplit</command></term>
    218 <listitem>
    219 <para>Splits a given file into several new files, separating them
    220 according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte
    221 count of each new file</para>
    222 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils csplit"><primary sortas="b-csplit">csplit</primary></indexterm>
    223 </listitem>
    224 </varlistentry>
    225 
    226 <varlistentry id="cut">
    227 <term><command>cut</command></term>
    228 <listitem>
    229 <para>Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given
    230 fields or positions</para>
    231 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cut"><primary sortas="b-cut">cut</primary></indexterm>
    232 </listitem>
    233 </varlistentry>
    234 
    235 <varlistentry id="date">
    236 <term><command>date</command></term>
    237 <listitem>
    238 <para>Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the
    239 system date</para>
    240 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils date"><primary sortas="b-date">date</primary></indexterm>
    241 </listitem>
    242 </varlistentry>
    243 
    244 <varlistentry id="dd">
    245 <term><command>dd</command> </term>
    246 <listitem>
    247 <para>Copies a file using the given block size and count, while
    248 optionally performing conversions on it</para>
    249 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dd"><primary sortas="b-dd">dd</primary></indexterm>
    250 </listitem>
    251 </varlistentry>
    252 
    253 <varlistentry id="df">
    254 <term><command>df</command></term>
    255 <listitem>
    256 <para>Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all
    257 mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected
    258 files</para>
    259 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils df"><primary sortas="b-df">df</primary></indexterm>
    260 </listitem>
    261 </varlistentry>
    262 
    263 <varlistentry id="dir">
    264 <term><command>dir</command></term>
    265 <listitem>
    266 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as
    267 the <command>ls</command> command)</para>
    268 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dir"><primary sortas="b-dir">dir</primary></indexterm>
    269 </listitem>
    270 </varlistentry>
    271 
    272 <varlistentry id="dircolors">
    273 <term><command>dircolors</command></term>
    274 <listitem>
    275 <para>Outputs commands to set the <envar>LS_COLOR</envar>
    276 environment variable to change the color scheme used by
    277 <command>ls</command></para>
    278 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dircolors"><primary sortas="b-dircolors">dircolors</primary></indexterm>
    279 </listitem>
    280 </varlistentry>
    281 
    282 <varlistentry id="dirname">
    283 <term><command>dirname</command></term>
    284 <listitem>
    285 <para>Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name</para>
    286 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dirname"><primary sortas="b-dirname">dirname</primary></indexterm>
    287 </listitem>
    288 </varlistentry>
    289 
    290 <varlistentry id="du">
    291 <term><command>du</command></term>
    292 <listitem>
    293 <para>Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory,
    294 by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by
    295 each of the given files</para>
    296 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils du"><primary sortas="b-du">du</primary></indexterm>
    297 </listitem>
    298 </varlistentry>
    299 
    300 <varlistentry id="echo">
    301 <term><command>echo</command></term>
    302 <listitem>
    303 <para>Displays the given strings</para>
    304 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils echo"><primary sortas="b-echo">echo</primary></indexterm>
    305 </listitem>
    306 </varlistentry>
    307 
    308 <varlistentry id="env">
    309 <term><command>env</command></term>
    310 <listitem>
    311 <para>Runs a command in a modified environment</para>
    312 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils env"><primary sortas="b-env">env</primary></indexterm>
    313 </listitem>
    314 </varlistentry>
    315 
    316 <varlistentry id="expand">
    317 <term><command>expand</command></term>
    318 <listitem>
    319 <para>Converts tabs to spaces</para>
    320 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expand"><primary sortas="b-expand">expand</primary></indexterm>
    321 </listitem>
    322 </varlistentry>
    323 
    324 <varlistentry id="expr">
    325 <term><command>expr</command></term>
    326 <listitem>
    327 <para>Evaluates expressions</para>
    328 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expr"><primary sortas="b-expr">expr</primary></indexterm>
    329 </listitem>
    330 </varlistentry>
    331 
    332 <varlistentry id="factor">
    333 <term><command>factor</command></term>
    334 <listitem>
    335 <para>Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers</para>
    336 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils factor"><primary sortas="b-factor">factor</primary></indexterm>
    337 </listitem>
    338 </varlistentry>
    339 
    340 <varlistentry id="false">
    341 <term><command>false</command></term>
    342 <listitem>
    343 <para>Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code
    344 indicating failure</para>
    345 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils false"><primary sortas="b-false">false</primary></indexterm>
    346 </listitem>
    347 </varlistentry>
    348 
    349 <varlistentry id="fmt">
    350 <term><command>fmt</command></term>
    351 <listitem>
    352 <para>Reformats the paragraphs in the given files</para>
    353 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fmt"><primary sortas="b-fmt">fmt</primary></indexterm>
    354 </listitem>
    355 </varlistentry>
    356 
    357 <varlistentry id="fold">
    358 <term><command>fold</command></term>
    359 <listitem>
    360 <para>Wraps the lines in the given files</para>
    361 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fold"><primary sortas="b-fold">fold</primary></indexterm>
    362 </listitem>
    363 </varlistentry>
    364 
    365 <varlistentry id="groups">
    366 <term><command>groups</command></term>
    367 <listitem>
    368 <para>Reports a user's group memberships</para>
    369 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils groups"><primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary></indexterm>
    370 </listitem>
    371 </varlistentry>
    372 
    373 <varlistentry id="head">
    374 <term><command>head</command></term>
    375 <listitem>
    376 <para>Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file</para>
    377 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils head"><primary sortas="b-head">head</primary></indexterm>
    378 </listitem>
    379 </varlistentry>
    380 
    381 <varlistentry id="hostid">
    382 <term><command>hostid</command></term>
    383 <listitem>
    384 <para>Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host</para>
    385 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostid"><primary sortas="b-hostid">hostid</primary></indexterm>
    386 </listitem>
    387 </varlistentry>
    388 
    389 <varlistentry id="hostname">
    390 <term><command>hostname</command></term>
    391 <listitem>
    392 <para>Reports or sets the name of the host</para>
    393 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostname"><primary sortas="b-hostname">hostname</primary></indexterm>
    394 </listitem>
    395 </varlistentry>
    396 
    397 <varlistentry id="id">
    398 <term><command>id</command></term>
    399 <listitem>
    400 <para>Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and
    401 group memberships of the current user or specified user</para>
    402 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils id"><primary sortas="b-id">id</primary></indexterm>
    403 </listitem>
    404 </varlistentry>
    405 
    406 <varlistentry id="install">
    407 <term><command>install</command> </term>
    408 <listitem>
    409 <para>Copies files while setting their
    410 permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group</para>
    411 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils install"><primary sortas="b-install">install</primary></indexterm>
    412 </listitem>
    413 </varlistentry>
    414 
    415 <varlistentry id="join">
    416 <term><command>join</command></term>
    417 <listitem>
    418 <para>Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two
    419 separate files</para>
    420 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils join"><primary sortas="b-join">join</primary></indexterm>
    421 </listitem>
    422 </varlistentry>
    423 
    424 <varlistentry id="link">
    425 <term><command>link</command></term>
    426 <listitem>
    427 <para>Creates a hard link with the given name to a file</para>
    428 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils link"><primary sortas="b-link">link</primary></indexterm>
    429 </listitem>
    430 </varlistentry>
    431 
    432 <varlistentry id="ln">
    433 <term><command>ln</command></term>
    434 <listitem>
    435 <para>Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files</para>
    436 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ln"><primary sortas="b-ln">ln</primary></indexterm>
    437 </listitem>
    438 </varlistentry>
    439 
    440 <varlistentry id="logname">
    441 <term><command>logname</command></term>
    442 <listitem>
    443 <para>Reports the current user's login name</para>
    444 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils logname"><primary sortas="b-logname">logname</primary></indexterm>
    445 </listitem>
    446 </varlistentry>
    447 
    448 <varlistentry id="ls">
    449 <term><command>ls</command></term>
    450 <listitem>
    451 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory</para>
    452 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ls"><primary sortas="b-ls">ls</primary></indexterm>
    453 </listitem>
    454 </varlistentry>
    455 
    456 <varlistentry id="md5sum">
    457 <term><command>md5sum</command></term>
    458 <listitem>
    459 <para>Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums</para>
    460 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils md5sum"><primary sortas="b-md5sum">md5sum</primary></indexterm>
    461 </listitem>
    462 </varlistentry>
    463 
    464 <varlistentry id="mkdir">
    465 <term><command>mkdir</command></term>
    466 <listitem>
    467 <para>Creates directories with the given names</para>
    468 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkdir"><primary sortas="b-mkdir">mkdir</primary></indexterm>
    469 </listitem>
    470 </varlistentry>
    471 
    472 <varlistentry id="mkfifo">
    473 <term><command>mkfifo</command></term>
    474 <listitem>
    475 <para>Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a <quote>named
    476 pipe</quote> in UNIX parlance, with the given names</para>
    477 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkfifo"><primary sortas="b-mkfifo">mkfifo</primary></indexterm>
    478 </listitem>
    479 </varlistentry>
    480 
    481 <varlistentry id="mknod">
    482 <term><command>mknod</command></term>
    483 <listitem>
    484 <para>Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a
    485 character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO</para>
    486 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mknod"><primary sortas="b-mknod">mknod</primary></indexterm>
    487 </listitem>
    488 </varlistentry>
    489 
    490 <varlistentry id="mv">
    491 <term><command>mv</command></term>
    492 <listitem>
    493 <para>Moves or renames files or directories</para>
    494 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mv"><primary sortas="b-mv">mv</primary></indexterm>
    495 </listitem>
    496 </varlistentry>
    497 
    498 <varlistentry id="nice">
    499 <term><command>nice</command></term>
    500 <listitem>
    501 <para>Runs a program with modified scheduling priority</para>
    502 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nice"><primary sortas="b-nice">nice</primary></indexterm>
    503 </listitem>
    504 </varlistentry>
    505 
    506 <varlistentry id="nl">
    507 <term><command>nl</command></term>
    508 <listitem>
    509 <para>Numbers the lines from the given files</para>
    510 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nl"><primary sortas="b-nl">nl</primary></indexterm>
    511 </listitem>
    512 </varlistentry>
    513 
    514 <varlistentry id="nohup">
    515 <term><command>nohup</command></term>
    516 <listitem>
    517 <para>Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to
    518 a log file</para>
    519 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nohup"><primary sortas="b-nohup">nohup</primary></indexterm>
    520 </listitem>
    521 </varlistentry>
    522 
    523 <varlistentry id="od">
    524 <term><command>od</command></term>
    525 <listitem>
    526 <para>Dumps files in octal and other formats</para>
    527 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils od"><primary sortas="b-od">od</primary></indexterm>
    528 </listitem>
    529 </varlistentry>
    530 
    531 <varlistentry id="paste">
    532 <term><command>paste</command></term>
    533 <listitem>
    534 <para>Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines
    535 side by side, separated by tab characters</para>
    536 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils paste"><primary sortas="b-paste">paste</primary></indexterm>
    537 </listitem>
    538 </varlistentry>
    539 
    540 <varlistentry id="pathchk">
    541 <term><command>pathchk</command></term>
    542 <listitem>
    543 <para>Checks if file names are valid or portable</para>
    544 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pathchk"><primary sortas="b-pathchk">pathchk</primary></indexterm>
    545 </listitem>
    546 </varlistentry>
    547 
    548 <varlistentry id="pinky">
    549 <term><command>pinky</command></term>
    550 <listitem>
    551 <para>Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information about the given users</para>
    552 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pinky"><primary sortas="b-pinky">pinky</primary></indexterm>
    553 </listitem>
    554 </varlistentry>
    555 
    556 <varlistentry id="pr">
    557 <term><command>pr</command></term>
    558 <listitem>
    559 <para>Paginates and columnates files for printing</para>
    560 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pr"><primary sortas="b-pr">pr</primary></indexterm>
    561 </listitem>
    562 </varlistentry>
    563 
    564 <varlistentry id="printenv">
    565 <term><command>printenv</command></term>
    566 <listitem>
    567 <para>Prints the environment</para>
    568 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printenv"><primary sortas="b-printenv">printenv</primary></indexterm>
    569 </listitem>
    570 </varlistentry>
    571 
    572 <varlistentry id="printf">
    573 <term><command>printf</command></term>
    574 <listitem>
    575 <para>Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much
    576 like the C printf function</para>
    577 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printf"><primary sortas="b-printf">printf</primary></indexterm>
    578 </listitem>
    579 </varlistentry>
    580 
    581 <varlistentry id="ptx">
    582 <term><command>ptx</command></term>
    583 <listitem>
    584 <para>Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files,
    585 with each keyword in its context</para>
    586 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ptx"><primary sortas="b-ptx">ptx</primary></indexterm>
    587 </listitem>
    588 </varlistentry>
    589 
    590 <varlistentry id="pwd">
    591 <term><command>pwd</command></term>
    592 <listitem>
    593 <para>Reports the name of the current working directory</para>
    594 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pwd"><primary sortas="b-pwd">pwd</primary></indexterm>
    595 </listitem>
    596 </varlistentry>
    597 
    598 <varlistentry id="readlink">
    599 <term><command>readlink</command></term>
    600 <listitem>
    601 <para>Reports the value of the given symbolic link</para>
    602 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils readlink"><primary sortas="b-readlink">readlink</primary></indexterm>
    603 </listitem>
    604 </varlistentry>
    605 
    606 <varlistentry id="rm">
    607 <term><command>rm</command></term>
    608 <listitem>
    609 <para>Removes files or directories</para>
    610 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rm"><primary sortas="b-rm">rm</primary></indexterm>
    611 </listitem>
    612 </varlistentry>
    613 
    614 <varlistentry id="rmdir">
    615 <term><command>rmdir</command></term>
    616 <listitem>
    617 <para>Removes directories if they are empty</para>
    618 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rmdir"><primary sortas="b-rmdir">rmdir</primary></indexterm>
    619 </listitem>
    620 </varlistentry>
    621 
    622 <varlistentry id="seq">
    623 <term><command>seq</command></term>
    624 <listitem>
    625 <para>Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a
    626 given increment</para>
    627 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils seq"><primary sortas="b-seq">seq</primary></indexterm>
    628 </listitem>
    629 </varlistentry>
    630 
    631 <varlistentry id="sha1sum">
    632 <term><command>sha1sum</command></term>
    633 <listitem>
    634 <para>Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) checksums</para>
    635 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha1sum"><primary sortas="b-sha1sum">sha1sum</primary></indexterm>
    636 </listitem>
    637 </varlistentry>
    638 
    639 <varlistentry id="shred">
    640 <term><command>shred</command></term>
    641 <listitem>
    642 <para>Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns,
    643 making it difficult to recover the data</para>
    644 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shred"><primary sortas="b-shred">shred</primary></indexterm>
    645 </listitem>
    646 </varlistentry>
    647 
    648 <varlistentry id="sleep">
    649 <term><command>sleep</command></term>
    650 <listitem>
    651 <para>Pauses for the given amount of time</para>
    652 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sleep"><primary sortas="b-sleep">sleep</primary></indexterm>
    653 </listitem>
    654 </varlistentry>
    655 
    656 <varlistentry id="sort">
    657 <term><command>sort</command></term>
    658 <listitem>
    659 <para>Sorts the lines from the given files</para>
    660 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sort"><primary sortas="b-sort">sort</primary></indexterm>
    661 </listitem>
    662 </varlistentry>
    663 
    664 <varlistentry id="split">
    665 <term><command>split</command></term>
    666 <listitem>
    667 <para>Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of lines</para>
    668 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils split"><primary sortas="b-split">split</primary></indexterm>
    669 </listitem>
    670 </varlistentry>
    671 
    672 <varlistentry id="stat">
    673 <term><command>stat</command></term>
    674 <listitem>
    675 <para>Displays file or filesystem status</para>
    676 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stat"><primary sortas="b-stat">stat</primary></indexterm>
    677 </listitem>
    678 </varlistentry>
    679 
    680 <varlistentry id="stty">
    681 <term><command>stty</command></term>
    682 <listitem>
    683 <para>Sets or reports terminal line settings</para>
    684 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stty"><primary sortas="b-stty">stty</primary></indexterm>
    685 </listitem>
    686 </varlistentry>
    687 
    688 <varlistentry id="sum">
    689 <term><command>sum</command></term>
    690 <listitem>
    691 <para>Prints checksum and block counts for each given file</para>
    692 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sum"><primary sortas="b-sum">sum</primary></indexterm>
    693 </listitem>
    694 </varlistentry>
    695 
    696 <varlistentry id="sync">
    697 <term><command>sync</command></term>
    698 <listitem>
    699 <para>Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk
    700 and updates the super block</para>
    701 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sync"><primary sortas="b-sync">sync</primary></indexterm>
    702 </listitem>
    703 </varlistentry>
    704 
    705 <varlistentry id="tac">
    706 <term><command>tac</command></term>
    707 <listitem>
    708 <para>Concatenates the given files in reverse</para>
    709 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tac"><primary sortas="b-tac">tac</primary></indexterm>
    710 </listitem>
    711 </varlistentry>
    712 
    713 <varlistentry id="tail">
    714 <term><command>tail</command></term>
    715 <listitem>
    716 <para>Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each
    717 given file</para>
    718 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tail"><primary sortas="b-tail">tail</primary></indexterm>
    719 </listitem>
    720 </varlistentry>
    721 
    722 <varlistentry id="tee">
    723 <term><command>tee</command></term>
    724 <listitem>
    725 <para>Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output
    726 and to the given files</para>
    727 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tee"><primary sortas="b-tee">tee</primary></indexterm>
    728 </listitem>
    729 </varlistentry>
    730 
    731 <varlistentry id="test">
    732 <term><command>test</command></term>
    733 <listitem>
    734 <para>Compares values and checks file types</para>
    735 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils test"><primary sortas="b-test">test</primary></indexterm>
    736 </listitem>
    737 </varlistentry>
    738 
    739 <varlistentry id="touch">
    740 <term><command>touch</command></term>
    741 <listitem>
    742 <para>Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification
    743 times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist
    744 are created with zero length</para>
    745 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils touch"><primary sortas="b-touch">touch</primary></indexterm>
    746 </listitem>
    747 </varlistentry>
    748 
    749 <varlistentry id="tr">
    750 <term><command>tr</command></term>
    751 <listitem>
    752 <para>Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from
    753 standard input</para>
    754 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tr"><primary sortas="b-tr">tr</primary></indexterm>
    755 </listitem>
    756 </varlistentry>
    757 
    758 <varlistentry id="true">
    759 <term><command>true</command></term>
    760 <listitem>
    761 <para>Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code
    762 indicating success</para>
    763 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils true"><primary sortas="b-true">true</primary></indexterm>
    764 </listitem>
    765 </varlistentry>
    766 
    767 <varlistentry id="tsort">
    768 <term><command>tsort</command></term>
    769 <listitem>
    770 <para>Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list
    771 according to the partial ordering in a given file</para>
    772 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tsort"><primary sortas="b-tsort">tsort</primary></indexterm>
    773 </listitem>
    774 </varlistentry>
    775 
    776 <varlistentry id="tty">
    777 <term><command>tty</command></term>
    778 <listitem>
    779 <para>Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard
    780 input</para>
    781 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tty"><primary sortas="b-tty">tty</primary></indexterm>
    782 </listitem>
    783 </varlistentry>
    784 
    785 <varlistentry id="uname">
    786 <term><command>uname</command></term>
    787 <listitem>
    788 <para>Reports system information</para>
    789 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uname"><primary sortas="b-uname">uname</primary></indexterm>
    790 </listitem>
    791 </varlistentry>
    792 
    793 <varlistentry id="unexpand">
    794 <term><command>unexpand</command></term>
    795 <listitem>
    796 <para>Converts spaces to tabs</para>
    797 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unexpand"><primary sortas="b-unexpand">unexpand</primary></indexterm>
    798 </listitem>
    799 </varlistentry>
    800 
    801 <varlistentry id="uniq">
    802 <term><command>uniq</command></term>
    803 <listitem>
    804 <para>Discards all but one of successive identical lines</para>
    805 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uniq"><primary sortas="b-uniq">uniq</primary></indexterm>
    806 </listitem>
    807 </varlistentry>
    808 
    809 <varlistentry id="unlink">
    810 <term><command>unlink</command></term>
    811 <listitem>
    812 <para>Removes the given file</para>
    813 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unlink"><primary sortas="b-unlink">unlink</primary></indexterm>
    814 </listitem>
    815 </varlistentry>
    816 
    817 <varlistentry id="users">
    818 <term><command>users</command></term>
    819 <listitem>
    820 <para>Reports the names of the users currently logged on</para>
    821 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils users"><primary sortas="b-users">users</primary></indexterm>
    822 </listitem>
    823 </varlistentry>
    824 
    825 <varlistentry id="vdir">
    826 <term><command>vdir</command></term>
    827 <listitem>
    828 <para>Is the same as <command>ls -l</command></para>
    829 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils vdir"><primary sortas="b-vdir">vdir</primary></indexterm>
    830 </listitem>
    831 </varlistentry>
    832 
    833 <varlistentry id="wc">
    834 <term><command>wc</command></term>
    835 <listitem>
    836 <para>Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given
    837 file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given</para>
    838 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils wc"><primary sortas="b-wc">wc</primary></indexterm>
    839 </listitem>
    840 </varlistentry>
    841 
    842 <varlistentry id="who">
    843 <term><command>who</command></term>
    844 <listitem>
    845 <para>Reports who is logged on</para>
    846 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils who"><primary sortas="b-who">who</primary></indexterm>
    847 </listitem>
    848 </varlistentry>
    849 
    850 <varlistentry id="whoami">
    851 <term><command>whoami</command></term>
    852 <listitem>
    853 <para>Reports the user name associated with the current effective user ID</para>
    854 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils whoami"><primary sortas="b-whoami">whoami</primary></indexterm>
    855 </listitem>
    856 </varlistentry>
    857 
    858 <varlistentry id="yes">
    859 <term><command>yes</command></term>
    860 <listitem>
    861 <para>Repeatedly outputs <quote>y</quote> or a given string until
    862 killed</para>
    863 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils yes"><primary sortas="b-yes">yes</primary></indexterm>
    864 </listitem>
    865 </varlistentry>
    866 </variablelist>
    867 
    868 </sect2>
     134  </sect2>
     135
     136
     137  <sect2 id="contents-coreutils" role="content">
     138    <title>Contents of Coreutils</title>
     139
     140    <segmentedlist>
     141      <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle>
     142
     143      <seglistitem>
     144        <seg>basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp,
     145        csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env,
     146        expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid,
     147        hostname, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir,
     148        mkfifo, mknod, mv, nice, nl, nohup, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr,
     149        printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, rm, rmdir, seq, sha1sum, shred,
     150        sleep, sort, split, stat, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, test,
     151        touch, tr, true, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, users,
     152        vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</seg>
     153      </seglistitem>
     154    </segmentedlist>
     155
     156    <variablelist>
     157      <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
     158      <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
     159      <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
     160
     161      <varlistentry id="basename">
     162        <term><command>basename</command></term>
     163        <listitem>
     164          <para>Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name</para>
     165          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils basename">
     166            <primary sortas="b-basename">basename</primary>
     167          </indexterm>
     168        </listitem>
     169      </varlistentry>
     170
     171      <varlistentry id="cat">
     172        <term><command>cat</command></term>
     173        <listitem>
     174          <para>Concatenates files to standard output</para>
     175          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cat">
     176            <primary sortas="b-cat">cat</primary>
     177          </indexterm>
     178        </listitem>
     179      </varlistentry>
     180
     181      <varlistentry id="chgrp">
     182        <term><command>chgrp</command></term>
     183        <listitem>
     184          <para>Changes the group ownership of files and directories</para>
     185          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chgrp">
     186            <primary sortas="b-chgrp">chgrp</primary>
     187          </indexterm>
     188        </listitem>
     189      </varlistentry>
     190
     191      <varlistentry id="chmod">
     192        <term><command>chmod</command></term>
     193        <listitem>
     194          <para>Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode
     195          can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an
     196          octal number representing the new permissions</para>
     197          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chmod">
     198            <primary sortas="b-chmod">chmod</primary>
     199          </indexterm>
     200        </listitem>
     201      </varlistentry>
     202
     203      <varlistentry id="chown">
     204        <term><command>chown</command></term>
     205        <listitem>
     206          <para>Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and
     207          directories</para>
     208          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chown">
     209            <primary sortas="b-chown">chown</primary>
     210          </indexterm>
     211        </listitem>
     212      </varlistentry>
     213
     214      <varlistentry id="chroot">
     215        <term><command>chroot</command></term>
     216        <listitem>
     217          <para>Runs a command with the specified directory as the
     218          <filename class="directory">/</filename> directory</para>
     219          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chroot">
     220            <primary sortas="b-chroot">chroot</primary>
     221          </indexterm>
     222        </listitem>
     223      </varlistentry>
     224
     225      <varlistentry id="cksum">
     226        <term><command>cksum</command></term>
     227        <listitem>
     228          <para>Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte
     229          counts of each specified file</para>
     230          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cksum">
     231            <primary sortas="b-cksum">cksum</primary>
     232          </indexterm>
     233        </listitem>
     234      </varlistentry>
     235
     236      <varlistentry id="comm">
     237        <term><command>comm</command></term>
     238        <listitem>
     239          <para>Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines
     240          that are unique and the lines that are common</para>
     241          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils comm">
     242            <primary sortas="b-comm">comm</primary>
     243          </indexterm>
     244        </listitem>
     245      </varlistentry>
     246
     247      <varlistentry id="cp">
     248        <term><command>cp</command></term>
     249        <listitem>
     250          <para>Copies files</para>
     251          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cp">
     252            <primary sortas="b-cp">cp</primary>
     253          </indexterm>
     254        </listitem>
     255      </varlistentry>
     256
     257      <varlistentry id="csplit">
     258        <term><command>csplit</command></term>
     259        <listitem>
     260          <para>Splits a given file into several new files, separating them
     261          according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte
     262          count of each new file</para>
     263          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils csplit">
     264            <primary sortas="b-csplit">csplit</primary>
     265          </indexterm>
     266        </listitem>
     267      </varlistentry>
     268
     269      <varlistentry id="cut">
     270        <term><command>cut</command></term>
     271        <listitem>
     272          <para>Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given
     273          fields or positions</para>
     274          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cut">
     275            <primary sortas="b-cut">cut</primary>
     276          </indexterm>
     277        </listitem>
     278      </varlistentry>
     279
     280      <varlistentry id="date">
     281        <term><command>date</command></term>
     282        <listitem>
     283          <para>Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the
     284          system date</para>
     285          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils date">
     286            <primary sortas="b-date">date</primary>
     287          </indexterm>
     288        </listitem>
     289      </varlistentry>
     290
     291      <varlistentry id="dd">
     292        <term><command>dd</command> </term>
     293        <listitem>
     294          <para>Copies a file using the given block size and count, while
     295          optionally performing conversions on it</para>
     296          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dd">
     297            <primary sortas="b-dd">dd</primary>
     298          </indexterm>
     299        </listitem>
     300      </varlistentry>
     301
     302      <varlistentry id="df">
     303        <term><command>df</command></term>
     304        <listitem>
     305          <para>Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all
     306          mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected
     307          files</para>
     308          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils df">
     309            <primary sortas="b-df">df</primary>
     310          </indexterm>
     311        </listitem>
     312      </varlistentry>
     313
     314      <varlistentry id="dir">
     315        <term><command>dir</command></term>
     316        <listitem>
     317          <para>Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as
     318          the <command>ls</command> command)</para>
     319          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dir">
     320            <primary sortas="b-dir">dir</primary>
     321          </indexterm>
     322        </listitem>
     323      </varlistentry>
     324
     325      <varlistentry id="dircolors">
     326        <term><command>dircolors</command></term>
     327        <listitem>
     328          <para>Outputs commands to set the <envar>LS_COLOR</envar>
     329          environment variable to change the color scheme used by
     330          <command>ls</command></para>
     331          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dircolors">
     332            <primary sortas="b-dircolors">dircolors</primary>
     333          </indexterm>
     334        </listitem>
     335      </varlistentry>
     336
     337      <varlistentry id="dirname">
     338        <term><command>dirname</command></term>
     339        <listitem>
     340          <para>Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name</para>
     341          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dirname">
     342            <primary sortas="b-dirname">dirname</primary>
     343          </indexterm>
     344        </listitem>
     345      </varlistentry>
     346
     347      <varlistentry id="du">
     348        <term><command>du</command></term>
     349        <listitem>
     350          <para>Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory,
     351          by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by
     352          each of the given files</para>
     353          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils du">
     354            <primary sortas="b-du">du</primary>
     355          </indexterm>
     356        </listitem>
     357      </varlistentry>
     358
     359      <varlistentry id="echo">
     360        <term><command>echo</command></term>
     361        <listitem>
     362          <para>Displays the given strings</para>
     363          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils echo">
     364            <primary sortas="b-echo">echo</primary>
     365          </indexterm>
     366        </listitem>
     367      </varlistentry>
     368
     369      <varlistentry id="env">
     370        <term><command>env</command></term>
     371        <listitem>
     372          <para>Runs a command in a modified environment</para>
     373          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils env">
     374            <primary sortas="b-env">env</primary>
     375          </indexterm>
     376        </listitem>
     377      </varlistentry>
     378
     379      <varlistentry id="expand">
     380        <term><command>expand</command></term>
     381        <listitem>
     382          <para>Converts tabs to spaces</para>
     383          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expand">
     384            <primary sortas="b-expand">expand</primary>
     385          </indexterm>
     386        </listitem>
     387      </varlistentry>
     388
     389      <varlistentry id="expr">
     390        <term><command>expr</command></term>
     391        <listitem>
     392          <para>Evaluates expressions</para>
     393          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expr">
     394            <primary sortas="b-expr">expr</primary>
     395          </indexterm>
     396        </listitem>
     397      </varlistentry>
     398
     399      <varlistentry id="factor">
     400        <term><command>factor</command></term>
     401        <listitem>
     402          <para>Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers</para>
     403          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils factor">
     404            <primary sortas="b-factor">factor</primary>
     405          </indexterm>
     406        </listitem>
     407      </varlistentry>
     408
     409      <varlistentry id="false">
     410        <term><command>false</command></term>
     411        <listitem>
     412          <para>Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code
     413          indicating failure</para>
     414          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils false">
     415            <primary sortas="b-false">false</primary>
     416          </indexterm>
     417        </listitem>
     418      </varlistentry>
     419
     420      <varlistentry id="fmt">
     421        <term><command>fmt</command></term>
     422        <listitem>
     423          <para>Reformats the paragraphs in the given files</para>
     424          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fmt">
     425            <primary sortas="b-fmt">fmt</primary>
     426          </indexterm>
     427        </listitem>
     428      </varlistentry>
     429
     430      <varlistentry id="fold">
     431        <term><command>fold</command></term>
     432        <listitem>
     433          <para>Wraps the lines in the given files</para>
     434          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fold">
     435            <primary sortas="b-fold">fold</primary>
     436          </indexterm>
     437        </listitem>
     438      </varlistentry>
     439
     440      <varlistentry id="groups">
     441        <term><command>groups</command></term>
     442        <listitem>
     443          <para>Reports a user's group memberships</para>
     444          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils groups">
     445            <primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary>
     446          </indexterm>
     447        </listitem>
     448      </varlistentry>
     449
     450      <varlistentry id="head">
     451        <term><command>head</command></term>
     452        <listitem>
     453          <para>Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines)
     454          of each given file</para>
     455          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils head">
     456            <primary sortas="b-head">head</primary>
     457          </indexterm>
     458        </listitem>
     459      </varlistentry>
     460
     461      <varlistentry id="hostid">
     462        <term><command>hostid</command></term>
     463        <listitem>
     464          <para>Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host</para>
     465          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostid">
     466            <primary sortas="b-hostid">hostid</primary>
     467          </indexterm>
     468        </listitem>
     469      </varlistentry>
     470
     471      <varlistentry id="hostname">
     472        <term><command>hostname</command></term>
     473        <listitem>
     474          <para>Reports or sets the name of the host</para>
     475          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostname">
     476            <primary sortas="b-hostname">hostname</primary>
     477          </indexterm>
     478        </listitem>
     479      </varlistentry>
     480
     481      <varlistentry id="id">
     482        <term><command>id</command></term>
     483        <listitem>
     484          <para>Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships
     485          of the current user or specified user</para>
     486          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils id">
     487            <primary sortas="b-id">id</primary>
     488          </indexterm>
     489        </listitem>
     490      </varlistentry>
     491
     492      <varlistentry id="install">
     493        <term><command>install</command> </term>
     494        <listitem>
     495          <para>Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if
     496          possible, their owner and group</para>
     497          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils install">
     498            <primary sortas="b-install">install</primary>
     499          </indexterm>
     500        </listitem>
     501      </varlistentry>
     502
     503      <varlistentry id="join">
     504        <term><command>join</command></term>
     505        <listitem>
     506          <para>Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two
     507          separate files</para>
     508          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils join">
     509            <primary sortas="b-join">join</primary>
     510          </indexterm>
     511        </listitem>
     512      </varlistentry>
     513
     514      <varlistentry id="link">
     515        <term><command>link</command></term>
     516        <listitem>
     517          <para>Creates a hard link with the given name to a file</para>
     518          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils link">
     519            <primary sortas="b-link">link</primary>
     520          </indexterm>
     521        </listitem>
     522      </varlistentry>
     523
     524      <varlistentry id="ln">
     525        <term><command>ln</command></term>
     526        <listitem>
     527          <para>Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files</para>
     528          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ln">
     529            <primary sortas="b-ln">ln</primary>
     530          </indexterm>
     531        </listitem>
     532      </varlistentry>
     533
     534      <varlistentry id="logname">
     535        <term><command>logname</command></term>
     536        <listitem>
     537          <para>Reports the current user's login name</para>
     538          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils logname">
     539            <primary sortas="b-logname">logname</primary>
     540          </indexterm>
     541        </listitem>
     542      </varlistentry>
     543
     544      <varlistentry id="ls">
     545        <term><command>ls</command></term>
     546        <listitem>
     547          <para>Lists the contents of each given directory</para>
     548          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ls">
     549            <primary sortas="b-ls">ls</primary>
     550          </indexterm>
     551        </listitem>
     552      </varlistentry>
     553
     554      <varlistentry id="md5sum">
     555        <term><command>md5sum</command></term>
     556        <listitem>
     557          <para>Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums</para>
     558          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils md5sum">
     559            <primary sortas="b-md5sum">md5sum</primary>
     560          </indexterm>
     561        </listitem>
     562      </varlistentry>
     563
     564      <varlistentry id="mkdir">
     565        <term><command>mkdir</command></term>
     566        <listitem>
     567          <para>Creates directories with the given names</para>
     568          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkdir">
     569            <primary sortas="b-mkdir">mkdir</primary>
     570          </indexterm>
     571        </listitem>
     572      </varlistentry>
     573
     574      <varlistentry id="mkfifo">
     575        <term><command>mkfifo</command></term>
     576        <listitem>
     577          <para>Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a <quote>named
     578          pipe</quote> in UNIX parlance, with the given names</para>
     579          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkfifo">
     580            <primary sortas="b-mkfifo">mkfifo</primary>
     581          </indexterm>
     582        </listitem>
     583      </varlistentry>
     584
     585      <varlistentry id="mknod">
     586        <term><command>mknod</command></term>
     587        <listitem>
     588          <para>Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a
     589          character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO</para>
     590          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mknod">
     591            <primary sortas="b-mknod">mknod</primary>
     592          </indexterm>
     593        </listitem>
     594      </varlistentry>
     595
     596      <varlistentry id="mv">
     597        <term><command>mv</command></term>
     598        <listitem>
     599          <para>Moves or renames files or directories</para>
     600          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mv">
     601            <primary sortas="b-mv">mv</primary>
     602          </indexterm>
     603        </listitem>
     604      </varlistentry>
     605
     606      <varlistentry id="nice">
     607        <term><command>nice</command></term>
     608        <listitem>
     609          <para>Runs a program with modified scheduling priority</para>
     610          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nice">
     611            <primary sortas="b-nice">nice</primary>
     612          </indexterm>
     613        </listitem>
     614      </varlistentry>
     615
     616      <varlistentry id="nl">
     617        <term><command>nl</command></term>
     618        <listitem>
     619          <para>Numbers the lines from the given files</para>
     620          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nl">
     621            <primary sortas="b-nl">nl</primary>
     622          </indexterm>
     623        </listitem>
     624      </varlistentry>
     625
     626      <varlistentry id="nohup">
     627        <term><command>nohup</command></term>
     628        <listitem>
     629          <para>Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to
     630          a log file</para>
     631          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nohup">
     632            <primary sortas="b-nohup">nohup</primary>
     633          </indexterm>
     634        </listitem>
     635      </varlistentry>
     636
     637      <varlistentry id="od">
     638        <term><command>od</command></term>
     639        <listitem>
     640          <para>Dumps files in octal and other formats</para>
     641          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils od">
     642            <primary sortas="b-od">od</primary>
     643          </indexterm>
     644        </listitem>
     645      </varlistentry>
     646
     647      <varlistentry id="paste">
     648        <term><command>paste</command></term>
     649        <listitem>
     650          <para>Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines
     651          side by side, separated by tab characters</para>
     652          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils paste">
     653            <primary sortas="b-paste">paste</primary>
     654          </indexterm>
     655        </listitem>
     656      </varlistentry>
     657
     658      <varlistentry id="pathchk">
     659        <term><command>pathchk</command></term>
     660        <listitem>
     661          <para>Checks if file names are valid or portable</para>
     662          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pathchk">
     663            <primary sortas="b-pathchk">pathchk</primary>
     664          </indexterm>
     665        </listitem>
     666      </varlistentry>
     667
     668      <varlistentry id="pinky">
     669        <term><command>pinky</command></term>
     670        <listitem>
     671          <para>Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information
     672          about the given users</para>
     673          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pinky">
     674            <primary sortas="b-pinky">pinky</primary>
     675          </indexterm>
     676        </listitem>
     677      </varlistentry>
     678
     679      <varlistentry id="pr">
     680        <term><command>pr</command></term>
     681        <listitem>
     682          <para>Paginates and columnates files for printing</para>
     683          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pr">
     684            <primary sortas="b-pr">pr</primary>
     685          </indexterm>
     686        </listitem>
     687      </varlistentry>
     688
     689      <varlistentry id="printenv">
     690        <term><command>printenv</command></term>
     691        <listitem>
     692          <para>Prints the environment</para>
     693          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printenv">
     694            <primary sortas="b-printenv">printenv</primary>
     695          </indexterm>
     696        </listitem>
     697      </varlistentry>
     698
     699      <varlistentry id="printf">
     700        <term><command>printf</command></term>
     701        <listitem>
     702          <para>Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much
     703          like the C printf function</para>
     704          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printf">
     705            <primary sortas="b-printf">printf</primary>
     706          </indexterm>
     707        </listitem>
     708      </varlistentry>
     709
     710      <varlistentry id="ptx">
     711        <term><command>ptx</command></term>
     712        <listitem>
     713          <para>Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files,
     714          with each keyword in its context</para>
     715          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ptx">
     716            <primary sortas="b-ptx">ptx</primary>
     717          </indexterm>
     718        </listitem>
     719      </varlistentry>
     720
     721      <varlistentry id="pwd">
     722        <term><command>pwd</command></term>
     723        <listitem>
     724          <para>Reports the name of the current working directory</para>
     725          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pwd">
     726            <primary sortas="b-pwd">pwd</primary>
     727          </indexterm>
     728        </listitem>
     729      </varlistentry>
     730
     731      <varlistentry id="readlink">
     732        <term><command>readlink</command></term>
     733        <listitem>
     734          <para>Reports the value of the given symbolic link</para>
     735          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils readlink">
     736            <primary sortas="b-readlink">readlink</primary>
     737          </indexterm>
     738        </listitem>
     739      </varlistentry>
     740
     741      <varlistentry id="rm">
     742        <term><command>rm</command></term>
     743        <listitem>
     744          <para>Removes files or directories</para>
     745          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rm">
     746            <primary sortas="b-rm">rm</primary>
     747          </indexterm>
     748        </listitem>
     749      </varlistentry>
     750
     751      <varlistentry id="rmdir">
     752        <term><command>rmdir</command></term>
     753        <listitem>
     754          <para>Removes directories if they are empty</para>
     755          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rmdir">
     756            <primary sortas="b-rmdir">rmdir</primary>
     757          </indexterm>
     758        </listitem>
     759      </varlistentry>
     760
     761      <varlistentry id="seq">
     762        <term><command>seq</command></term>
     763        <listitem>
     764          <para>Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a
     765          given increment</para>
     766          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils seq">
     767            <primary sortas="b-seq">seq</primary>
     768          </indexterm>
     769        </listitem>
     770      </varlistentry>
     771
     772      <varlistentry id="sha1sum">
     773        <term><command>sha1sum</command></term>
     774        <listitem>
     775          <para>Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1)
     776          checksums</para>
     777          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha1sum">
     778            <primary sortas="b-sha1sum">sha1sum</primary>
     779          </indexterm>
     780        </listitem>
     781      </varlistentry>
     782
     783      <varlistentry id="shred">
     784        <term><command>shred</command></term>
     785        <listitem>
     786          <para>Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns,
     787          making it difficult to recover the data</para>
     788          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shred">
     789            <primary sortas="b-shred">shred</primary>
     790          </indexterm>
     791        </listitem>
     792      </varlistentry>
     793
     794      <varlistentry id="sleep">
     795        <term><command>sleep</command></term>
     796        <listitem>
     797          <para>Pauses for the given amount of time</para>
     798          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sleep">
     799            <primary sortas="b-sleep">sleep</primary>
     800          </indexterm>
     801        </listitem>
     802      </varlistentry>
     803
     804      <varlistentry id="sort">
     805        <term><command>sort</command></term>
     806        <listitem>
     807          <para>Sorts the lines from the given files</para>
     808          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sort">
     809            <primary sortas="b-sort">sort</primary>
     810          </indexterm>
     811        </listitem>
     812      </varlistentry>
     813
     814      <varlistentry id="split">
     815        <term><command>split</command></term>
     816        <listitem>
     817          <para>Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of
     818          lines</para>
     819          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils split">
     820            <primary sortas="b-split">split</primary>
     821          </indexterm>
     822        </listitem>
     823      </varlistentry>
     824
     825      <varlistentry id="stat">
     826        <term><command>stat</command></term>
     827        <listitem>
     828          <para>Displays file or filesystem status</para>
     829          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stat">
     830            <primary sortas="b-stat">stat</primary>
     831          </indexterm>
     832        </listitem>
     833      </varlistentry>
     834
     835      <varlistentry id="stty">
     836        <term><command>stty</command></term>
     837        <listitem>
     838          <para>Sets or reports terminal line settings</para>
     839          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stty">
     840            <primary sortas="b-stty">stty</primary>
     841          </indexterm>
     842        </listitem>
     843      </varlistentry>
     844
     845      <varlistentry id="sum">
     846        <term><command>sum</command></term>
     847        <listitem>
     848          <para>Prints checksum and block counts for each given file</para>
     849          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sum">
     850            <primary sortas="b-sum">sum</primary>
     851          </indexterm>
     852        </listitem>
     853      </varlistentry>
     854
     855      <varlistentry id="sync">
     856        <term><command>sync</command></term>
     857        <listitem>
     858          <para>Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk
     859          and updates the super block</para>
     860          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sync">
     861            <primary sortas="b-sync">sync</primary>
     862          </indexterm>
     863        </listitem>
     864      </varlistentry>
     865
     866      <varlistentry id="tac">
     867        <term><command>tac</command></term>
     868        <listitem>
     869          <para>Concatenates the given files in reverse</para>
     870          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tac">
     871            <primary sortas="b-tac">tac</primary>
     872          </indexterm>
     873        </listitem>
     874      </varlistentry>
     875
     876      <varlistentry id="tail">
     877        <term><command>tail</command></term>
     878        <listitem>
     879          <para>Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each
     880          given file</para>
     881          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tail">
     882            <primary sortas="b-tail">tail</primary>
     883          </indexterm>
     884        </listitem>
     885      </varlistentry>
     886
     887      <varlistentry id="tee">
     888        <term><command>tee</command></term>
     889        <listitem>
     890          <para>Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output
     891          and to the given files</para>
     892          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tee">
     893            <primary sortas="b-tee">tee</primary>
     894          </indexterm>
     895        </listitem>
     896      </varlistentry>
     897
     898      <varlistentry id="test">
     899        <term><command>test</command></term>
     900        <listitem>
     901          <para>Compares values and checks file types</para>
     902          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils test">
     903            <primary sortas="b-test">test</primary>
     904          </indexterm>
     905        </listitem>
     906      </varlistentry>
     907
     908      <varlistentry id="touch">
     909        <term><command>touch</command></term>
     910        <listitem>
     911          <para>Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification
     912          times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist
     913          are created with zero length</para>
     914          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils touch">
     915            <primary sortas="b-touch">touch</primary>
     916          </indexterm>
     917        </listitem>
     918      </varlistentry>
     919
     920      <varlistentry id="tr">
     921        <term><command>tr</command></term>
     922        <listitem>
     923          <para>Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from
     924          standard input</para>
     925          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tr">
     926            <primary sortas="b-tr">tr</primary>
     927          </indexterm>
     928        </listitem>
     929      </varlistentry>
     930
     931      <varlistentry id="true">
     932        <term><command>true</command></term>
     933        <listitem>
     934          <para>Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code
     935          indicating success</para>
     936          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils true">
     937            <primary sortas="b-true">true</primary>
     938          </indexterm>
     939        </listitem>
     940      </varlistentry>
     941
     942      <varlistentry id="tsort">
     943        <term><command>tsort</command></term>
     944        <listitem>
     945          <para>Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list
     946          according to the partial ordering in a given file</para>
     947          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tsort">
     948            <primary sortas="b-tsort">tsort</primary>
     949          </indexterm>
     950        </listitem>
     951      </varlistentry>
     952
     953      <varlistentry id="tty">
     954        <term><command>tty</command></term>
     955        <listitem>
     956          <para>Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard
     957          input</para>
     958          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tty">
     959            <primary sortas="b-tty">tty</primary>
     960          </indexterm>
     961        </listitem>
     962      </varlistentry>
     963
     964      <varlistentry id="uname">
     965        <term><command>uname</command></term>
     966        <listitem>
     967          <para>Reports system information</para>
     968          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uname">
     969            <primary sortas="b-uname">uname</primary>
     970          </indexterm>
     971        </listitem>
     972      </varlistentry>
     973
     974      <varlistentry id="unexpand">
     975        <term><command>unexpand</command></term>
     976        <listitem>
     977          <para>Converts spaces to tabs</para>
     978          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unexpand">
     979            <primary sortas="b-unexpand">unexpand</primary>
     980          </indexterm>
     981        </listitem>
     982      </varlistentry>
     983
     984      <varlistentry id="uniq">
     985        <term><command>uniq</command></term>
     986        <listitem>
     987          <para>Discards all but one of successive identical lines</para>
     988          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uniq">
     989            <primary sortas="b-uniq">uniq</primary>
     990          </indexterm>
     991        </listitem>
     992      </varlistentry>
     993
     994      <varlistentry id="unlink">
     995        <term><command>unlink</command></term>
     996        <listitem>
     997          <para>Removes the given file</para>
     998          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unlink">
     999            <primary sortas="b-unlink">unlink</primary>
     1000          </indexterm>
     1001        </listitem>
     1002      </varlistentry>
     1003
     1004      <varlistentry id="users">
     1005        <term><command>users</command></term>
     1006        <listitem>
     1007          <para>Reports the names of the users currently logged on</para>
     1008          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils users">
     1009            <primary sortas="b-users">users</primary>
     1010          </indexterm>
     1011        </listitem>
     1012      </varlistentry>
     1013
     1014      <varlistentry id="vdir">
     1015        <term><command>vdir</command></term>
     1016        <listitem>
     1017          <para>Is the same as <command>ls -l</command></para>
     1018          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils vdir">
     1019            <primary sortas="b-vdir">vdir</primary>
     1020          </indexterm>
     1021        </listitem>
     1022      </varlistentry>
     1023
     1024      <varlistentry id="wc">
     1025        <term><command>wc</command></term>
     1026        <listitem>
     1027          <para>Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given
     1028          file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given</para>
     1029          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils wc">
     1030            <primary sortas="b-wc">wc</primary>
     1031          </indexterm>
     1032        </listitem>
     1033      </varlistentry>
     1034
     1035      <varlistentry id="who">
     1036        <term><command>who</command></term>
     1037        <listitem>
     1038          <para>Reports who is logged on</para>
     1039          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils who">
     1040            <primary sortas="b-who">who</primary>
     1041          </indexterm>
     1042        </listitem>
     1043      </varlistentry>
     1044
     1045      <varlistentry id="whoami">
     1046        <term><command>whoami</command></term>
     1047        <listitem>
     1048          <para>Reports the user name associated with the current effective
     1049          user ID</para>
     1050          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils whoami">
     1051            <primary sortas="b-whoami">whoami</primary>
     1052          </indexterm>
     1053        </listitem>
     1054      </varlistentry>
     1055
     1056      <varlistentry id="yes">
     1057        <term><command>yes</command></term>
     1058        <listitem>
     1059          <para>Repeatedly outputs <quote>y</quote> or a given string until
     1060          killed</para>
     1061          <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils yes">
     1062            <primary sortas="b-yes">yes</primary>
     1063          </indexterm>
     1064        </listitem>
     1065      </varlistentry>
     1066
     1067    </variablelist>
     1068
     1069  </sect2>
    8691070
    8701071</sect1>
    871 

  • chapter06/createfiles.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles">
    7 <title>Creating Essential Symlinks</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
    910
    10 <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In
    11 order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be
    12 replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software
    13 has been installed.</para>
     11  <title>Creating Essential Symlinks</title>
     12
     13  <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In
     14  order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be
     15  replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software
     16  has been installed.</para>
    1417
    1518<screen><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,pwd,stty} /bin
    … …  
    1922
    2023</sect1>
    21 

  • chapter06/creatingdirs.xml

    r458de8d r688f954  
    11<?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
    2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
     2<!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
     3  "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
    34  <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
    45  %general-entities;
    56]>
     7
    68<sect1 id="ch-system-creatingdirs">
    7 <title>Creating Directories</title>
    8 <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?>
     9  <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?>
    910
    10 <para>It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a
    11 standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para>
    12  
     11  <title>Creating Directories</title>
     12
     13  <para>It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a
     14  standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para>
     15
    1316<screen><userinput>install -dv /{bin,boot,dev,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt}
    1417install -dv /{sbin,srv,usr/local,var,opt}
    … …  
    3235install -dv /lib/udev/devices</userinput></screen>
    3336
    34 <para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755,
    35 but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above,
    36 two changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user
    37 <emphasis>root</emphasis>, and another to the directories for
    38 temporary files.</para>
     37  <para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but
     38  this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two
     39  changes are made&mdash;one to the home directory of user <systemitem
     40  class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for
     41  temporary files.</para>
    3942
    40 <para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
    41 the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory&mdash;the same
    42 as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The second
    43 mode change makes sure that any user can write to the <filename
    44 class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename
    45 class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove
    46 another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the
    47 so-called <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777
    48 bit mask.</para>
     43  <para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter
     44  the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory&mdash;the
     45  same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The
     46  second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the
     47  <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename
     48  class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove
     49  another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called
     50  <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.</para>
    4951
    50 <note><para>Notice the two different constructions above for creating multiple
    51 man directories: <command>install -d /usr/share/man/man{1..8}</command> and
    52 <command>install -d /usr/local/share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}</command>. The
    53 first one is new since Bash 3.0. This new feature will help make repetitive
    54 commands easier to type.</para></note>
     52  <note>
     53    <para>Notice the two different constructions above for creating multiple
     54    man directories: <command>install -d /usr/share/man/man{1..8}</command> and
     55    <command>install -d /usr/local/share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}</command>. The
     56    first one is new since Bash 3.0. This new feature will help make repetitive
     57    commands easier to type.</para>
     58  </note>
    5559
    56 <sect2>
    57 <title>FHS Compliance Note</title>
     60  <sect2>
     61    <title>FHS Compliance Note</title>
    5862
    59 <para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS)
    60  (available at <ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>). In addition
    61 to the tree created above, this standard stipulates the existence of <filename
    62 class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename
    63 class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. The FHS is not precise as to the
    64 structure of the <filename class="directory">/usr/local/share</filename>
    65 subdirectory, so we create only the directories that are needed. However, feel
    66 free to create these directories if you prefer to conform more strictly to the
    67 FHS.</para>
     63    <para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard
     64    (FHS) (available at <ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>). In
     65    addition to the tree created above, this standard stipulates the existence
     66    of <filename class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename
     67    class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. The FHS is not precise as to
     68    the structure of the <filename class="directory">/usr/local/share</filename>
     69    subdirectory, so we create only the directories that are needed. However,
     70    feel free to create these directories if you prefer to conform more strictly
     71    to the FHS.</para>
    6872
    69 </sect2>
     73  </sect2>
    7074
    7175</sect1>
    72 
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