Changeset d2c332bc

Timestamp:

04/13/2006 06:45:33 PM (18 years ago)

Author:

Archaic <archaic@…>

Branches:

10.0, 10.0-rc1, 10.1, 10.1-rc1, 11.0, 11.0-rc1, 11.0-rc2, 11.0-rc3, 11.1, 11.1-rc1, 11.2, 11.2-rc1, 11.3, 11.3-rc1, 12.0, 12.0-rc1, 12.1, 12.1-rc1, 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.5-systemd, 7.6, 7.6-systemd, 7.7, 7.7-systemd, 7.8, 7.8-systemd, 7.9, 7.9-systemd, 8.0, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.0, 9.1, arm, bdubbs/gcc13, ml-11.0, multilib, renodr/libudev-from-systemd, s6-init, trunk, xry111/arm64, xry111/arm64-12.0, xry111/clfs-ng, xry111/lfs-next, xry111/loongarch, xry111/loongarch-12.0, xry111/loongarch-12.1, xry111/mips64el, xry111/pip3, xry111/rust-wip-20221008, xry111/update-glibc

Children:

a0d96d25

Parents:

dd7ed7b

Message:

Merged the udev_update branch to trunk.

git-svn-id: ​http://svn.linuxfromscratch.org/LFS/trunk/BOOK@7509 4aa44e1e-78dd-0310-a6d2-fbcd4c07a689

Files:

• chapter01/changelog.xml (modified) (13 diffs)
• chapter01/whatsnew.xml (modified) (3 diffs)
• chapter03/packages.xml (modified) (4 diffs)
• chapter03/patches.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter05/changingowner.xml (added)
• chapter05/chapter05.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/changingowner.xml (deleted)
• chapter06/chapter06.xml (modified) (2 diffs)
• chapter06/chroot.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/createfiles.xml (modified) (2 diffs)
• chapter06/creatingdirs.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/devices.xml (deleted)
• chapter06/hotplug.xml (deleted)
• chapter06/introduction.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/iproute2.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/kernfs.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/pkgmgt.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter06/udev.xml (modified) (12 diffs)
• chapter07/bootscripts.xml (modified) (2 diffs)
• chapter07/network.xml (modified) (1 diff)
• chapter07/udev.xml (modified) (3 diffs)
• chapter08/kernel.xml (modified) (2 diffs)
• general.ent (modified) (3 diffs)
• patches.ent (modified) (1 diff)

chapter01/changelog.xml

@@ -38 +38 @@
 
     <listitem>
+      <para>April 13, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[archaic] - Merged the udev_update branch to trunk.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
       <para>April 12, 2006</para>
       <itemizedlist>
@@ -43 +52 @@
           <para>[jhuntwork] - Rewrote section explaining IP Addresses.
           Thanks Bryan Kadzban and Bruce Dubbs. Resolves Ticket 1663.</para>
-        </listitem>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>[jhuntwork] - Adjust some redundant text in Berkeley DB page.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
@@ -71 +77 @@
 
     <listitem>
+      <para>April 8, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[jhuntwork] - Added a command to create an empty /etc/mtab file early
+          in chapter 6. This avoids testsuite failures in e2fsprogs and possibly other
+          programs that expect /etc/mtab to be present. Explanation from Dan Nicholson,
+          slightly modified. Also merged the 'Creating Essential Symlinks' section with
+          'Creating passwd, group and log Files'.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
       <para>April 6, 2006</para>
       <itemizedlist>
@@ -84 +103 @@
 
     <listitem>
+      <para>April 2, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[archaic] - Moved the chowning of /tools to the end of chapter 5
+          and rewrote note about backing up or re-using /tools. Moved the
+          mounting of kernel filesystems before pkgmgt page and rewrote the page
+          to mount --bind /dev and mount all other kernel filesystems while
+          outside chroot. Rewrote note about re-entering chroot and remounting
+          kernel filesystems. Removed /dev from the list of dirs created in
+          chroot and added it before chroot.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
       <para>March 30, 2006</para>
       <itemizedlist>
         <listitem>
           <para>[ken] - Correct my erroneous comment about UTF-8 locales in
-          Man-DB.  Thanks to Alexander for explaining it.</para>
+          Man-DB.  Thanks to Alexander for explaining it.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[ken] - upgraded to Linux-2.6.16.1, Iproute2-2.6.16-060323,
+          and Udev-088.</para>
         </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
@@ -98 +136 @@
         <listitem>
           <para>[ken] - Upgrade to shadow-4.0.15 and add convert-mans script
-          to convert its UTF-8 man pages.  Thanks to Alexander and Archaic for
-          the script and commands.  Fixes tickets #1748 and #1750.</para>
+          to convert its UTF-8 man pages.  Thanks to Alexander and Archaic for
+          the script and commands.  Fixes tickets #1748 and #1750.</para>
         </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
@@ -105 +143 @@
 
      <listitem>
-       <para>March 22, 2006</para>
-       <itemizedlist>
-         <listitem>
-           <para>[archaic] - Updated to lfs-bootscripts-20060321.</para>
-         </listitem>
-       </itemizedlist>
-     </listitem>
+      <para>March 22, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[archaic] - Updated to
+          lfs-bootscripts-udev_update-20060321.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+   <listitem>
+      <para>March 21, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[archaic] - Updated the bootscripts. Removed references to
+          hotplug and the bootscripts udev patch. Removed reference to
+          udevstart. Added text and commands for generating Udev bug reports.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
 
     <listitem>
@@ -164 +215 @@
           <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Man-pages 2.25.</para>
         </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Remove an example of poor Udev support as it
+          does not apply to the kernel used in the book. Thanks to Alexander
+          Patrakov.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Linux 2.6.15.6.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to udev-087.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Udev's run_program rules require a null device to be
+          present at an early stage, so create one in /lib/udev/devices.</para>
+        </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
     </listitem>
@@ -170 +236 @@
       <para>March 7, 2006</para>
       <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Update Udev rules file to load SCSI modules and
+          upload firmware to devices that need it.  Improve explanations of
+          device and module handling.  Thanks to Alexander Patrakov.</para>
+        </listitem>
         <listitem>
           <para>[archaic] - Replaced the debian-specific groff patch with an
@@ -191 +262 @@
       <itemizedlist>
         <listitem>
+          <para>[archaic] - Create the Udev directories before creating the
+          symlinks.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
           <para>[jhuntwork] - Added a description of perl configure flags that
           help perl deal with a lack of groff. Thanks Dan Nicholson.</para>
@@ -211 +286 @@
       <itemizedlist>
         <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Use non-deprecated format for accessing MODALIAS
+          keys in the Udev rules file, and prevent the &quot;$&quot; from being
+          expanded by the shell.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
           <para>[matthew] - Add patches 009 and 010 from Bash upstream.</para>
         </listitem>
@@ -225 +305 @@
           <para>[matthew] - Upgrade Perl libc patch to prevent Perl from trying
           to find headers on the host system. Fixes bug 1695.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Expand the Udev module handling rule to run for
+          every subsystem, not just USB.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Linux 2.6.15.4.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Udev 085.</para>
         </listitem>
         <listitem>
@@ -257 +347 @@
           Linux-Libc-Headers and DB.</para>
         </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Create udev specific directories in udev's
+          instructions instead of the more generic creatingdirs.xml.  Add
+          &quot;pts&quot; and &quot;shm&quot; directories to
+          <filename class="directory">/lib/udev/devices</filename> so that they
+          can be mounted successfully at boot time.</para>
+        </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>
     </listitem>
@@ -266 +363 @@
           <para>[manuel] - Finished the XML indentation plus few tags
           changes.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
+      <para>February 8, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Rewrite the majority of chapter07/udev.xml to
+          reflect the new configuration for handling dynamic device naming and
+          module loading.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
+      <para>February 3, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Create the
+          <filename class="directory">/lib/firmware</filename> directory that
+          can be used by Udev's <command>firmware_helper</command> utility.
+          </para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Add descriptions of Udev's helper binaries.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[manuel] - Add udev bootscript patch to whatsnew. Removed
+          hotplug from list of packages to download.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[ken] - Add udev bootscript patch to list of patches to
+          download.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[ken] - Correct the size of the udev tarball.</para>
+        </listitem>
+      </itemizedlist>
+    </listitem>
+
+    <listitem>
+      <para>February 2, 2006</para>
+      <itemizedlist>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Udev-084 and build all its extras to
+          enable custom rules to be written more easily.  Also, change the
+          rules file to handle kernel module loading and patch the udev
+          bootscript to work with this version of udev.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Remove the hotplug package and related bootscript
+          Udev will now handle device creation and module loading.</para>
+        </listitem>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>[matthew] - Upgrade to Linux-2.6.15.2.</para>
         </listitem>
       </itemizedlist>

chapter01/whatsnew.xml

@@ -92 +92 @@
       <para>Gzip &gzip-version;</para>
     </listitem>-->
-    <!--<listitem>
-      <para>Hotplug &hotplug-version;</para>
-    </listitem>-->
     <listitem>
       <para>IANA-Etc &iana-etc-version;</para>
@@ -101 +98 @@
       <para>Inetutils &inetutils-version;</para>
     </listitem>-->
-    <!--<listitem>
+    <listitem>
       <para>IPRoute2 &iproute2-version;</para>
-    </listitem>-->
+    </listitem>
     <!--<listitem>
       <para>Kbd &kbd-version;</para>
@@ -271 +268 @@
     </listitem>
     <listitem>
+      <para>hotplug-2004-09-23</para>
+    </listitem>
+    <listitem>
       <para>inetutils-1.4.2-kernel_headers-1.patch</para>
     </listitem>

chapter03/packages.xml

@@ -244 +244 @@
 
     <varlistentry>
-      <term>Hotplug (&hotplug-version;) - 40 KB:</term>
-      <listitem>
-        <para>Download: <ulink
-        url="&kernel;linux/utils/kernel/hotplug/hotplug-&hotplug-version;.tar.bz2"/></para>
-      </listitem>
-    </varlistentry>
-
-    <varlistentry>
       <term>Iana-Etc (&iana-etc-version;) - 174 KB:</term>
       <listitem>
@@ -271 +263 @@
 
     <varlistentry>
-      <term>IPRoute2 (&iproute2-version;) - 291 KB:</term>
+      <term>IPRoute2 (&iproute2-version;) - 377 KB:</term>
       <listitem>
         <para>Home page: <ulink
@@ -316 +308 @@
 
     <varlistentry>
-      <term>Linux (&linux-version;) - 36,522 KB:</term>
+      <term>Linux (&linux-version;) - 39,884 KB:</term>
       <listitem>
         <para>Home page: <ulink url="http://www.kernel.org/"/></para>
@@ -523 +515 @@
 
     <varlistentry>
-      <term>Udev (&udev-version;) - 427 KB:</term>
+      <term>Udev (&udev-version;) - 185 KB:</term>
       <listitem>
         <para>Home page: <ulink

chapter03/patches.xml

@@ -139 +139 @@
 
     <varlistentry>
-      <term>Linux kernel UTF-8 Composing Patch - 3 KB:</term>
+      <term>Linux kernel UTF-8 Composing Patch - 11 KB:</term>
       <listitem>
         <para><ulink url="&patches-root;&linux-utf8-patch;"/></para>

chapter05/chapter05.xml

@@ -43 +43 @@
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="util-linux.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="stripping.xml"/>
+  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/>
 
 </chapter>

chapter06/chapter06.xml

@@ -13 +13 @@
 
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="introduction.xml"/>
+  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pkgmgt.xml"/>
-  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="chroot.xml"/>
-  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="creatingdirs.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="createfiles.xml"/>
-  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pwdgroup.xml"/>
-  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="devices.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="linux-libc-headers.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-pages.xml"/>
@@ -54 +51 @@
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="groff.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gzip.xml"/>
-  <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="hotplug.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="inetutils.xml"/>
   <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iproute2.xml"/>

chapter06/chroot.xml

@@ -45 +45 @@
   to <command>bash</command>.</para>
 
-  <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this
-  chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment.
-  If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), remember
-  to first mount the <systemitem class="filesystem">proc</systemitem> and
-  <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file systems (discussed
-  in the previous section) and enter chroot again before continuing with the
-  installations.</para>
-
   <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say
   <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the
   <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.</para>
 
+  <note>
+    <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this
+    chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot
+    environment. If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for
+    example), ensure that the virtual kernel filesystems are mounted as
+    explained in <xref linkend="ch-system-bindmount"/> and <xref
+    linkend="ch-system-kernfsmount"/> and enter chroot again before continuing
+    with the installation.</para>
+  </note>
+
 </sect1>

chapter06/createfiles.xml

@@ -9 +9 @@
   <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?>
 
-  <title>Creating Essential Symlinks</title>
+  <title>Creating Essential Files and Symlinks</title>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
+  </indexterm>
+
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-createfiles">
+    <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
+  </indexterm>
 
   <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In
@@ -21 +45 @@
 ln -sv bash /bin/sh</userinput></screen>
 
+  <para>A proper Linux system maintains a list of the mounted file systems in
+  the file <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>.  Normally, this file would be
+  created when we mount a new file system. Since we will not be mounting any
+  file systems inside our chroot environment, create an empty file for
+  utilities that expect the presence of <filename>/etc/mtab</filename>:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>touch /etc/mtab</userinput></screen>
+
+  <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
+  able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
+  must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
+  <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
+
+  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
+  command:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/passwd &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+  <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
+  (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>
+
+  <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
+  command:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/group &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>root:x:0:
+bin:x:1:
+sys:x:2:
+kmem:x:3:
+tty:x:4:
+tape:x:5:
+daemon:x:6:
+floppy:x:7:
+disk:x:8:
+lp:x:9:
+dialout:x:10:
+audio:x:11:
+video:x:12:
+utmp:x:13:
+usb:x:14:
+cdrom:x:15:</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+  <para>The created groups are not part of any standard&mdash;they are groups
+  decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
+  chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
+  Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
+  url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group
+  <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
+  a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
+  present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
+  administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
+  rather use the group's name.</para>
+
+  <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
+  shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
+  linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
+  <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
+  files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
+  work.</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
+
+  <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
+  <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
+  directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
+  executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
+  installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
+  of this chapter.</para>
+
+  <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
+  <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
+  files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
+  when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
+  do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
+  proper permissions:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>touch /var/run/utmp /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
+chgrp -v utmp /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog
+chmod -v 664 /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog</userinput></screen>
+
+  <para>The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users
+  that are currently logged in. The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
+  file records all logins and logouts. The
+  <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
+  each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
+  records the bad login attempts.</para>
+
 </sect1>

chapter06/creatingdirs.xml

@@ -14 +14 @@
   standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para>
 
-<screen><userinput>install -dv /{bin,boot,dev,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt}
+<screen><userinput>install -dv /{bin,boot,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt}
 install -dv /{sbin,srv,usr/local,var,opt}
 install -dv /root -m 0750

chapter06/introduction.xml

@@ -56 +56 @@
   these) that the package installs.</para>
 
-  <note>
-    <para>At this point, you may wish to keep your finished temporary
-    tools for use in future LFS builds by creating a tarball of the
-    <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory and
-    storing it in a safe location.</para>
-  </note>
-
 </sect1>

chapter06/iproute2.xml

@@ -26 +26 @@
 
       <seglistitem>
-        <seg>0.1 SBU</seg>
-        <seg>4.3 MB</seg>
+        <seg>0.2 SBU</seg>
+        <seg>4.8 MB</seg>
       </seglistitem>
     </segmentedlist>

chapter06/kernfs.xml

@@ -9 +9 @@
   <?dbhtml filename="kernfs.html"?>
 
-  <title>Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems</title>
+  <title>Preparing Virtual Kernel File Systems</title>
 
-  <para>Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to and
-  from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk space is
-  used for them. The content of the file systems resides in memory.</para>
+  <indexterm zone="ch-system-kernfs">
+    <primary sortas="e-/dev/">/dev/*</primary>
+  </indexterm>
 
-  <para>Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be
-  mounted:</para>
+    <para>Various file systems exported by the kernel are used to communicate to
+    and from the kernel itself. These file systems are virtual in that no disk
+    space is used for them. The content of the file systems resides in
+    memory.</para>
 
-<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{proc,sys}</userinput></screen>
+    <para>Begin by creating directories onto which the file systems will be
+    mounted:</para>
 
-  <para>Now mount the file systems:</para>
+<screen><userinput>mkdir -pv $LFS/{dev,proc,sys}</userinput></screen>
 
-<screen><userinput>mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
+  <sect2>
+    <title>Creating Initial Device Nodes</title>
+
+    <para>When the kernel boots the system, it requires the presence of a few
+    device nodes, in particular the <filename
+    class="devicefile">console</filename> and <filename
+    class="devicefile">null</filename> devices. The device nodes will be created
+    on the hard disk so that they are available before <command>udev</command>
+    has been started, and additionally when Linux is started in single user mode
+    (hence the restrictive permissions on <filename
+    class="devicefile">console</filename>). Create the devices by running the
+    following commands:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>mknod -m 600 $LFS/dev/console c 5 1
+mknod -m 666 $LFS/dev/null c 1 3</userinput></screen>
+
+  </sect2>
+
+  <sect2 id="ch-system-bindmount">
+    <title>Mounting and Populating /dev</title>
+
+      <para>The recommended method of populating the <filename
+      class="directory">/dev</filename> directory with devices is to mount a
+      virtual filesystem (such as <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem>) on the <filename
+      class="directory">/dev</filename> directory, and allow the devices to be
+      created dynamically on that virtual filesystem as they are detected or
+      accessed. This is generally done during the boot process by Udev. Since
+      this new system does not yet have Udev and has not yet been booted, it is
+      necessary to mount and populate <filename
+      class="directory">/dev</filename> manually. This is accomplished by bind
+      mounting the host system's <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>
+      directory. A bind mount is a special type of mount that allows you to
+      create a mirror of a directory or mount point to some other location. Use
+      the following command to achieve this:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>mount --bind /dev $LFS/dev</userinput></screen>
+
+  </sect2>
+ 
+  <sect2 id="ch-system-kernfsmount">
+    <title>Mounting Virtual Kernel File Systems</title>
+
+      <para>Now mount the remaining virtual kernel filesystems:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>mount -vt devpts devpts $LFS/dev/pts
+mount -vt tmpfs shm $LFS/dev/shm
+mount -vt proc proc $LFS/proc
 mount -vt sysfs sysfs $LFS/sys</userinput></screen>
 
-  <para>Remember that if for any reason you stop working on the LFS
-  system and start again later, it is important to check that these file
-  systems are mounted again before entering the chroot
-  environment.</para>
-
-  <para>Additional file systems will soon be mounted from within the
-  chroot environment. To keep the host up to date, perform a <quote>fake
-  mount</quote> for each of these now:</para>
-
-<screen><userinput>mount -vft tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/dev
-mount -vft tmpfs tmpfs $LFS/dev/shm
-mount -vft devpts -o gid=4,mode=620 devpts $LFS/dev/pts</userinput></screen>
+  </sect2>
 
 </sect1>

chapter06/pkgmgt.xml

@@ -39 +39 @@
   the <ulink url="&hints-root;">Hints subproject</ulink> and see if one of them
   fits your need.</para>
-
-  <note>
-    <para>As no particular package management technique is mentioned in LFS,
-    the commands in the remainder of this book must be performed while logged in
-    as user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> and no longer as user
-    <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>. Also, double check that
-    <envar>$LFS</envar> is set.</para>
-  </note>
 
   <sect2>

chapter06/udev.xml

@@ -27 +27 @@
       <seglistitem>
         <seg>0.1 SBU</seg>
-        <seg>3.8 MB</seg>
+        <seg>4.8 MB</seg>
       </seglistitem>
     </segmentedlist>
@@ -44 +44 @@
     <title>Installation of Udev</title>
 
+    <para>Create some devices and directories that Udev cannot handle due to
+    them being required very early in the boot process:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>install -dv /lib/{firmware,udev/devices/{pts,shm}}
+mknod -m0666 /lib/udev/devices/null c 1 3
+ln -sv /proc/self/fd /lib/udev/devices/fd
+ln -sv /proc/self/fd/0 /lib/udev/devices/stdin
+ln -sv /proc/self/fd/1 /lib/udev/devices/stdout
+ln -sv /proc/self/fd/2 /lib/udev/devices/stderr
+ln -sv /proc/kcore /lib/udev/devices/core</userinput></screen>
+
     <para>Compile the package:</para>
 
-<screen><userinput>make EXTRAS=extras/run_directory</userinput></screen>
+<screen><userinput>make EXTRAS="extras/ata_id extras/cdrom_id extras/edd_id \
+            extras/firmware extras/floppy extras/scsi_id \
+            extras/usb_id extras/volume_id"</userinput></screen>
 
     <variablelist>
@@ -52 +65 @@
 
       <varlistentry>
-        <term><parameter>EXTRAS=extras/run_directory</parameter></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>This builds the <command>udev_run_devd</command> and
-          <command>udev_run_hotplugd</command> binaries, which are required
-          for correct handling of hotpluggable devices.</para>
+        <term><parameter>EXTRAS=...</parameter></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>This builds several helper binaries that can aid in writing custom
+          Udev rules.</para>
         </listitem>
       </varlistentry>
@@ -67 +79 @@
     <para>Install the package:</para>
 
-<screen><userinput>make DESTDIR=/ EXTRAS=extras/run_directory install</userinput></screen>
+<screen><userinput>make DESTDIR=/ \
+    EXTRAS="extras/ata_id extras/cdrom_id extras/edd_id \
+            extras/firmware extras/floppy extras/scsi_id \
+            extras/usb_id extras/volume_id" install</userinput></screen>
 
     <variablelist>
@@ -88 +103 @@
 <screen><userinput>cp -v ../&udev-config-file; /etc/udev/rules.d/25-lfs.rules</userinput></screen>
 
+    <para>Create some rules that work around broken sysfs attribute creation
+    timing in linux-2.6.15:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt;&gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+ACTION=="add", DEVPATH=="/devices/*", ENV{PHYSDEVBUS}=="?*", WAIT_FOR_SYSFS="bus"
+ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", WAIT_FOR_SYSFS="address"
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
     <para>Install the documentation that explains how to create Udev rules:</para>
 
 <screen><userinput>install -m644 -D -v docs/writing_udev_rules/index.html /usr/share/doc/udev-&udev-version;/index.html</userinput></screen>
 
-    <!-- Not for the LiveCD -->
-    <!-- Edit Me -->
-    <para>Run the <command>udevstart</command> program to create our full
-    complement of device nodes.</para>
-
-<screen><userinput>/sbin/udevstart</userinput></screen>
+    <important>
+
+      <para>When Udev is started by the LFS-Bootscripts, a replay of all kernel
+      device events happens. These events tell Udev what devices exist.
+      Sometimes the Udev bootscript doesn't wait long enough for
+      <command>udevd</command> to process all of the replayed events and
+      consequently the devices for those missed events are not created before the
+      script exits. Since <command>udevd</command> is still running in the
+      background, the devices will be created a few milliseconds later, but the
+      next bootscript to run may require a device to exist before it has been
+      created. To avoid such missed events, and to avoid hardcoding an overly
+      long wait time, It is recommended that you run the following commands to
+      aid the LFS development team in debugging these missed events and finding
+      an acceptable solution more quickly.</para>
+
+      <para>First, create a simple C file:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; bug.c &lt;&lt; EOF
+<literal>/* Simple event recorder */
+#define _GNU_SOURCE
+#include &lt;sys/types.h&gt;
+#include &lt;sys/stat.h&gt;
+#include &lt;fcntl.h&gt;
+#include &lt;unistd.h&gt;
+#include &lt;stdlib.h&gt;
+#include &lt;argz.h&gt;
+int main(int argc, char * argv[])
+{
+  char * envz;
+  size_t len;
+  int bug;
+  bug = open("/dev/bug", O_WRONLY | O_APPEND);
+  if (bug == -1)
+  return 0;
+  setenv("_SEPARATOR", "--------------------------------------", 1);
+  argz_create(environ, &amp;envz, &amp;len);
+  argz_stringify(envz, len, '\n');
+  envz[len-1]='\n';
+  write(bug, envz, len);
+  close(bug);
+  free(envz);
+  return 0;
+}</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>Now compile it:</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>gcc -o /lib/udev/bug bug.c</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>The next step adds a simple logging rule to run this program.</para>
+
+<screen><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/90-bug.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>ACTION=="add", RUN+="bug"</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+      <para>When booting the new LFS system, if any events are missed, a warning
+      message will appear and a <filename>/dev/bugreport</filename> file will be
+      created. The warning message will tell you where to send feedback.</para>
+
+    </important>
 
   </sect2>
@@ -109 +186 @@
 
       <seglistitem>
-        <seg>udev, udev_run_devd, udev_run_hotplugd, udevcontrol, udevd,
-        udevinfo, udevmonitor, udevsend, udevstart, and udevtest</seg>
+        <seg>ata_id, cdrom_id, create_floppy_devices, edd_id, firmware_helper,
+        scsi_id, udevcontrol, udevd, udevinfo, udevmonitor, udevtest, usb_id
+        and vol_id</seg>
         <seg>/etc/udev</seg>
       </seglistitem>
@@ -120 +198 @@
       <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
 
-      <varlistentry id="udev">
-        <term><command>udev</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Creates device nodes in <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>
-          or renames network interfaces (not in LFS) in response to hotplug
-          events</para>
-          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udev">
-            <primary sortas="b-udev">udev</primary>
-          </indexterm>
-        </listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry id="udev_run_devd">
-        <term><command>udev_run_devd</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Executes programs and scripts in the <filename
-          class="directory">/etc/dev.d/</filename> directory in response to
-          hotplug events</para>
-          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udev_run_devd">
-            <primary sortas="b-udev_run_devd">udev_run_devd</primary>
-          </indexterm>
-        </listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry id="udev_run_hotplugd">
-        <term><command>udev_run_hotplugd</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Executes programs and scripts in the <filename
-          class="directory">/etc/hotplug.d/</filename> directory in response
-          to hotplug events</para>
-          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udev_run_hotplugd">
-            <primary sortas="b-udev_run_hotplugd">udev_run_hotplugd</primary>
+      <varlistentry id="ata_id">
+        <term><command>ata_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with a unique string and
+          additional information (uuid, label) for an ATA drive</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev ata_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-ata_id">ata_id</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="cdrom_id">
+        <term><command>cdrom_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with the capabilities of a
+          CD-ROM or DVD-ROM drive</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev cdrom_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-cdrom_id">cdrom_id</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="create_floppy_devices">
+        <term><command>create_floppy_devices</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Creates all possible floppy devices based on the CMOS type</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev create_floppy_devices">
+            <primary sortas="b-create_floppy_devices">create_floppy_devices</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="edd_id">
+        <term><command>edd_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with the EDD ID for a BIOS disk drive</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev edd_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-edd_id">edd_id</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="firmware_helper">
+        <term><command>firmware_helper</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Uploads firmware to devices</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev firmware_helper">
+            <primary sortas="b-firmware_helper">firmware_helper</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="scsi_id">
+        <term><command>scsi_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with a unique SCSI identifier
+          based on the data returned from sending a SCSI INQUIRY command to
+          the specified device</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev scsi_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-scsi_id">scsi_id</primary>
           </indexterm>
         </listitem>
@@ -170 +276 @@
         <term><command>udevd</command></term>
         <listitem>
-          <para>A daemon that reorders hotplug events before submitting them to
-          <command>udev</command>, thus avoiding various race conditions</para>
+          <para>A daemon that listens for uevents on the netlink socket,
+          creates devices and runs the configured external programs in
+          response to these uevents</para>
           <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udevd">
             <primary sortas="b-udevd">udevd</primary>
@@ -181 +288 @@
         <term><command>udevinfo</command></term>
         <listitem>
-          <para>Allows users to query the <command>udev</command> database for
+          <para>Allows users to query the Udev database for
           information on any device currently present on the system; it also
           provides a way to query any device in the <systemitem
@@ -195 +302 @@
         <term><command>udevmonitor</command></term>
         <listitem>
-          <para>Prints the event received from the kernel and the event which
-          <command>udev</command> sends out after rule processing</para>
+          <para>Prints the event received from the kernel and the environment
+          which Udev sends out after rule processing</para>
           <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udevmonitor">
             <primary sortas="b-udevmonitor">udevmonitor</primary>
@@ -203 +310 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
-      <varlistentry id="udevsend">
-        <term><command>udevsend</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Delivers hotplug events to <command>udevd</command></para>
-          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udevsend">
-            <primary sortas="b-udevsend">udevsend</primary>
-          </indexterm>
-        </listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
-      <varlistentry id="udevstart">
-        <term><command>udevstart</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Creates device nodes in <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>
-          that correspond to drivers compiled directly into the kernel; it
-          performs that task by simulating hotplug events presumably dropped by
-          the kernel before invocation of this program (e.g., because the root
-          filesystem has not been mounted) and submitting such synthetic hotplug
-          events to <command>udev</command></para>
-          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udevstart">
-            <primary sortas="b-udevstart">udevstart</primary>
-          </indexterm>
-        </listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
       <varlistentry id="udevtest">
         <term><command>udevtest</command></term>
         <listitem>
-          <para>Simulates a <command>udev</command> run for the given device,
-          and prints out the name of the node the real <command>udev</command>
-          would have created or (not in LFS) the name of the renamed network
-          interface</para>
+          <para>Simulates a uevent for the given device, and prints out the
+          name of the node the real <command>udevd</command> would have created,
+          or the name of the renamed network interface</para>
           <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev udevtest">
             <primary sortas="b-udevtest">udevtest</primary>
@@ -241 +322 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
+      <varlistentry id="usb_id">
+        <term><command>usb_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with information about USB
+          devices</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev usb_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-usb_id">usb_id</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
+      <varlistentry id="vol_id">
+        <term><command>vol_id</command></term>
+        <listitem>
+          <para>Provides Udev with the label and uuid of a
+          filesystem</para>
+          <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev vol_id">
+            <primary sortas="b-vol_id">vol_id</primary>
+          </indexterm>
+        </listitem>
+      </varlistentry>
+
       <varlistentry id="etc-udev">
         <term><filename class="directory">/etc/udev</filename></term>
         <listitem>
-          <para>Contains <command>udev</command> configuation files,
+          <para>Contains Udev configuation files,
           device permissions, and rules for device naming</para>
           <indexterm zone="ch-system-udev etc-udev">

chapter07/bootscripts.xml

@@ -57 +57 @@
 
       <seglistitem>
-        <seg>checkfs, cleanfs, console, functions, halt, hotplug, ifdown, ifup,
+        <seg>checkfs, cleanfs, console, functions, halt, ifdown, ifup,
         localnet, mountfs, mountkernfs, network, rc, reboot, sendsignals,
         setclock, static, swap, sysklogd, template, and udev</seg>
@@ -126 +126 @@
       </varlistentry>
 
-      <varlistentry id="hotplug-bootscripts">
-        <term><command>hotplug</command></term>
-        <listitem>
-          <para>Loads modules for system devices</para>
-            <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-bootscripts hotplug-bootscripts">
-          <primary sortas="d-hotplug">hotplug</primary>
-          </indexterm>
-        </listitem>
-      </varlistentry>
-
       <varlistentry id="ifdown-bootscripts">
         <term><command>ifdown</command></term>

chapter07/network.xml

@@ -23 +23 @@
   symlinks from all run-level directories (<filename
   class="directory">/etc/rc.d/rc*.d</filename>).</para>
+
+  <sect2>
+    <title>Creating stable names for network interfaces</title>
+
+    <para>Instructions in this section are optional if you have only one
+    network card.</para>
+
+    <para>With Udev and modular network drivers, the network interface numbering
+    is not persistent across reboots by default, because the drivers are loaded
+    in parallel and, thus, in random order. For example, on a computer having
+    two network cards made by Intel and Realtek, the network card manufactured
+    by Intel may become <filename class="devicefile">eth0</filename> and the
+    Realtek card becomes  <filename class="devicefile">eth1</filename>. In some
+    cases, after a reboot the cards get renumbered the other way around. To
+    avoid this, create Udev rules that assign stable names to network cards
+    based on their MAC addresses.</para>
+
+    <para>First, find out the MAC addresses of your network cards:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>grep -H . /sys/class/net/*/address</userinput></screen>
+
+    <para>For each network card (but not for the loopback interface),
+    invent a descriptive name, such as <quote>realtek</quote>, and create
+    Udev rules similar to the following:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><userinput>cat &gt; /etc/udev/rules.d/26-network.rules &lt;&lt; "EOF"
+<literal>ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", SYSFS{address}=="<replaceable>52:54:00:12:34:56</replaceable>", NAME="<replaceable>realtek</replaceable>"
+ACTION=="add", SUBSYSTEM=="net", SYSFS{address}=="<replaceable>00:a0:c9:78:9a:bc</replaceable>", NAME="<replaceable>intel</replaceable>"</literal>
+EOF</userinput></screen>
+
+    <para>These rules will always rename the network cards to
+    <quote>realtek</quote> and <quote>intel</quote>, independently of the
+    original numbering provided by the kernel. Use these names instead of
+    <quote>eth0</quote> in the network interface configuration files created
+    below.</para>
+
+    <note>
+      <para>Persistent names must be different from the default network
+      interface names assigned by the kernel.</para>
+    </note>
+
+  </sect2>
 
   <sect2>

chapter07/udev.xml

@@ -24 +24 @@
   method, whereby a great many device nodes are created under <filename
   class="directory">/dev</filename> (sometimes literally thousands of nodes),
-  regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually exist. This is
-  typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a number
-  of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant major and
-  minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in the world.
-  Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by the kernel get
-  device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be created each
-  time the system boots, they will be stored on a <systemitem
+  regardless of whether the corresponding hardware devices actually exist. This
+  is typically done via a <command>MAKEDEV</command> script, which contains a
+  number of calls to the <command>mknod</command> program with the relevant
+  major and minor device numbers for every possible device that might exist in
+  the world.</para>
+
+  <para>Using the Udev method, only those devices which are detected by the
+  kernel get device nodes created for them. Because these device nodes will be
+  created each time the system boots, they will be stored on a <systemitem
   class="filesystem">tmpfs</systemitem> file system (a virtual file system that
   resides entirely in system memory). Device nodes do not require much space, so
@@ -51 +53 @@
     device names are allowed to be configurable, then the device naming policy
     should be up to a system administrator, not imposed on them by any
-    particular developer(s). The <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem>
-    file system also suffers from race conditions that are inherent in its design
-    and cannot be fixed without a substantial revision to the kernel. It has also
-    been marked as deprecated due to a lack of recent maintenance.</para>
-
-    <para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released as
-    the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to export a view of the system's
-    hardrware configuration to userspace processes. With this userspace-visible
-    representation, the possibility of seeing a userspace replacement for
-    <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became much more
-    realistic.</para>
+    particular developer(s). The <systemitem
+    class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> file system also suffers from race
+    conditions that are inherent in its design and cannot be fixed without a
+    substantial revision to the kernel. It has also been marked as deprecated
+    due to a lack of recent maintenance.</para>
+
+    <para>With the development of the unstable 2.5 kernel tree, later released
+    as the 2.6 series of stable kernels, a new virtual filesystem called
+    <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> came to be. The job of
+    <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> is to export a view of
+    the system's hardware configuration to userspace processes. With this
+    userspace-visible representation, the possibility of seeing a userspace
+    replacement for <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> became
+    much more realistic.</para>
 
   </sect2>
@@ -70 +73 @@
     <title>Udev Implementation</title>
 
-    <para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem was
-    mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on
-    a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that have
-    been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with
-    <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> as they are detected by
-    the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, this registration will happen
-    when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on <filename
-    class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the built-in drivers
-    registered with <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are
-    available to userspace processes and to <command>udev</command> for device
-    node creation.</para>
-
-    <para>The <command>S10udev</command> initscript takes care of creating
-    these device nodes when Linux is booted. This script starts by registering
-    <command>/sbin/udevsend</command> as a hotplug event handler. Hotplug events
-    (discussed below) are not usually generated during this stage, but
-    <command>udev</command> is registered just in case they do occur. The
-    <command>udevstart</command> program then walks through the <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">/sys</systemitem> filesystem and creates devices under
-    <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> that match the descriptions.
-    For example, <filename>/sys/class/tty/vcs/dev</filename> contains the
-    string <quote>7:0</quote> This string is used by <command>udevstart</command>
-    to create <filename>/dev/vcs</filename> with major number
-    <emphasis>7</emphasis> and minor <emphasis>0</emphasis>. The names and
-    permissions of the nodes created under the <filename
-    class="directory">/dev</filename> directory are configured according to the
-    rules specified in the files within the <filename
-    class="directory">/etc/udev/rules.d/</filename> directory. These are
-    numbered in a similar fashion to the LFS-Bootscripts package. If
-    <command>udev</command> can't find a rule for the device it is creating,
-    it will default permissions to <emphasis>660</emphasis> and ownership to
-    <emphasis>root:root</emphasis>.</para>
-
-    <para>Once the above stage is complete, all devices that were already present
-    and have compiled-in drivers will be available for use. This leads us to the
-    devices that have modular drivers.</para>
-
-    <para>Earlier, we mentioned the concept of a <quote>hotplug event
-    handler.</quote> When a new device connection is detected by the kernel,
-    the kernel will generate a hotplug event and look at the file
-    <filename>/proc/sys/kernel/hotplug</filename> to determine the userspace
-    program that handles the device's connection. The <command>udev</command>
-    bootscript registered <command>udevsend</command> as this handler. When
-    these hotplug events are generated, the kernel will tell
-    <command>udev</command> to check the <filename
-    class="directory">/sys</filename> filesystem for the information pertaining
-    to this new device and create the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename>
-    entry for it.</para>
-
-    <para>This brings us to one problem that exists with <command>udev</command>,
-    and likewise with <systemitem class="filesystem">devfs</systemitem> before it.
-    It is commonly referred to as the <quote>chicken and egg</quote> problem. Most
-    Linux distributions handle loading modules via entries in
-    <filename>/etc/modules.conf</filename>. Access to a device node causes the
-    appropriate kernel module to load. With <command>udev</command>, this method
-    will not work because the device node does not exist until the module is loaded.
-    To solve this, the <command>S05modules</command> bootscript was added to the
-    LFS-Bootscripts package, along with the
-    <filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename> file. By adding module names to the
-    <filename>modules</filename> file, these modules will be loaded when the
-    computer starts up. This allows <command>udev</command> to detect the devices
-    and create the appropriate device nodes.</para>
-
-    <para>Note that on slower machines or for drivers that create a lot of device
-    nodes, the process of creating devices may take a few seconds to complete.
-    This means that some device nodes may not be immediately accessible.</para>
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Sysfs</title>
+
+      <para>The <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem was
+      mentioned briefly above. One may wonder how <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> knows about the devices present on
+      a system and what device numbers should be used for them. Drivers that
+      have been compiled into the kernel directly register their objects with
+      <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> as they are detected by
+      the kernel. For drivers compiled as modules, this registration will happen
+      when the module is loaded. Once the <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> filesystem is mounted (on <filename
+      class="directory">/sys</filename>), data which the built-in drivers
+      registered with <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> are
+      available to userspace processes and to <command>udevd</command> for device
+      node creation.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Udev Bootscript</title>
+
+      <para>The <command>S10udev</command> initscript takes care of creating
+      device nodes when Linux is booted. The script starts by unsetting the
+      hotplug event handler from the default of <command>/sbin/hotplug</command>
+      This is done because, instead of the kernel calling out to an external
+      binary, <command>udevd</command> will listen on a netlink socket for
+      hotplug events that the kernel raises. The bootscript copies any static
+      device nodes that exist in <filename
+      class="directory">/lib/udev/devices</filename> to <filename
+      class="directory">/dev</filename>. This is necessary because some devices,
+      directories and symlinks are needed before the dynamic device handling
+      processes are available during the early stages of booting a system.
+      Creating static device nodes in
+      <filename class="directory">/lib/udev/devices</filename> also provides
+      an easy workaround for devices that are not supported by the dynamic
+      device handling infrastructure.  The bootscript then starts the Udev
+      daemon, <command>udevd</command>, which will act on any hotplug events it
+      receives. Finally, the bootscript &quot;coldplugs&quot; any devices that
+      have already been registered with the kernel by forcing them to raise
+      hotplug events which <command>udevd</command> will then handle.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Device Node Creation</title>
+
+      <para>To obtain the right major and minor number for a device, Udev relies
+      on the information provided by <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> in <filename
+      class="directory">/sys</filename>.  For example,
+      <filename>/sys/class/tty/vcs/dev</filename> contains the string
+      <quote>7:0</quote>. This string is used by <command>udevd</command>
+      to create a device node with major number <emphasis>7</emphasis> and minor
+      <emphasis>0</emphasis>. The names and permissions of the nodes created
+      under the <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> directory are
+      determined by rules specified in the files within the <filename
+      class="directory">/etc/udev/rules.d/</filename> directory. These are
+      numbered in a similar fashion to the LFS-Bootscripts package. If
+      <command>udevd</command> can't find a rule for the device it is creating,
+      it will default permissions to <emphasis>660</emphasis> and ownership to
+      <emphasis>root:root</emphasis>. Documentation on the syntax of the Udev
+      rules configuration files are available in
+      <filename>/usr/share/doc/udev-&udev-version;/index.html</filename></para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Module Loading</title>
+
+      <para>Device drivers compiled as modules may have aliases built into them.
+      Aliases are visible in the output of the <command>modinfo</command>
+      program and are usually related to the bus-specific identifiers of devices
+      supported by a module. For example, the <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>
+      driver supports PCI devices with vendor ID 0x1319 and device ID 0x0801,
+      and has an alias of <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv*sd*bc04sc01i*</quote>.
+      For most devices, the bus driver exports the alias of the driver that
+      would handle the device via <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. E.g., the
+      <filename>/sys/bus/pci/devices/0000:00:0d.0/modalias</filename> file
+      might contain the string
+      <quote>pci:v00001319d00000801sv00001319sd00001319bc04sc01i00</quote>.
+      The rules that LFS installs will cause <command>udevd</command> to call
+      out to <command>/sbin/modprobe</command> with the contents of the
+      <envar>MODALIAS</envar> uevent environment variable (that should be the
+      same as the contents of the <filename>modalias</filename> file in sysfs),
+      thus loading all modules whose aliases match this string after wildcard
+      expansion.</para>
+
+      <para>In this example, this means that, in addition to
+      <emphasis>snd-fm801</emphasis>, the obsolete (and unwanted)
+      <emphasis>forte</emphasis> driver will be loaded if it is
+      available. See below for ways in which the loading of unwanted drivers can
+      be prevented.</para>
+
+      <para>The kernel itself is also able to load modules for network
+      protocols, filesystems and NLS support on demand.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Handling Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices</title>
+
+      <para>When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) MP3
+      player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and
+      generates a hotplug event. This hotplug event is then handled by
+      <command>udevd</command> as described above.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
 
   </sect2>
 
   <sect2>
-    <title>Handling Hotpluggable/Dynamic Devices</title>
-
-    <para>When you plug in a device, such as a Universal Serial Bus (USB) MP3
-    player, the kernel recognizes that the device is now connected and generates
-    a hotplug event. If the driver is already loaded (either because it was
-    compiled into the kernel or because it was loaded via the
-    <command>S05modules</command> bootscript), <command>udev</command> will be
-    called upon to create the relevant device node(s) according to the
-    <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> data available in
-    <filename class="directory">/sys</filename>.</para>
-
-    <para>If the driver for the just plugged in device is available as a module but
-    currently unloaded, the Hotplug package will load the appropriate module
-    and make this device available by creating the device node(s) for it.</para>
-
-  </sect2>
-
-  <sect2>
-    <title>Problems with Creating Devices</title>
-
-    <para>There are a few known problems when it comes to automatically creating
-    device nodes:</para>
-
-    <para>1) A kernel driver may not export its data to <systemitem
-    class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>.</para>
-
-    <para>This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel
-    tree. Udev will be unable to automatically create device nodes for such
-    drivers. Use the <filename>/etc/sysconfig/createfiles</filename>
-    configuration file to manually create the devices. Consult the
-    <filename>devices.txt</filename> file inside the kernel documentation or
-    the documentation for that driver to find the proper major/minor
-    numbers.</para>
-
-    <para>2) A non-hardware device is required.  This is most common with
-    the Advanced Linux Sound Architecture (ALSA) project's Open Sound
-    System (OSS) compatibility module.  These types of devices can be
-    handled in one of two ways:</para>
-
-    <itemizedlist>
-
-      <listitem>
-        <para>Adding the module names to
-        <filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename></para>
-      </listitem>
-
-      <listitem>
-        <para>Using an <quote>install</quote> line in
-        <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename>. This tells the
-        <command>modprobe</command> command <quote>when loading this module,
-        also load this other module, at the same time.</quote>
-        For example:</para>
-
-<screen role="nodump"><userinput>install snd-pcm modprobe -i snd-pcm ; modprobe \
-    snd-pcm-oss ; true</userinput></screen>
-
-        <para>This will cause the system to load both the
-        <emphasis>snd-pcm</emphasis> and <emphasis>snd-pcm-oss</emphasis>
-        modules when any request is made to load the driver
-        <emphasis>snd-pcm</emphasis>.</para>
-      </listitem>
-
-    </itemizedlist>
+    <title>Problems with Loading Modules and Creating Devices</title>
+
+    <para>There are a few possible problems when it comes to automatically
+    creating device nodes.</para>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically</title>
+
+      <para>Udev will only load a module if it has a bus-specific alias and the
+      bus driver properly exports the necessary aliases to <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>. In other cases, one should
+      arrange module loading by other means. With Linux-&linux-version;, Udev is
+      known to load properly-written drivers for PCI, USB, SCSI, SERIO and
+      FireWire devices.</para>
+
+      <!-- After linux-2.6.16, add INPUT and IDE to the list above -->
+
+      <para>To determine if the device driver you require has the necessary
+      support for Udev, run <command>modinfo</command> with the module name as
+      the argument.  Now try locating the device directory under
+      <filename class="directory">/sys/bus</filename> and check whether there is
+      a <filename>modalias</filename> file there.</para>
+
+      <para>If the <filename>modalias</filename> file exists in <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>, the driver supports the device and
+      can talk to it directly, but doesn't have the alias, it is a bug in the
+      driver. Load the driver without the help from Udev and expect the issue
+      to be fixed later.</para>
+
+      <para>If there is no <filename>modalias</filename> file in the relevant
+      directory under <filename class="directory">/sys/bus</filename>, this
+      means that the kernel developers have not yet added modalias support to
+      this bus type. With Linux-&linux-version;, this is the case with ISA and
+      IDE busses. Expect this issue to be fixed in later kernel versions.</para>
+
+      <!-- Remove IDE from the list above after Linux-2.6.16 -->
+
+      <para>Udev is not intended to load <quote>wrapper</quote> drivers such as
+      <emphasis>snd-pcm-oss</emphasis> and non-hardware drivers such as
+      <emphasis>loop</emphasis> at all.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>A kernel module is not loaded automatically, and Udev is not
+      intended to load it</title>
+
+      <para>If the <quote>wrapper</quote> module only enhances the functionality
+      provided by some other module (e.g., <emphasis>snd-pcm-oss</emphasis>
+      enhances the functionality of <emphasis>snd-pcm</emphasis> by making the
+      sound cards available to OSS applications), configure
+      <command>modprobe</command> to load the wrapper after Udev loads the
+      wrapped module. To do this, add an <quote>install</quote> line in
+      <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename>. For example:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><literal>install snd-pcm modprobe -i snd-pcm ; modprobe \
+    snd-pcm-oss ; true</literal></screen>
+
+      <para>If the module in question is not a wrapper and is useful by itself,
+      configure the <command>S05modules</command> bootscript to load this
+      module on system boot. To do this, add the module name to the
+      <filename>/etc/sysconfig/modules</filename> file on a separate line.
+      This works for wrapper modules too, but is suboptimal in that case.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Udev loads some unwanted module</title>
+
+      <para>Either don't build the module, or blacklist it in
+      <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file as done with the
+      <emphasis>forte</emphasis> module in the example below:</para>
+
+<screen role="nodump"><literal>blacklist forte</literal></screen>
+
+      <para>Blacklisted modules can still be loaded manually with the
+      explicit <command>modprobe</command> command.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Udev creates a device incorrectly, or makes a wrong symlink</title>
+
+      <para>This usually happens if a rule unexpectedly matches a device. For
+      example, a poorly-writen rule can match by both a SCSI disk (as desired)
+      and the corresponding SCSI generic device (incorrectly) by vendor.
+      Increase the logging verbosity of Udev, find the offending rule by
+      examining the logs and make it more specific.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Udev rule works unreliably</title>
+
+      <para>This may be another manifestation of the previous problem. If not,
+      and your rule uses <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>
+      attributes, it may be a kernel timing issue, to be fixed in later kernels.
+      For now, you can work around it by creating a rule that waits for the used
+      <systemitem class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem> attribute and appending
+      it to the <filename>/etc/udev/rules.d/10-wait_for_sysfs.rules</filename>
+      file. Please notify the LFS Development list if you do so and it
+      helps.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Udev does not create a device</title>
+
+      <para>Further text assumes that the driver is built statically into the
+      kernel or already loaded as a module, and that you have already checked
+      that Udev doesn't create a misnamed device.</para>
+
+      <para>Udev has no information needed to create a device node if a kernel
+      driver does not export its data to <systemitem
+      class="filesystem">sysfs</systemitem>.
+      This is most common with third party drivers from outside the kernel
+      tree. Create a static device node in
+      <filename>/lib/udev/devices</filename> with the appropriate major/minor
+      numbers (see the file <filename>devices.txt</filename> inside the kernel
+      documentation or the documentation provided by the third party driver
+      vendor). The static device node will be copied to
+      <filename class="directory">/dev</filename> by the
+      <command>S10udev</command> bootscript.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
+
+    <sect3>
+      <title>Device naming order changes randomly after rebooting</title>
+
+      <para>This is due to the fact that Udev, by design, handles uevents and
+      loads modules in parallel, and thus in an unpredictable order. This will
+      never be <quote>fixed</quote>. You should not rely upon the kernel device
+      names being stable. Instead, create your own rules that make symlinks with
+      stable names based on some stable attributes of the device, such as a
+      serial number or the output of various *_id utilities installed by Udev.
+      See also the network interface renaming example in
+      <xref linkend="ch-scripts-network"/>.</para>
+
+    </sect3>
 
   </sect2>

chapter08/kernel.xml

@@ -25 +25 @@
 
       <seglistitem>
-        <seg>4.20 SBU</seg>
-        <seg>181 MB</seg>
+        <seg>2.4 SBU</seg>
+        <seg>344 MB</seg>
       </seglistitem>
     </segmentedlist>
@@ -99 +99 @@
 <screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen>
 
-    <para>If using kernel modules, an <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file
-    may be needed. Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
-    located in the kernel documentation in the <filename
+    <para>If using kernel modules, an <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename>
+    file may be needed. Information pertaining to modules and kernel
+    configuration is located in <xref linkend="ch-scripts-udev"/> and in the
+    kernel documentation in the <filename
     class="directory">linux-&linux-version;/Documentation</filename> directory.
     Also, <filename>modprobe.conf(5)</filename> may be of interest.</para>
-
-    <para>Be very careful when reading other documentation relating to kernel
-    modules because it usually applies to 2.4.x kernels only. As far as we know,
-    kernel configuration issues specific to Hotplug and Udev are not documented.
-    The problem is that Udev will create a device node only if Hotplug or a
-    user-written script inserts the corresponding module into the kernel, and not
-    all modules are detectable by Hotplug. Note that statements like the one below
-    in the <filename>/etc/modprobe.conf</filename> file do not work with
-    Udev:</para>
-
-<screen><literal>alias char-major-XXX some-module</literal></screen>
-
-    <para>Because of the complications with Hotplug, Udev, and modules, we
-    strongly recommend starting with a completely non-modular kernel
-    configuration, especially if this is the first time using Udev.</para>
 
     <para>Install the modules, if the kernel configuration uses them:</para>

general.ent

@@ -1 +1 @@
 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
-<!ENTITY version "SVN-20060412">
-<!ENTITY releasedate "April 12, 2006">
+<!ENTITY version "SVN-20060413">
+<!ENTITY releasedate "April 13, 2006">
 <!ENTITY milestone "6.2">
 <!ENTITY generic-version "development"> <!-- Use "development", "testing", or "x.y[-pre{x}]" -->
@@ -53 +53 @@
 <!ENTITY grub-version "0.97">
 <!ENTITY gzip-version "1.3.5">
-<!ENTITY hotplug-version "2004_09_23">
 <!ENTITY iana-etc-version "2.00">
 <!ENTITY inetutils-version "1.4.2">
-<!ENTITY iproute2-version "051007">
+<!ENTITY iproute2-version "2.6.16-060323">
 <!ENTITY kbd-version "1.12">
 <!ENTITY less-version "394">
-<!ENTITY lfs-bootscripts-version "20060321">
+<!ENTITY lfs-bootscripts-version "udev_update-20060321">
 <!ENTITY libtool-version "1.5.22">
-<!ENTITY linux-version "2.6.12.5">
+<!ENTITY linux-version "2.6.16.1">
 <!ENTITY linux-dl-version "2.6">
 <!ENTITY linux-libc-headers-version "2.6.12.0">
@@ -84 +83 @@
 <!ENTITY tcl-version "8.4.12">
 <!ENTITY texinfo-version "4.8">
-<!ENTITY udev-version "071">
-<!ENTITY udev-config-file "udev-config-5.rules">
+<!ENTITY udev-version "088">
+<!ENTITY udev-config-file "udev-config-6.rules">
 <!ENTITY util-linux-version "2.12r">
 <!ENTITY vim-version "6.4">

patches.ent

@@ -31 +31 @@
 <!ENTITY inetutils-man_pages-patch "inetutils-&inetutils-version;-no_server_man_pages-1.patch">
 
-<!ENTITY linux-utf8-patch "linux-&linux-version;-utf8_input-2.patch">
+<!ENTITY linux-utf8-patch "linux-&linux-version;-utf8_input-1.patch">
 
 <!ENTITY mktemp-tempfile-patch "mktemp-&mktemp-version;-add_tempfile-3.patch">