[673b0d8] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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[3f3931b0] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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[673b0d8] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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| 5 | %general-entities;
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| 6 | ]>
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[3f3931b0] | 7 |
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[673b0d8] | 8 | <sect1 id="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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[3f3931b0] | 9 | <?dbhtml filename="pwdgroup.html"?>
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| 10 |
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| 11 | <title>Creating the passwd, group, and log Files</title>
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| 12 |
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| 13 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/passwd">/etc/passwd</primary>
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| 15 | </indexterm>
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| 16 |
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| 17 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 18 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/group">/etc/group</primary>
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| 19 | </indexterm>
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[673b0d8] | 20 |
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[3f3931b0] | 21 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 22 | <primary sortas="e-/var/run/utmp">/var/run/utmp</primary>
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| 23 | </indexterm>
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[81fd230] | 24 |
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[3f3931b0] | 25 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 26 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/btmp">/var/log/btmp</primary>
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| 27 | </indexterm>
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[81fd230] | 28 |
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[3f3931b0] | 29 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 30 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/lastlog">/var/log/lastlog</primary>
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| 31 | </indexterm>
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| 32 |
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| 33 | <indexterm zone="ch-system-pwdgroup">
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| 34 | <primary sortas="e-/var/log/wtmp">/var/log/wtmp</primary>
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| 35 | </indexterm>
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| 36 |
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| 37 | <para>In order for user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> to be
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| 38 | able to login and for the name <quote>root</quote> to be recognized, there
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| 39 | must be relevant entries in the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and
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| 40 | <filename>/etc/group</filename> files.</para>
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| 41 |
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| 42 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file by running the following
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| 43 | command:</para>
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[673b0d8] | 44 |
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[8ad7980] | 45 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/passwd << "EOF"
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[e2c85b1] | 46 | <literal>root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash</literal>
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[8ad7980] | 47 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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[673b0d8] | 48 |
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[3f3931b0] | 49 | <para>The actual password for <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>
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| 50 | (the <quote>x</quote> used here is just a placeholder) will be set later.</para>
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[81fd230] | 51 |
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[3f3931b0] | 52 | <para>Create the <filename>/etc/group</filename> file by running the following
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| 53 | command:</para>
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[673b0d8] | 54 |
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[8ad7980] | 55 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/group << "EOF"
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[d72e04a] | 56 | <literal>root:x:0:
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[e2c85b1] | 57 | bin:x:1:
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| 58 | sys:x:2:
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[673b0d8] | 59 | kmem:x:3:
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[e2c85b1] | 60 | tty:x:4:
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| 61 | tape:x:5:
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| 62 | daemon:x:6:
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| 63 | floppy:x:7:
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| 64 | disk:x:8:
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| 65 | lp:x:9:
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| 66 | dialout:x:10:
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| 67 | audio:x:11:
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| 68 | video:x:12:
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| 69 | utmp:x:13:
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[3da377d] | 70 | usb:x:14:
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| 71 | cdrom:x:15:</literal>
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[8ad7980] | 72 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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[673b0d8] | 73 |
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[3f3931b0] | 74 | <para>The created groups are not part of any standard—they are groups
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| 75 | decided on in part by the requirements of the Udev configuration in this
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| 76 | chapter, and in part by common convention employed by a number of existing
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| 77 | Linux distributions. The Linux Standard Base (LSB, available at <ulink
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| 78 | url="http://www.linuxbase.org"/>) recommends only that, besides the group
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| 79 | <systemitem class="groupname">root</systemitem> with a Group ID (GID) of 0,
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| 80 | a group <systemitem class="groupname">bin</systemitem> with a GID of 1 be
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| 81 | present. All other group names and GIDs can be chosen freely by the system
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| 82 | administrator since well-written programs do not depend on GID numbers, but
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| 83 | rather use the group's name.</para>
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| 84 |
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| 85 | <para>To remove the <quote>I have no name!</quote> prompt, start a new
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| 86 | shell. Since a full Glibc was installed in <xref
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| 87 | linkend="chapter-temporary-tools"/> and the
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| 88 | <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> and <filename>/etc/group</filename>
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| 89 | files have been created, user name and group name resolution will now
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| 90 | work.</para>
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[673b0d8] | 91 |
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[cad7b50] | 92 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>exec /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen>
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[673b0d8] | 93 |
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[3f3931b0] | 94 | <para>Note the use of the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive. This tells
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| 95 | <command>bash</command> not to use its internal path hashing. Without this
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| 96 | directive, <command>bash</command> would remember the paths to binaries it has
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| 97 | executed. To ensure the use of the newly compiled binaries as soon as they are
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| 98 | installed, the <parameter>+h</parameter> directive will be used for the duration
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| 99 | of this chapter.</para>
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[81fd230] | 100 |
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[3f3931b0] | 101 | <para>The <command>login</command>, <command>agetty</command>, and
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| 102 | <command>init</command> programs (and others) use a number of log
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| 103 | files to record information such as who was logged into the system and
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| 104 | when. However, these programs will not write to the log files if they
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| 105 | do not already exist. Initialize the log files and give them
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| 106 | proper permissions:</para>
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[673b0d8] | 107 |
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| 108 | <screen><userinput>touch /var/run/utmp /var/log/{btmp,lastlog,wtmp}
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[5998892] | 109 | chgrp -v utmp /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog
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| 110 | chmod -v 664 /var/run/utmp /var/log/lastlog</userinput></screen>
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[673b0d8] | 111 |
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[3f3931b0] | 112 | <para>The <filename>/var/run/utmp</filename> file records the users
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| 113 | that are currently logged in. The <filename>/var/log/wtmp</filename>
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| 114 | file records all logins and logouts. The
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| 115 | <filename>/var/log/lastlog</filename> file records when
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| 116 | each user last logged in. The <filename>/var/log/btmp</filename> file
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| 117 | records the bad login attempts.</para>
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[81fd230] | 118 |
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[673b0d8] | 119 | </sect1>
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