[673b0d8] | 1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
|
---|
[b06ca36] | 2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.5//EN"
|
---|
| 3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.5/docbookx.dtd" [
|
---|
[673b0d8] | 4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
|
---|
| 5 | %general-entities;
|
---|
| 6 | ]>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 7 |
|
---|
[81fd230] | 8 | <sect1 id="ch-bootable-kernel" role="wrap">
|
---|
[b78c747] | 9 | <?dbhtml filename="kernel.html"?>
|
---|
| 10 |
|
---|
[e747759] | 11 | <sect1info condition="script">
|
---|
[6070f51] | 12 | <productname>kernel</productname>
|
---|
[e747759] | 13 | <productnumber>&linux-version;</productnumber>
|
---|
| 14 | <address>&linux-url;</address>
|
---|
| 15 | </sect1info>
|
---|
| 16 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 17 | <title>Linux-&linux-version;</title>
|
---|
| 18 |
|
---|
| 19 | <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel">
|
---|
| 20 | <primary sortas="a-Linux">Linux</primary>
|
---|
| 21 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 22 |
|
---|
| 23 | <sect2 role="package">
|
---|
| 24 | <title/>
|
---|
| 25 |
|
---|
| 26 | <para>The Linux package contains the Linux kernel.</para>
|
---|
[673b0d8] | 27 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 28 | <segmentedlist>
|
---|
| 29 | <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle>
|
---|
| 30 | <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle>
|
---|
[6370fa6] | 31 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 32 | <seglistitem>
|
---|
[fb386e0] | 33 | <seg>&linux-knl-sbu;</seg>
|
---|
| 34 | <seg>&linux-knl-du;</seg>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 35 | </seglistitem>
|
---|
| 36 | </segmentedlist>
|
---|
[a001133] | 37 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 38 | </sect2>
|
---|
[2081905] | 39 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 40 | <sect2 role="installation">
|
---|
| 41 | <title>Installation of the kernel</title>
|
---|
[81fd230] | 42 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 43 | <para>Building the kernel involves a few steps—configuration,
|
---|
| 44 | compilation, and installation. Read the <filename>README</filename> file
|
---|
| 45 | in the kernel source tree for alternative methods to the way this book
|
---|
| 46 | configures the kernel.</para>
|
---|
| 47 |
|
---|
[d943399] | 48 | <important>
|
---|
| 49 | <para>
|
---|
| 50 | Building the linux kernel for the first time is one of the most
|
---|
| 51 | challenging tasks in LFS. Getting it right depends on the specific
|
---|
| 52 | hardware for the target system and your specific needs. There are
|
---|
| 53 | almost 12,000 configuration items that are available for the kernel
|
---|
| 54 | although only about a third of them are needed for most computers. The
|
---|
| 55 | LFS editors recommend that users not familiar with this process follow
|
---|
| 56 | the procedures below fairly closely. The objective is to get an
|
---|
| 57 | initial system to a point where you can log in at the command line when
|
---|
[31e62b94] | 58 | you reboot later in <xref linkend="ch-finish-reboot"/>. At this point
|
---|
[d943399] | 59 | optimization and customization is not a goal.
|
---|
| 60 | </para>
|
---|
| 61 |
|
---|
| 62 |
|
---|
| 63 | <para>
|
---|
| 64 | For general information on kernel configuration see <ulink
|
---|
| 65 | url="&hints-root;kernel-configuration.txt"/>. Additional information
|
---|
| 66 | about configuring and building the kernel can be found at <ulink
|
---|
[c6fa691] | 67 | url="&anduin-sources;/kernel-nutshell/"/>.
|
---|
| 68 | These references are a bit
|
---|
[d943399] | 69 | dated, but still give a reasonable overview of the process.
|
---|
| 70 | </para>
|
---|
| 71 |
|
---|
| 72 | <para>
|
---|
| 73 | If all else fails, you can ask for help on the <ulink
|
---|
[681e11a] | 74 | url="https://www.linuxfromscratch.org/mail.html">lfs-support</ulink>
|
---|
| 75 | mailing list. Note that subscribing is required in order for the list
|
---|
[d943399] | 76 | to avoid spam.
|
---|
| 77 | </para>
|
---|
| 78 | </important>
|
---|
| 79 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 80 | <para>Prepare for compilation by running the following command:</para>
|
---|
[b9e738a] | 81 |
|
---|
[0445a3d] | 82 | <screen><userinput remap="pre">make mrproper</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[b9e738a] | 83 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 84 | <para>This ensures that the kernel tree is absolutely clean. The
|
---|
| 85 | kernel team recommends that this command be issued prior to each
|
---|
| 86 | kernel compilation. Do not rely on the source tree being clean after
|
---|
| 87 | un-tarring.</para>
|
---|
[d72e04a] | 88 |
|
---|
[eab5b72] | 89 | <para>There are several ways to configure the kernel options. Usually,
|
---|
| 90 | This is done through a menu-driven interface, for example:</para>
|
---|
| 91 |
|
---|
| 92 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>make menuconfig</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 93 |
|
---|
| 94 | <variablelist>
|
---|
| 95 | <title>The meaning of optional make environment variables:</title>
|
---|
| 96 |
|
---|
| 97 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 98 | <term><parameter>LANG=<host_LANG_value> LC_ALL=</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 99 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 100 | <para>This establishes the locale setting to the one used on the
|
---|
| 101 | host. This may be needed for a proper menuconfig ncurses interface
|
---|
| 102 | line drawing on a UTF-8 linux text console.</para>
|
---|
| 103 |
|
---|
| 104 | <para>If used, be sure to replace
|
---|
| 105 | <replaceable><host_LANG_value></replaceable> by the value of
|
---|
| 106 | the <envar>$LANG</envar> variable from your host. You can
|
---|
| 107 | alternatively use instead the host's value of <envar>$LC_ALL</envar>
|
---|
| 108 | or <envar>$LC_CTYPE</envar>.</para>
|
---|
| 109 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 110 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 111 |
|
---|
| 112 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 113 | <term><command>make menuconfig</command></term>
|
---|
| 114 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 115 | <para>This launches an ncurses menu-driven interface. For other
|
---|
| 116 | (graphical) interfaces, type <command>make help</command>.</para>
|
---|
| 117 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 118 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 119 | </variablelist>
|
---|
| 120 |
|
---|
[fa21b3d] | 121 | <!-- Support for compiling a keymap into the kernel is deliberately removed -->
|
---|
[81fd230] | 122 |
|
---|
[e9ba8aa8] | 123 |
|
---|
[1118b17] | 124 | <note>
|
---|
| 125 | <para>A good starting place for setting up the kernel configuration is to
|
---|
| 126 | run <command>make defconfig</command>. This will set the base
|
---|
| 127 | configuration to a good state that takes your current system architecture
|
---|
| 128 | into account.</para>
|
---|
[7e3a289] | 129 |
|
---|
[25332b5] | 130 | <para>Be sure to enable/disable/set the following features or the system might
|
---|
[1118b17] | 131 | not work correctly or boot at all:</para>
|
---|
[cba2d4e] | 132 |
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 133 | <screen role="nodump" revision="sysv">Processor type and features --->
|
---|
| 134 | [*] Build a relocatable kernel [CONFIG_RELOCATABLE]
|
---|
| 135 | [*] Randomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE]
|
---|
| 136 | General setup --->
|
---|
[ed2bec7] | 137 | [ ] Compile the kernel with warnings as errors [CONFIG_WERROR]
|
---|
[768ae15] | 138 | < > Enable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [CONFIG_IKHEADERS]
|
---|
[e0fb109] | 139 | [ ] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT]
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 140 | General architecture-dependent options --->
|
---|
| 141 | [*] Stack Protector buffer overflow detection [CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR]
|
---|
| 142 | [*] Strong Stack Protector [CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]
|
---|
[768ae15] | 143 | Device Drivers --->
|
---|
[6d19228] | 144 | Graphics support --->
|
---|
| 145 | Frame buffer Devices --->
|
---|
[dbab2a4] | 146 | <*> Support for frame buffer devices --->
|
---|
| 147 | Console display driver support --->
|
---|
| 148 | [*] Framebuffer Console support [CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]
|
---|
[e9ba8aa8] | 149 | Generic Driver Options --->
|
---|
[040ecb6] | 150 | [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]
|
---|
[6ad47308] | 151 | [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]
|
---|
| 152 | [*] Automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]</screen>
|
---|
[1118b17] | 153 |
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 154 | <screen role="nodump" revision="systemd">Processor type and features --->
|
---|
| 155 | [*] Build a relocatable kernel [CONFIG_RELOCATABLE]
|
---|
| 156 | [*] Randomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR) [CONFIG_RANDOMIZE_BASE]
|
---|
| 157 | General setup --->
|
---|
[ed2bec7] | 158 | [ ] Compile the kernel with warnings as errors [CONFIG_WERROR]
|
---|
[4b859f1] | 159 | [ ] Auditing Support [CONFIG_AUDIT]
|
---|
[6ad47308] | 160 | CPU/Task time and stats accounting --->
|
---|
| 161 | [*] Pressure stall information tracking [CONFIG_PSI]
|
---|
[d186249] | 162 | [ ] Require boot parameter to enable pressure stall information tracking [CONFIG_PSI_DEFAULT_DISABLED]
|
---|
[768ae15] | 163 | < > Enable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz [CONFIG_IKHEADERS]
|
---|
[68550bb] | 164 | [*] Control Group support [CONFIG_CGROUPS] --->
|
---|
| 165 | [*] Memory controller [CONFIG_MEMCG]
|
---|
[e0fb109] | 166 | [ ] Configure standard kernel features (expert users) [CONFIG_EXPERT]
|
---|
[2f14259] | 167 | General architecture-dependent options --->
|
---|
| 168 | [*] Enable seccomp to safely compute untrusted bytecode [CONFIG_SECCOMP]
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 169 | [*] Stack Protector buffer overflow detection [CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR]
|
---|
| 170 | [*] Strong Stack Protector [CONFIG_STACKPROTECTOR_STRONG]
|
---|
[6256b16] | 171 | [*] Networking support ---> [CONFIG_NET]
|
---|
| 172 | Networking options --->
|
---|
| 173 | [*] TCP/IP networking [CONFIG_INET]
|
---|
| 174 | <*> The IPv6 protocol [CONFIG_IPV6]
|
---|
[1118b17] | 175 | Device Drivers --->
|
---|
[6256b16] | 176 | Generic Driver Options --->
|
---|
| 177 | [ ] Support for uevent helper [CONFIG_UEVENT_HELPER]
|
---|
| 178 | [*] Maintain a devtmpfs filesystem to mount at /dev [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS]
|
---|
| 179 | [*] Automount devtmpfs at /dev, after the kernel mounted the rootfs [CONFIG_DEVTMPFS_MOUNT]
|
---|
| 180 | Firmware Loader --->
|
---|
| 181 | [ ] Enable the firmware sysfs fallback mechanism [CONFIG_FW_LOADER_USER_HELPER]
|
---|
| 182 | Firmware Drivers --->
|
---|
| 183 | [*] Export DMI identification via sysfs to userspace [CONFIG_DMIID]
|
---|
| 184 | Graphics support --->
|
---|
| 185 | Frame buffer Devices --->
|
---|
| 186 | <*> Support for frame buffer devices --->
|
---|
| 187 | Console display driver support --->
|
---|
| 188 | [*] Framebuffer Console support [CONFIG_FRAMEBUFFER_CONSOLE]
|
---|
[1118b17] | 189 | File systems --->
|
---|
[de5d133] | 190 | [*] Inotify support for userspace [CONFIG_INOTIFY_USER]
|
---|
[6ad47308] | 191 | Pseudo filesystems --->
|
---|
| 192 | [*] Tmpfs POSIX Access Control Lists [CONFIG_TMPFS_POSIX_ACL]</screen>
|
---|
[83b8644] | 193 |
|
---|
| 194 | <para>Enable some additional features if you are building a 64-bit
|
---|
| 195 | system. If you are using menuconfig, enable them in the order of
|
---|
| 196 | <parameter>CONFIG_PCI_MSI</parameter> first, then
|
---|
| 197 | <parameter>CONFIG_IRQ_REMAP</parameter>, at last
|
---|
| 198 | <parameter>CONFIG_X86_X2APIC</parameter> because an option only
|
---|
| 199 | shows up after its dependencies are selected.</para>
|
---|
| 200 |
|
---|
| 201 | <screen role="nodump">Processor type and features --->
|
---|
| 202 | [*] Support x2apic [CONFIG_X86_X2APIC]
|
---|
| 203 | Device Drivers --->
|
---|
| 204 | [*] PCI Support ---> [CONFIG_PCI]
|
---|
| 205 | [*] Message Signaled Interrupts (MSI and MSI-X) [CONFIG_PCI_MSI]
|
---|
| 206 | [*] IOMMU Hardware Support ---> [CONFIG_IOMMU_SUPPORT]
|
---|
| 207 | [*] Support for Interrupt Remapping [CONFIG_IRQ_REMAP]</screen>
|
---|
[0bf56aad] | 208 |
|
---|
| 209 | <para>If you are building a 32-bit system running on a hardware
|
---|
| 210 | with RAM more than 4GB, adjust the configuration so the kernel will
|
---|
| 211 | be able to use up to 64GB physical RAM:</para>
|
---|
| 212 |
|
---|
| 213 | <screen role="nodump">Processor type and features --->
|
---|
| 214 | High Memory Support --->
|
---|
| 215 | (X) 64GB [CONFIG_HIGHMEM64G]</screen>
|
---|
| 216 |
|
---|
| 217 | <para>If the partition for the LFS system is in a NVME SSD (i. e. the
|
---|
[57ccb5b] | 218 | device node for the partition is <filename>/dev/nvme*</filename>
|
---|
[0bf56aad] | 219 | instead of <filename>/dev/sd*</filename>), enable NVME support or
|
---|
| 220 | the LFS system won't boot:</para>
|
---|
| 221 |
|
---|
| 222 | <screen role="nodump">Device Drivers --->
|
---|
| 223 | NVME Support --->
|
---|
| 224 | <*> NVM Express block device [CONFIG_BLK_DEV_NVME]</screen>
|
---|
[1118b17] | 225 | </note>
|
---|
| 226 |
|
---|
| 227 | <note revision="systemd">
|
---|
| 228 | <para>While "The IPv6 Protocol" is not strictly
|
---|
| 229 | required, it is highly recommended by the systemd developers.</para>
|
---|
| 230 | </note>
|
---|
| 231 |
|
---|
[0bf56aad] | 232 | <para>There are several other options that may be desired
|
---|
[1118b17] | 233 | depending on the requirements for the system. For a list of options needed
|
---|
| 234 | for BLFS packages, see the <ulink
|
---|
| 235 | url="&lfs-root;blfs/view/&short-version;/longindex.html#kernel-config-index">BLFS
|
---|
[0bf56aad] | 236 | Index of Kernel Settings</ulink>.</para>
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 237 |
|
---|
[8e65a6a] | 238 | <note>
|
---|
[1c16a05] | 239 | <para>If your host hardware is using UEFI and you wish to boot the
|
---|
| 240 | LFS system with it, you should adjust some kernel configuration
|
---|
| 241 | following <ulink url="&blfs-book;postlfs/grub-setup.html#uefi-kernel">
|
---|
[0bf56aad] | 242 | the BLFS page</ulink> <emphasis role='bold'>even if you'll use the
|
---|
| 243 | UEFI bootloader from the host distro</emphasis>.</para>
|
---|
[8e65a6a] | 244 | </note>
|
---|
| 245 |
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 246 | <variablelist>
|
---|
| 247 | <title>The rationale for the above configuration items:</title>
|
---|
| 248 |
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 249 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 250 | <term><parameter>Randomize the address of the kernel image (KASLR)</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 251 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 252 | <para>Enable ASLR for kernel image, to mitigate some attacks based
|
---|
| 253 | on fixed addresses of sensitive data or code in the kernel.</para>
|
---|
| 254 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 255 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 256 |
|
---|
[ed2bec7] | 257 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 258 | <term>
|
---|
| 259 | <parameter>
|
---|
| 260 | Compile the kernel with warnings as errors
|
---|
| 261 | </parameter>
|
---|
| 262 | </term>
|
---|
| 263 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 264 | <para>This may cause building failure if the compiler and/or
|
---|
| 265 | configuration are different from those of the kernel
|
---|
| 266 | developers.</para>
|
---|
| 267 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 268 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 269 |
|
---|
[768ae15] | 270 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 271 | <term>
|
---|
| 272 | <parameter>
|
---|
| 273 | Enable kernel headers through /sys/kernel/kheaders.tar.xz
|
---|
| 274 | </parameter>
|
---|
| 275 | </term>
|
---|
| 276 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 277 | <para>This will require <command>cpio</command> building the kernel.
|
---|
| 278 | <command>cpio</command> is not installed by LFS.</para>
|
---|
| 279 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 280 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 281 |
|
---|
[e0fb109] | 282 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 283 | <term>
|
---|
| 284 | <parameter>
|
---|
| 285 | Configure standard kernel features (expert users)
|
---|
| 286 | </parameter>
|
---|
| 287 | </term>
|
---|
| 288 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 289 | <para>This will make some options show up in the configuration
|
---|
| 290 | interface but changing those options may be dangerous. Do not use
|
---|
| 291 | this unless you know what you are doing.</para>
|
---|
| 292 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 293 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 294 |
|
---|
[e5aa02fe] | 295 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 296 | <term><parameter>Strong Stack Protector</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 297 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 298 | <para>Enable SSP for the kernel. We've enabled it for the entire
|
---|
| 299 | userspace with <parameter>--enable-default-ssp</parameter>
|
---|
| 300 | configuring GCC, but the kernel does not use GCC default setting
|
---|
| 301 | for SSP. We enable it explicitly here.</para>
|
---|
| 302 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 303 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 304 |
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 305 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
[3aee2ac2] | 306 | <term><parameter>Support for uevent helper</parameter></term>
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 307 | <listitem>
|
---|
[edbeeb5] | 308 | <para>Having this option set may interfere with device
|
---|
[b1774158] | 309 | management when using Udev.</para>
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 310 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 311 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 312 |
|
---|
| 313 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 314 | <term><parameter>Maintain a devtmpfs</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 315 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 316 | <para>This will create automated device nodes which are populated by the
|
---|
[5c9a7bf] | 317 | kernel, even without Udev running. Udev then runs on top of this,
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 318 | managing permissions and adding symlinks. This configuration
|
---|
[b1774158] | 319 | item is required for all users of Udev.</para>
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 320 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 321 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 322 |
|
---|
[6ad47308] | 323 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 324 | <term><parameter>Automount devtmpfs at /dev</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 325 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 326 | <para>This will mount the kernel view of the devices on /dev
|
---|
| 327 | upon switching to root filesystem just before starting
|
---|
| 328 | init.</para>
|
---|
| 329 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 330 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 331 |
|
---|
[dbab2a4] | 332 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 333 | <term><parameter>Framebuffer Console support</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 334 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 335 | <para>This is needed to display the Linux console on a frame
|
---|
| 336 | buffer device. To allow the kernel to print debug messages at an
|
---|
| 337 | early boot stage, it shouldn't be built as a kernel module
|
---|
| 338 | unless an initramfs will be used. And, if
|
---|
| 339 | <option>CONFIG_DRM</option> (Direct Rendering Manager) is enabled,
|
---|
| 340 | it's likely <option>CONFIG_DRM_FBDEV_EMULATION</option> (Enable
|
---|
| 341 | legacy fbdev support for your modesetting driver) should be
|
---|
| 342 | enabled as well.</para>
|
---|
| 343 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 344 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 345 |
|
---|
[83b8644] | 346 | <varlistentry>
|
---|
| 347 | <term><parameter>Support x2apic</parameter></term>
|
---|
| 348 | <listitem>
|
---|
[feed7fea] | 349 | <para>Support running the interrupt controller of 64-bit x86
|
---|
| 350 | processors in x2APIC mode. x2APIC may be enabled by firmware on
|
---|
| 351 | 64-bit x86 systems, and a kernel without this option enabled will
|
---|
| 352 | panic on boot if x2APIC is enabled by firmware. This option has
|
---|
| 353 | has no effect, but also does no harm if x2APIC is disabled by the
|
---|
| 354 | firmware.</para>
|
---|
[83b8644] | 355 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 356 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 357 |
|
---|
[4e7d6a6] | 358 | </variablelist>
|
---|
[2081905] | 359 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 360 | <para>Alternatively, <command>make oldconfig</command> may be more
|
---|
| 361 | appropriate in some situations. See the <filename>README</filename>
|
---|
| 362 | file for more information.</para>
|
---|
| 363 |
|
---|
| 364 | <para>If desired, skip kernel configuration by copying the kernel
|
---|
| 365 | config file, <filename>.config</filename>, from the host system
|
---|
| 366 | (assuming it is available) to the unpacked <filename
|
---|
| 367 | class="directory">linux-&linux-version;</filename> directory. However,
|
---|
| 368 | we do not recommend this option. It is often better to explore all the
|
---|
| 369 | configuration menus and create the kernel configuration from
|
---|
| 370 | scratch.</para>
|
---|
| 371 |
|
---|
| 372 | <para>Compile the kernel image and modules:</para>
|
---|
[2081905] | 373 |
|
---|
[0445a3d] | 374 | <screen><userinput remap="make">make</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[2081905] | 375 |
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 376 | <para>If using kernel modules, module configuration in <filename
|
---|
| 377 | class="directory">/etc/modprobe.d</filename> may be required.
|
---|
| 378 | Information pertaining to modules and kernel configuration is
|
---|
[afcfd74] | 379 | located in <xref linkend="ch-config-udev"/> and in the kernel
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 380 | documentation in the <filename
|
---|
[b78c747] | 381 | class="directory">linux-&linux-version;/Documentation</filename> directory.
|
---|
[fba870f] | 382 | Also, <filename>modprobe.d(5)</filename> may be of interest.</para>
|
---|
[4b59d59] | 383 |
|
---|
[2e836fe] | 384 | <para>Unless module support has been disabled in the kernel configuration,
|
---|
| 385 | install the modules with:</para>
|
---|
[2081905] | 386 |
|
---|
[11ebea6] | 387 | <screen><userinput remap="install">make modules_install</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[2081905] | 388 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 389 | <para>After kernel compilation is complete, additional steps are
|
---|
| 390 | required to complete the installation. Some files need to be copied to
|
---|
| 391 | the <filename class="directory">/boot</filename> directory.</para>
|
---|
[81fd230] | 392 |
|
---|
[230381d] | 393 | <caution>
|
---|
[0ea3431] | 394 | <para>As the cross-built LFS system has a separate &boot-dir;
|
---|
| 395 | partition, the files copied below should go there. The easiest way to
|
---|
[f427ba23] | 396 | do that is to create the entry for &boot-dir; in &fstab; first (read
|
---|
| 397 | the previous section for details), then issue the following command
|
---|
[0ea3431] | 398 | as the &root; user:</para>
|
---|
[230381d] | 399 |
|
---|
[029f725] | 400 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>mount /boot</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 401 |
|
---|
| 402 | <para>We don't need to specify the path to the device node, as it's
|
---|
| 403 | already given in <filename>/etc/fstab</filename>.</para>
|
---|
[230381d] | 404 | </caution>
|
---|
| 405 |
|
---|
[f9bcaec] | 406 | <para>The path to the kernel image may vary depending on the platform being
|
---|
| 407 | used. The filename below can be changed to suit your taste, but the stem of
|
---|
[fe1643e] | 408 | the filename should be <emphasis>vmlinuz</emphasis> to be compatible with
|
---|
[f9bcaec] | 409 | the automatic setup of the boot process described in the next section. The
|
---|
| 410 | following command assumes an x86 architecture:</para>
|
---|
[2081905] | 411 |
|
---|
[3d7b4f6] | 412 | <screen><userinput remap="install">cp -iv arch/x86/boot/bzImage /boot/vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[2081905] | 413 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 414 | <para><filename>System.map</filename> is a symbol file for the kernel.
|
---|
| 415 | It maps the function entry points of every function in the kernel API,
|
---|
| 416 | as well as the addresses of the kernel data structures for the running
|
---|
[2ca8941] | 417 | kernel. It is used as a resource when investigating kernel problems.
|
---|
[6028823] | 418 | Issue the following command to install the map file:</para>
|
---|
[81fd230] | 419 |
|
---|
[0d84af1] | 420 | <screen><userinput remap="install">cp -iv System.map /boot/System.map-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[2081905] | 421 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 422 | <para>The kernel configuration file <filename>.config</filename>
|
---|
| 423 | produced by the <command>make menuconfig</command> step
|
---|
| 424 | above contains all the configuration selections for the kernel
|
---|
| 425 | that was just compiled. It is a good idea to keep this file for future
|
---|
| 426 | reference:</para>
|
---|
[81fd230] | 427 |
|
---|
[0d84af1] | 428 | <screen><userinput remap="install">cp -iv .config /boot/config-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[2081905] | 429 |
|
---|
[a1e18fa] | 430 | <para>Install the documentation for the Linux kernel:</para>
|
---|
| 431 |
|
---|
[0d824c5] | 432 | <screen><userinput remap="install">cp -r Documentation -T /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</userinput></screen>
|
---|
[a1e18fa] | 433 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 434 | <para>It is important to note that the files in the kernel source
|
---|
| 435 | directory are not owned by <emphasis>root</emphasis>. Whenever a
|
---|
| 436 | package is unpacked as user <emphasis>root</emphasis> (like we did
|
---|
| 437 | inside chroot), the files have the user and group IDs of whatever
|
---|
| 438 | they were on the packager's computer. This is usually not a problem
|
---|
| 439 | for any other package to be installed because the source tree is
|
---|
| 440 | removed after the installation. However, the Linux source tree is
|
---|
| 441 | often retained for a long time. Because of this, there is a chance
|
---|
| 442 | that whatever user ID the packager used will be assigned to somebody
|
---|
| 443 | on the machine. That person would then have write access to the kernel
|
---|
| 444 | source.</para>
|
---|
| 445 |
|
---|
[1c5e434] | 446 | <note>
|
---|
[9cea9a2] | 447 | <para>In many cases, the configuration of the kernel will need to be
|
---|
[1c5e434] | 448 | updated for packages that will be installed later in BLFS. Unlike
|
---|
| 449 | other packages, it is not necessary to remove the kernel source tree
|
---|
[9cea9a2] | 450 | after the newly built kernel is installed.</para>
|
---|
| 451 |
|
---|
[1c5e434] | 452 | <para>If the kernel source tree is going to be retained, run
|
---|
| 453 | <command>chown -R 0:0</command> on the <filename
|
---|
| 454 | class="directory">linux-&linux-version;</filename> directory to ensure
|
---|
| 455 | all files are owned by user <emphasis>root</emphasis>.</para>
|
---|
| 456 | </note>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 457 |
|
---|
| 458 | <warning>
|
---|
| 459 | <para>Some kernel documentation recommends creating a symlink from
|
---|
| 460 | <filename class="symlink">/usr/src/linux</filename> pointing to the kernel
|
---|
| 461 | source directory. This is specific to kernels prior to the 2.6 series and
|
---|
| 462 | <emphasis>must not</emphasis> be created on an LFS system as it can cause
|
---|
| 463 | problems for packages you may wish to build once your base LFS system is
|
---|
| 464 | complete.</para>
|
---|
[6c75ca3] | 465 | </warning>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 466 |
|
---|
[6c75ca3] | 467 | <warning>
|
---|
[4a32085] | 468 | <para>The headers in the system's <filename
|
---|
| 469 | class="directory">include</filename> directory (<filename
|
---|
| 470 | class="directory">/usr/include</filename>) should
|
---|
[b78c747] | 471 | <emphasis>always</emphasis> be the ones against which Glibc was compiled,
|
---|
[4a32085] | 472 | that is, the sanitised headers installed in <xref
|
---|
[efcb393] | 473 | linkend="ch-tools-linux-headers"/>. Therefore, they should
|
---|
[4a32085] | 474 | <emphasis>never</emphasis> be replaced by either the raw kernel headers
|
---|
| 475 | or any other kernel sanitized headers.</para>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 476 | </warning>
|
---|
| 477 |
|
---|
| 478 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 479 |
|
---|
[200e466] | 480 | <sect2 id="conf-modprobe" role="configuration">
|
---|
| 481 | <title>Configuring Linux Module Load Order</title>
|
---|
| 482 |
|
---|
| 483 | <indexterm zone="conf-modprobe">
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 484 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf">/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</primary>
|
---|
[200e466] | 485 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 486 |
|
---|
[cdd87ad] | 487 | <para>Most of the time Linux modules are loaded automatically, but
|
---|
| 488 | sometimes it needs some specific direction. The program that loads
|
---|
| 489 | modules, <command>modprobe</command> or <command>insmod</command>, uses
|
---|
| 490 | <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> for this purpose. This file
|
---|
| 491 | needs to be created so that if the USB drivers (ehci_hcd, ohci_hcd and
|
---|
| 492 | uhci_hcd) have been built as modules, they will be loaded in the correct
|
---|
| 493 | order; ehci_hcd needs to be loaded prior to ohci_hcd and uhci_hcd in order
|
---|
| 494 | to avoid a warning being output at boot time.</para>
|
---|
[200e466] | 495 |
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 496 | <para>Create a new file <filename>/etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</filename> by running
|
---|
[200e466] | 497 | the following:</para>
|
---|
| 498 |
|
---|
[23ba7a00] | 499 | <screen><userinput>install -v -m755 -d /etc/modprobe.d
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 500 | cat > /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf << "EOF"
|
---|
| 501 | <literal># Begin /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf
|
---|
[200e466] | 502 |
|
---|
| 503 | install ohci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i ohci_hcd ; true
|
---|
| 504 | install uhci_hcd /sbin/modprobe ehci_hcd ; /sbin/modprobe -i uhci_hcd ; true
|
---|
| 505 |
|
---|
[b67f2d6] | 506 | # End /etc/modprobe.d/usb.conf</literal>
|
---|
[200e466] | 507 | EOF</userinput></screen>
|
---|
| 508 |
|
---|
| 509 | </sect2>
|
---|
| 510 |
|
---|
[b78c747] | 511 | <sect2 id="contents-kernel" role="content">
|
---|
| 512 | <title>Contents of Linux</title>
|
---|
| 513 |
|
---|
| 514 | <segmentedlist>
|
---|
| 515 | <segtitle>Installed files</segtitle>
|
---|
[fe05b08] | 516 | <segtitle>Installed directories</segtitle>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 517 |
|
---|
| 518 | <seglistitem>
|
---|
[2ca8941] | 519 | <seg>config-&linux-version;,
|
---|
[0480d22] | 520 | vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;,
|
---|
[e787b1f] | 521 | and System.map-&linux-version;</seg>
|
---|
[fe05b08] | 522 | <seg>/lib/modules, /usr/share/doc/linux-&linux-version;</seg>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 523 | </seglistitem>
|
---|
| 524 | </segmentedlist>
|
---|
| 525 |
|
---|
| 526 | <variablelist>
|
---|
| 527 | <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead>
|
---|
| 528 | <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?>
|
---|
| 529 | <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?>
|
---|
| 530 |
|
---|
| 531 | <varlistentry id="config">
|
---|
| 532 | <term><filename>config-&linux-version;</filename></term>
|
---|
| 533 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 534 | <para>Contains all the configuration selections for the kernel</para>
|
---|
| 535 | <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel config">
|
---|
| 536 | <primary sortas="e-/boot/config">/boot/config-&linux-version;</primary>
|
---|
| 537 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 538 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 539 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 540 |
|
---|
| 541 | <varlistentry id="lfskernel">
|
---|
[784fdaed] | 542 | <term><filename>vmlinuz-&linux-version;-lfs-&version;</filename></term>
|
---|
[b78c747] | 543 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 544 | <para>The engine of the Linux system. When turning on the computer,
|
---|
| 545 | the kernel is the first part of the operating system that gets loaded.
|
---|
| 546 | It detects and initializes all components of the computer's hardware,
|
---|
| 547 | then makes these components available as a tree of files to the
|
---|
| 548 | software and turns a single CPU into a multitasking machine capable
|
---|
| 549 | of running scores of programs seemingly at the same time</para>
|
---|
| 550 | <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel lfskernel">
|
---|
| 551 | <primary sortas="b-lfskernel">lfskernel-&linux-version;</primary>
|
---|
| 552 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 553 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 554 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 555 |
|
---|
| 556 | <varlistentry id="System.map">
|
---|
| 557 | <term><filename>System.map-&linux-version;</filename></term>
|
---|
| 558 | <listitem>
|
---|
| 559 | <para>A list of addresses and symbols; it maps the entry points and
|
---|
| 560 | addresses of all the functions and data structures in the
|
---|
| 561 | kernel</para>
|
---|
| 562 | <indexterm zone="ch-bootable-kernel System.map">
|
---|
| 563 | <primary sortas="e-/boot/System.map">/boot/System.map-&linux-version;</primary>
|
---|
| 564 | </indexterm>
|
---|
| 565 | </listitem>
|
---|
| 566 | </varlistentry>
|
---|
| 567 |
|
---|
| 568 | </variablelist>
|
---|
| 569 |
|
---|
| 570 | </sect2>
|
---|
[673b0d8] | 571 |
|
---|
[6370fa6] | 572 | </sect1>
|
---|