- Timestamp:
- 02/03/2006 05:57:02 PM (19 years ago)
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- chapter06
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chapter06/bzip2.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-bzip2" role="wrap"> 7 <title>Bzip2-&bzip2-version;</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="bzip2.html"?> 9 10 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2"><primary sortas="a-Bzip2">Bzip2</primary></indexterm> 11 12 <sect2 role="package"><title/> 13 <para>The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing 14 files. Compressing text files with <command>bzip2</command> yields a much better 15 compression percentage than with the traditional <command>gzip</command>.</para> 16 17 <segmentedlist> 18 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle> 19 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle> 20 <seglistitem><seg>0.1 SBU</seg><seg>3.9 MB</seg></seglistitem> 21 </segmentedlist> 22 23 <segmentedlist> 24 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle> 25 <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, 26 GCC, Glibc, and Make</seg></seglistitem> 27 </segmentedlist> 28 </sect2> 29 30 <sect2 role="installation"> 31 <title>Installation of Bzip2</title> 32 33 <para>Apply a patch to install the documentation for this package:</para> 9 <?dbhtml filename="bzip2.html"?> 10 11 <title>Bzip2-&bzip2-version;</title> 12 13 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2"> 14 <primary sortas="a-Bzip2">Bzip2</primary> 15 </indexterm> 16 17 <sect2 role="package"> 18 <title/> 19 20 <para>The Bzip2 package contains programs for compressing and decompressing 21 files. Compressing text files with <command>bzip2</command> yields a much 22 better compression percentage than with the traditional 23 <command>gzip</command>.</para> 24 25 <segmentedlist> 26 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle> 27 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle> 28 29 <seglistitem> 30 <seg>0.1 SBU</seg> 31 <seg>3.9 MB</seg> 32 </seglistitem> 33 </segmentedlist> 34 35 <segmentedlist> 36 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle> 37 38 <seglistitem> 39 <seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Glibc, and Make</seg> 40 </seglistitem> 41 </segmentedlist> 42 43 </sect2> 44 45 <sect2 role="installation"> 46 <title>Installation of Bzip2</title> 47 48 <para>Apply a patch to install the documentation for this package:</para> 34 49 35 50 <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&bzip2-docs-patch;</userinput></screen> 36 51 37 <para>The <command>bzgrep</command> command does not escape '|' and '&' in 38 filenames passed to it. This allows arbitrary commands to be executed with the 39 privileges of the user running <command>bzgrep</command>. Apply the following to 40 address this:</para>52 <para>The <command>bzgrep</command> command does not escape '|' and '&' 53 in filenames passed to it. This allows arbitrary commands to be executed 54 with the privileges of the user running <command>bzgrep</command>. Apply 55 the following to address this:</para> 41 56 42 57 <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&bzip2-bzgrep-patch;</userinput></screen> 43 58 44 <para>Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:</para>59 <para>Prepare Bzip2 for compilation with:</para> 45 60 46 61 <screen><userinput>make -f Makefile-libbz2_so 47 62 make clean</userinput></screen> 48 63 49 <para>The <parameter>-f</parameter> flag will cause Bzip2 to be built 50 using a different <filename>Makefile</filename> file, in this case the 51 <filename>Makefile-libbz2_so</filename> file, which creates a dynamic 52 <filename class="libraryfile">libbz2.so</filename> library and links the Bzip2 53 utilities against it.</para> 54 55 <para>Compile and test the package:</para> 64 <variablelist> 65 <title>The meaning of the make parameter:</title> 66 67 <varlistentry> 68 <term><parameter>-f Makefile-libbz2_so</parameter></term> 69 <listitem> 70 <para>This will cause Bzip2 to be built using a different 71 <filename>Makefile</filename> file, in this case the 72 <filename>Makefile-libbz2_so</filename> file, which creates a dynamic 73 <filename class="libraryfile">libbz2.so</filename> library and links 74 the Bzip2 utilities against it.</para> 75 </listitem> 76 </varlistentry> 77 78 </variablelist> 79 80 <para>Compile and test the package:</para> 56 81 57 82 <screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen> 58 83 59 <para>If reinstalling Bzip2, perform60 <userinput>rm -vf /usr/bin/bz*</userinput> first, otherwise the following61 <command>make install</command> will fail.</para>62 63 <para>Install the programs:</para>84 <para>If reinstalling Bzip2, perform 85 <userinput>rm -vf /usr/bin/bz*</userinput> first, otherwise the following 86 <command>make install</command> will fail.</para> 87 88 <para>Install the programs:</para> 64 89 65 90 <screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen> 66 91 67 <para>Install the shared <command>bzip2</command> binary into the68 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> directory, make69 some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:</para>92 <para>Install the shared <command>bzip2</command> binary into the 93 <filename class="directory">/bin</filename> directory, make 94 some necessary symbolic links, and clean up:</para> 70 95 71 96 <screen><userinput>cp -v bzip2-shared /bin/bzip2 … … 76 101 ln -sv bzip2 /bin/bzcat</userinput></screen> 77 102 78 </sect2> 79 80 81 <sect2 id="contents-bzip2" role="content"><title>Contents of Bzip2</title> 82 83 <segmentedlist> 84 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> 85 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle> 86 <seglistitem><seg>bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp, bzdiff, 87 bzegrep, bzfgrep, bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless, and bzmore</seg> 88 <seg>libbz2.[a,so]</seg></seglistitem> 89 </segmentedlist> 90 91 <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> 92 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> 93 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> 94 95 <varlistentry id="bunzip2"> 96 <term><command>bunzip2</command></term> 97 <listitem> 98 <para>Decompresses bzipped files</para> 99 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bunzip2"><primary sortas="b-bunzip2">bunzip2</primary></indexterm> 100 </listitem> 101 </varlistentry> 102 103 <varlistentry id="bzcat"> 104 <term><command>bzcat</command></term> 105 <listitem> 106 <para>Decompresses to standard output</para> 107 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcat"><primary sortas="b-bzcat">bzcat</primary></indexterm> 108 </listitem> 109 </varlistentry> 110 111 <varlistentry id="bzcmp"> 112 <term><command>bzcmp</command></term> 113 <listitem> 114 <para>Runs <command>cmp</command> on bzipped files</para> 115 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcmp"><primary sortas="b-bzcmp">bzcmp</primary></indexterm> 116 </listitem> 117 </varlistentry> 118 119 <varlistentry id="bzdiff"> 120 <term><command>bzdiff</command></term> 121 <listitem> 122 <para>Runs <command>diff</command> on bzipped files</para> 123 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzdiff"><primary sortas="b-bzdiff">bzdiff</primary></indexterm> 124 </listitem> 125 </varlistentry> 126 127 <varlistentry id="bzgrep"> 128 <term><command>bzgrep</command></term> 129 <listitem> 130 <para>Runs <command>grep</command> on bzipped files</para> 131 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzgrep"><primary sortas="b-bzgrep">bzgrep</primary></indexterm> 132 </listitem> 133 </varlistentry> 134 135 <varlistentry id="bzegrep"> 136 <term><command>bzegrep</command></term> 137 <listitem> 138 <para>Runs <command>egrep</command> on bzipped files</para> 139 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzegrep"><primary sortas="b-bzegrep">bzegrep</primary></indexterm> 140 </listitem> 141 </varlistentry> 142 143 <varlistentry id="bzfgrep"> 144 <term><command>bzfgrep</command></term> 145 <listitem> 146 <para>Runs <command>fgrep</command> on bzipped files</para> 147 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzfgrep"><primary sortas="b-bzfgrep">bzfgrep</primary></indexterm> 148 </listitem> 149 </varlistentry> 150 151 <varlistentry id="bzip2"> 152 <term><command>bzip2</command></term> 153 <listitem> 154 <para>Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text 155 compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is 156 better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using 157 <quote>Lempel-Ziv</quote> algorithms, like <command>gzip</command></para> 158 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2"><primary sortas="b-bzip2">bzip2</primary></indexterm> 159 </listitem> 160 </varlistentry> 161 162 <varlistentry id="bzip2recover"> 163 <term><command>bzip2recover</command></term> 164 <listitem> 165 <para>Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files</para> 166 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2recover"><primary sortas="b-bzip2recover">bzip2recover</primary></indexterm> 167 </listitem> 168 </varlistentry> 169 170 <varlistentry id="bzless"> 171 <term><command>bzless</command></term> 172 <listitem> 173 <para>Runs <command>less</command> on bzipped files</para> 174 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzless"><primary sortas="b-bzless">bzless</primary></indexterm> 175 </listitem> 176 </varlistentry> 177 178 <varlistentry id="bzmore"> 179 <term><command>bzmore</command></term> 180 <listitem> 181 <para>Runs <command>more</command> on bzipped files</para> 182 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzmore"><primary sortas="b-bzmore">bzmore</primary></indexterm> 183 </listitem> 184 </varlistentry> 185 186 <varlistentry id="libbz2"> 187 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libbz2*</filename></term> 188 <listitem> 189 <para>The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data 190 compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm</para> 191 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 libbz2"><primary sortas="c-libbz2*">libbz2*</primary></indexterm> 192 </listitem> 193 </varlistentry> 194 </variablelist> 195 196 </sect2> 103 </sect2> 104 105 <sect2 id="contents-bzip2" role="content"> 106 <title>Contents of Bzip2</title> 107 108 <segmentedlist> 109 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> 110 <segtitle>Installed libraries</segtitle> 111 112 <seglistitem> 113 <seg>bunzip2 (link to bzip2), bzcat (link to bzip2), bzcmp, bzdiff, 114 bzegrep, bzfgrep, bzgrep, bzip2, bzip2recover, bzless, and bzmore</seg> 115 <seg>libbz2.[a,so]</seg> 116 </seglistitem> 117 </segmentedlist> 118 119 <variablelist> 120 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> 121 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> 122 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> 123 124 <varlistentry id="bunzip2"> 125 <term><command>bunzip2</command></term> 126 <listitem> 127 <para>Decompresses bzipped files</para> 128 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bunzip2"> 129 <primary sortas="b-bunzip2">bunzip2</primary> 130 </indexterm> 131 </listitem> 132 </varlistentry> 133 134 <varlistentry id="bzcat"> 135 <term><command>bzcat</command></term> 136 <listitem> 137 <para>Decompresses to standard output</para> 138 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcat"> 139 <primary sortas="b-bzcat">bzcat</primary> 140 </indexterm> 141 </listitem> 142 </varlistentry> 143 144 <varlistentry id="bzcmp"> 145 <term><command>bzcmp</command></term> 146 <listitem> 147 <para>Runs <command>cmp</command> on bzipped files</para> 148 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzcmp"> 149 <primary sortas="b-bzcmp">bzcmp</primary> 150 </indexterm> 151 </listitem> 152 </varlistentry> 153 154 <varlistentry id="bzdiff"> 155 <term><command>bzdiff</command></term> 156 <listitem> 157 <para>Runs <command>diff</command> on bzipped files</para> 158 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzdiff"> 159 <primary sortas="b-bzdiff">bzdiff</primary> 160 </indexterm> 161 </listitem> 162 </varlistentry> 163 164 <varlistentry id="bzgrep"> 165 <term><command>bzgrep</command></term> 166 <listitem> 167 <para>Runs <command>grep</command> on bzipped files</para> 168 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzgrep"> 169 <primary sortas="b-bzgrep">bzgrep</primary> 170 </indexterm> 171 </listitem> 172 </varlistentry> 173 174 <varlistentry id="bzegrep"> 175 <term><command>bzegrep</command></term> 176 <listitem> 177 <para>Runs <command>egrep</command> on bzipped files</para> 178 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzegrep"> 179 <primary sortas="b-bzegrep">bzegrep</primary> 180 </indexterm> 181 </listitem> 182 </varlistentry> 183 184 <varlistentry id="bzfgrep"> 185 <term><command>bzfgrep</command></term> 186 <listitem> 187 <para>Runs <command>fgrep</command> on bzipped files</para> 188 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzfgrep"> 189 <primary sortas="b-bzfgrep">bzfgrep</primary> 190 </indexterm> 191 </listitem> 192 </varlistentry> 193 194 <varlistentry id="bzip2"> 195 <term><command>bzip2</command></term> 196 <listitem> 197 <para>Compresses files using the Burrows-Wheeler block sorting text 198 compression algorithm with Huffman coding; the compression rate is 199 better than that achieved by more conventional compressors using 200 <quote>Lempel-Ziv</quote> algorithms, like <command>gzip</command></para> 201 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2"> 202 <primary sortas="b-bzip2">bzip2</primary> 203 </indexterm> 204 </listitem> 205 </varlistentry> 206 207 <varlistentry id="bzip2recover"> 208 <term><command>bzip2recover</command></term> 209 <listitem> 210 <para>Tries to recover data from damaged bzipped files</para> 211 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzip2recover"> 212 <primary sortas="b-bzip2recover">bzip2recover</primary> 213 </indexterm> 214 </listitem> 215 </varlistentry> 216 217 <varlistentry id="bzless"> 218 <term><command>bzless</command></term> 219 <listitem> 220 <para>Runs <command>less</command> on bzipped files</para> 221 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzless"> 222 <primary sortas="b-bzless">bzless</primary> 223 </indexterm> 224 </listitem> 225 </varlistentry> 226 227 <varlistentry id="bzmore"> 228 <term><command>bzmore</command></term> 229 <listitem> 230 <para>Runs <command>more</command> on bzipped files</para> 231 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 bzmore"> 232 <primary sortas="b-bzmore">bzmore</primary> 233 </indexterm> 234 </listitem> 235 </varlistentry> 236 237 <varlistentry id="libbz2"> 238 <term><filename class="libraryfile">libbz2*</filename></term> 239 <listitem> 240 <para>The library implementing lossless, block-sorting data 241 compression, using the Burrows-Wheeler algorithm</para> 242 <indexterm zone="ch-system-bzip2 libbz2"> 243 <primary sortas="c-libbz2*">libbz2*</primary> 244 </indexterm> 245 </listitem> 246 </varlistentry> 247 248 </variablelist> 249 250 </sect2> 197 251 198 252 </sect1> 199 -
chapter06/changingowner.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-changingowner"> 7 <title>Changing Ownership</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html"?> 9 <?dbhtml filename="changingowner.html"?> 9 10 10 <para>Currently, the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> 11 directory is owned by the user <emphasis>lfs</emphasis>, a user that 12 exists only on the host system. Although the <filename 13 class="directory">/tools</filename> directory can be deleted once the 14 LFS system has been finished, it can be retained to build additional 15 LFS systems. If the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> 16 directory is kept as is, the files are owned by a user ID without a 17 corresponding account. This is dangerous because a user account 18 created later could get this same user ID and would own the <filename 19 class="directory">/tools</filename> directory and all the files 20 therein, thus exposing these files to possible malicious 21 manipulation.</para> 11 <title>Changing Ownership</title> 22 12 23 <para>To avoid this issue, add the <emphasis>lfs</emphasis> user to 24 the new LFS system later when creating the 25 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file, taking care to assign it the 26 same user and group IDs as on the host system. Alternatively, assign 27 the contents of the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> 28 directory to user <emphasis>root</emphasis> by running the following 29 command:</para> 13 <para>Currently, the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory 14 is owned by the user <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem>, a user 15 that exists only on the host system. Although the <filename 16 class="directory">/tools</filename> directory can be deleted once the LFS 17 system has been finished, it can be retained to build additional LFS systems. 18 If the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory is kept as is, 19 the files are owned by a user ID without a corresponding account. This is 20 dangerous because a user account created later could get this same user ID 21 and would own the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory 22 and all the files therein, thus exposing these files to possible malicious 23 manipulation.</para> 24 25 <para>To avoid this issue, add the <systemitem class="username">lfs</systemitem> 26 user to the new LFS system later when creating the 27 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file, taking care to assign it the same user 28 and group IDs as on the host system. Alternatively, assign the contents of 29 the <filename class="directory">/tools</filename> directory to user 30 <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem> by running the following 31 command:</para> 30 32 31 33 <screen><userinput>chown -R 0:0 /tools</userinput></screen> 32 34 33 <para>The command uses <parameter>0:0</parameter> instead of34 <parameter>root:root</parameter>, because <command>chown</command>35 is unable to resolve the name <quote>root</quote> until the36 <filename>passwd</filename> file has been created.</para>35 <para>The command uses <parameter>0:0</parameter> instead of 36 <parameter>root:root</parameter>, because <command>chown</command> 37 is unable to resolve the name <quote>root</quote> until the 38 <filename>passwd</filename> file has been created.</para> 37 39 38 40 </sect1> 39 -
chapter06/chapter06.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE chapter PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <chapter id="chapter-building-system" xreflabel="Chapter 6"> 7 <?dbhtml dir="chapter06"?> 8 <title>Installing Basic System Software</title> 9 <?dbhtml filename="chapter06.html"?> 9 <?dbhtml dir="chapter06"?> 10 <?dbhtml filename="chapter06.html"?> 10 11 11 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="introduction.xml"/> 12 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pkgmgt.xml"/> 13 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/> 14 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="chroot.xml"/> 15 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/> 16 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="creatingdirs.xml"/> 17 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="createfiles.xml"/> 18 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pwdgroup.xml"/> 19 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="devices.xml"/> 20 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="linux-libc-headers.xml"/> 21 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-pages.xml"/> 22 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="glibc.xml"/> 23 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readjusting.xml"/> 24 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="binutils.xml"/> 25 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gcc.xml"/> 26 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="coreutils.xml"/> 27 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="zlib.xml"/> 28 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="mktemp.xml"/> 29 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iana-etc.xml"/> 30 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="findutils.xml"/> 31 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gawk.xml"/> 32 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="ncurses.xml"/> 33 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readline.xml"/> 34 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="vim.xml"/> 35 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="m4.xml"/> 36 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bison.xml"/> 37 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="less.xml"/> 38 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="db.xml"/> 39 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="groff.xml"/> 40 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sed.xml"/> 41 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="flex.xml"/> 42 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gettext.xml"/> 43 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="inetutils.xml"/> 44 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iproute2.xml"/> 45 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="perl.xml"/> 46 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="texinfo.xml"/> 47 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="autoconf.xml"/> 48 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="automake.xml"/> 49 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bash.xml"/> 50 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="file.xml"/> 51 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grep.xml"/> 52 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="libtool.xml"/> 53 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bzip2.xml"/> 54 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="diffutils.xml"/> 55 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kbd.xml"/> 56 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="e2fsprogs.xml"/> 57 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grub.xml"/> 58 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gzip.xml"/> 59 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-db.xml"/> 60 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="make.xml"/> 61 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="module-init-tools.xml"/> 62 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="patch.xml"/> 63 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="procps.xml"/> 64 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="psmisc.xml"/> 65 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="shadow.xml"/> 66 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysklogd.xml"/> 67 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysvinit.xml"/> 68 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="tar.xml"/> 69 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="udev.xml"/> 70 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="util-linux.xml"/> 71 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="aboutdebug.xml"/> 72 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="strippingagain.xml"/> 73 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="revisedchroot.xml"/> 12 <title>Installing Basic System Software</title> 13 14 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="introduction.xml"/> 15 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pkgmgt.xml"/> 16 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kernfs.xml"/> 17 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="chroot.xml"/> 18 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="changingowner.xml"/> 19 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="creatingdirs.xml"/> 20 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="createfiles.xml"/> 21 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="pwdgroup.xml"/> 22 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="devices.xml"/> 23 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="linux-libc-headers.xml"/> 24 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-pages.xml"/> 25 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="glibc.xml"/> 26 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readjusting.xml"/> 27 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="binutils.xml"/> 28 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gcc.xml"/> 29 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="coreutils.xml"/> 30 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="zlib.xml"/> 31 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="mktemp.xml"/> 32 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iana-etc.xml"/> 33 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="findutils.xml"/> 34 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gawk.xml"/> 35 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="ncurses.xml"/> 36 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="readline.xml"/> 37 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="vim.xml"/> 38 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="m4.xml"/> 39 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bison.xml"/> 40 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="less.xml"/> 41 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="db.xml"/> 42 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="groff.xml"/> 43 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sed.xml"/> 44 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="flex.xml"/> 45 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gettext.xml"/> 46 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="inetutils.xml"/> 47 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="iproute2.xml"/> 48 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="perl.xml"/> 49 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="texinfo.xml"/> 50 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="autoconf.xml"/> 51 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="automake.xml"/> 52 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bash.xml"/> 53 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="file.xml"/> 54 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grep.xml"/> 55 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="libtool.xml"/> 56 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="bzip2.xml"/> 57 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="diffutils.xml"/> 58 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="kbd.xml"/> 59 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="e2fsprogs.xml"/> 60 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="grub.xml"/> 61 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="gzip.xml"/> 62 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="man-db.xml"/> 63 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="make.xml"/> 64 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="module-init-tools.xml"/> 65 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="patch.xml"/> 66 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="procps.xml"/> 67 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="psmisc.xml"/> 68 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="shadow.xml"/> 69 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysklogd.xml"/> 70 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="sysvinit.xml"/> 71 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="tar.xml"/> 72 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="udev.xml"/> 73 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="util-linux.xml"/> 74 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="aboutdebug.xml"/> 75 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="strippingagain.xml"/> 76 <xi:include xmlns:xi="http://www.w3.org/2003/XInclude" href="revisedchroot.xml"/> 74 77 75 78 </chapter> -
chapter06/chroot.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-chroot"> 7 <title>Entering the Chroot Environment</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="chroot.html"?> 9 <?dbhtml filename="chroot.html"?> 9 10 10 <para>It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin 11 building and installing the final LFS system. As user 12 <emphasis>root</emphasis>, run the following command to enter the 13 realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary 14 tools:</para> 11 <title>Entering the Chroot Environment</title> 12 13 <para>It is time to enter the chroot environment to begin building and 14 installing the final LFS system. As user <systemitem 15 class="username">root</systemitem>, run the following command to enter the 16 realm that is, at the moment, populated with only the temporary tools:</para> 15 17 16 18 <screen><userinput>chroot "$LFS" /tools/bin/env -i \ … … 19 21 /tools/bin/bash --login +h</userinput></screen> 20 22 21 <para>The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the 22 <command>env</command> command will clear all variables of the chroot 23 environment. After that, only the <envar>HOME</envar>, 24 <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and 25 <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The 26 <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct will set the 27 <envar>TERM</envar> variable inside chroot to the same value as 28 outside chroot. This variable is needed for programs like 29 <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> to operate 30 properly. If other variables are needed, such as 31 <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is 32 a good place to set them again.</para> 23 <para>The <parameter>-i</parameter> option given to the <command>env</command> 24 command will clear all variables of the chroot environment. After that, only 25 the <envar>HOME</envar>, <envar>TERM</envar>, <envar>PS1</envar>, and 26 <envar>PATH</envar> variables are set again. The 27 <parameter>TERM=$TERM</parameter> construct will set the <envar>TERM</envar> 28 variable inside chroot to the same value as outside chroot. This variable is 29 needed for programs like <command>vim</command> and <command>less</command> 30 to operate properly. If other variables are needed, such as 31 <envar>CFLAGS</envar> or <envar>CXXFLAGS</envar>, this is a good place to set 32 them again.</para> 33 33 34 <para>From this point on, there is no need to use the35 <envar>LFS</envar> variable anymore, because all work will be 36 restricted to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is 37 told that<filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> is now the root38 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory.</para>34 <para>From this point on, there is no need to use the 35 <envar>LFS</envar> variable anymore, because all work will be restricted 36 to the LFS file system. This is because the Bash shell is told that 37 <filename class="directory">$LFS</filename> is now the root 38 (<filename class="directory">/</filename>) directory.</para> 39 39 40 <para>Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> comes last41 in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be42 used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not43 <quote>remember</quote> the locations of executed binaries—for this44 reason, hashing is switched off by passing the <parameter>+h</parameter> option45 to <command>bash</command>.</para>40 <para>Notice that <filename class="directory">/tools/bin</filename> comes last 41 in the <envar>PATH</envar>. This means that a temporary tool will no longer be 42 used once its final version is installed. This occurs when the shell does not 43 <quote>remember</quote> the locations of executed binaries—for this 44 reason, hashing is switched off by passing the <parameter>+h</parameter> option 45 to <command>bash</command>.</para> 46 46 47 <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder 48 of this chapter and the following chapters are run from within the 49 chroot environment. If you leave this environment for any reason 50 (rebooting for example), remember to first mount the <systemitem 51 class="filesystem">proc</systemitem> and <systemitem 52 class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file systems (discussed in the 53 previous section) and enter chroot again before continuing with the 54 installations.</para> 47 <para>It is important that all the commands throughout the remainder of this 48 chapter and the following chapters are run from within the chroot environment. 49 If you leave this environment for any reason (rebooting for example), remember 50 to first mount the <systemitem class="filesystem">proc</systemitem> and 51 <systemitem class="filesystem">devpts</systemitem> file systems (discussed 52 in the previous section) and enter chroot again before continuing with the 53 installations.</para> 55 54 56 <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say57 <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the58 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.</para>55 <para>Note that the <command>bash</command> prompt will say 56 <computeroutput>I have no name!</computeroutput> This is normal because the 57 <filename>/etc/passwd</filename> file has not been created yet.</para> 59 58 60 59 </sect1> 61 -
chapter06/coreutils.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-coreutils" role="wrap"> 7 <title>Coreutils-&coreutils-version;</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="coreutils.html"?> 9 10 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils"><primary sortas="a-Coreutils">Coreutils</primary></indexterm> 11 12 <sect2 role="package"><title/> 13 <para>The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the 14 basic system characteristics.</para> 15 16 <segmentedlist> 17 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle> 18 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle> 19 <seglistitem><seg>0.9 SBU</seg><seg>52.8 MB</seg></seglistitem> 20 </segmentedlist> 21 22 <segmentedlist> 23 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle> 24 <seglistitem><seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, 25 Gettext, Glibc, Grep, Make, Perl, and Sed</seg></seglistitem> 26 </segmentedlist> 27 </sect2> 28 29 <sect2 role="installation"> 30 <title>Installation of Coreutils</title> 31 32 <para>A known issue with the <command>uname</command> program from 33 this package is that the <parameter>-p</parameter> switch always 34 returns <computeroutput>unknown</computeroutput>. The following patch 35 fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:</para> 9 <?dbhtml filename="coreutils.html"?> 10 11 <title>Coreutils-&coreutils-version;</title> 12 13 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils"> 14 <primary sortas="a-Coreutils">Coreutils</primary> 15 </indexterm> 16 17 <sect2 role="package"> 18 <title/> 19 20 <para>The Coreutils package contains utilities for showing and setting the 21 basic system characteristics.</para> 22 23 <segmentedlist> 24 <segtitle>&buildtime;</segtitle> 25 <segtitle>&diskspace;</segtitle> 26 27 <seglistitem> 28 <seg>0.9 SBU</seg> 29 <seg>52.8 MB</seg> 30 </seglistitem> 31 </segmentedlist> 32 33 <segmentedlist> 34 <segtitle>&dependencies;</segtitle> 35 36 <seglistitem> 37 <seg>Bash, Binutils, Coreutils, Diffutils, GCC, Gettext, Glibc, 38 Grep, Make, Perl, and Sed</seg> 39 </seglistitem> 40 </segmentedlist> 41 42 </sect2> 43 44 <sect2 role="installation"> 45 <title>Installation of Coreutils</title> 46 47 <para>A known issue with the <command>uname</command> program from 48 this package is that the <parameter>-p</parameter> switch always 49 returns <computeroutput>unknown</computeroutput>. The following patch 50 fixes this behavior for Intel architectures:</para> 36 51 37 52 <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-uname-patch;</userinput></screen> 38 53 39 <para>Prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by40 other packages later:</para>54 <para>Prevent Coreutils from installing binaries that will be installed by 55 other packages later:</para> 41 56 42 57 <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-suppress-patch;</userinput></screen> 43 58 44 <para>POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character45 boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch46 fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:</para>59 <para>POSIX requires that programs from Coreutils recognize character 60 boundaries correctly even in multibyte locales. The following patch 61 fixes this non-compliance and other internationalization-related bugs:</para> 47 62 48 63 <screen><userinput>patch -Np1 -i ../&coreutils-i18n-patch;</userinput></screen> 49 64 50 <para>In order for the tests added by this patch to pass, the permissions for51 the test file have to be changed:</para>65 <para>In order for the tests added by this patch to pass, the permissions for 66 the test file have to be changed:</para> 52 67 53 68 <screen><userinput>chmod +x tests/sort/sort-mb-tests</userinput></screen> 54 69 55 <note><para>In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting 56 new bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible 57 without this patch.</para></note> 58 59 <para>It has been found that translated messages sometimes overflow a buffer 60 in the <command>who -Hu</command> command. Increase the buffer size:</para> 70 <note> 71 <para>In the past, many bugs were found in this patch. When reporting new 72 bugs to Coreutils maintainers, please check first if they are reproducible 73 without this patch.</para> 74 </note> 75 76 <para>It has been found that translated messages sometimes overflow a buffer 77 in the <command>who -Hu</command> command. Increase the buffer size:</para> 61 78 62 79 <screen><userinput>sed -i 's/_LEN 6/_LEN 20/' src/who.c</userinput></screen> 63 80 64 <para>Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:</para>81 <para>Now prepare Coreutils for compilation:</para> 65 82 66 83 <screen><userinput>./configure --prefix=/usr</userinput></screen> 67 84 68 <para>Compile the package:</para>85 <para>Compile the package:</para> 69 86 70 87 <screen><userinput>make</userinput></screen> 71 88 72 <para>The test suite of Coreutils makes several assumptions about the presence73 of system users and groups that are not valid within the minimal environment 74 that exists at the moment. Therefore, additional items need to be set up before 75 running the tests. Skip down to <quote>Install the package</quote> if not 76 running the test suite.</para>77 78 <para>Create two dummy groups and a dummy user:</para>89 <para>The test suite of Coreutils makes several assumptions about the 90 presence of system users and groups that are not valid within the minimal 91 environment that exists at the moment. Therefore, additional items need 92 to be set up before running the tests. Skip down to <quote>Install the 93 package</quote> if not running the test suite.</para> 94 95 <para>Create two dummy groups and a dummy user:</para> 79 96 80 97 <screen><userinput>echo "dummy1:x:1000:" >> /etc/group … … 82 99 echo "dummy:x:1000:1000::/root:/bin/bash" >> /etc/passwd</userinput></screen> 83 100 84 <para>Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that 85 are meant to be run as user <emphasis>root</emphasis>:</para>101 <para>Now the test suite is ready to be run. First, run the tests that are 102 meant to be run as user <systemitem class="username">root</systemitem>:</para> 86 103 87 104 <screen><userinput>make NON_ROOT_USERNAME=dummy check-root</userinput></screen> 88 105 89 <para>Then run the remainder of the tests as the90 <emphasis>dummy</emphasis> user:</para>106 <para>Then run the remainder of the tests as the 107 <systemitem class="username">dummy</systemitem> user:</para> 91 108 92 109 <screen><userinput>src/su dummy -c "make RUN_EXPENSIVE_TESTS=yes check"</userinput></screen> 93 110 94 <para>When testing is complete, remove the dummy user and 95 groups:</para> 111 <para>When testing is complete, remove the dummy user and groups:</para> 96 112 97 113 <screen><userinput>sed -i '/dummy/d' /etc/passwd /etc/group</userinput></screen> 98 114 99 <para>Install the package:</para>115 <para>Install the package:</para> 100 116 101 117 <screen><userinput>make install</userinput></screen> 102 118 103 <para>Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:</para>119 <para>Move programs to the locations specified by the FHS:</para> 104 120 105 121 <screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{cat,chgrp,chmod,chown,cp,date,dd,df,echo} /bin … … 108 124 mv -v /usr/bin/chroot /usr/sbin</userinput></screen> 109 125 110 <para>Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on 111 <command>head</command> and <command>sleep</command>. As 112 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> may not be available during the 113 early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root partition:</para> 126 <para>Some of the scripts in the LFS-Bootscripts package depend on 127 <command>head</command> and <command>sleep</command>. As 128 <filename class="directory">/usr</filename> may not be available during the 129 early stages of booting, those binaries need to be on the root 130 partition:</para> 114 131 115 132 <screen><userinput>mv -v /usr/bin/{head,sleep} /bin</userinput></screen> 116 133 117 </sect2> 118 119 120 <sect2 id="contents-coreutils" role="content"><title>Contents of Coreutils</title> 121 122 <segmentedlist> 123 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> 124 <seglistitem><seg>basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, 125 comm, cp, csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, 126 echo, env, expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, 127 hostid, hostname, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, 128 mkdir, mkfifo, mknod, mv, nice, nl, nohup, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, 129 pr, printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, rm, rmdir, seq, sha1sum, 130 shred, sleep, sort, split, stat, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, 131 test, touch, tr, true, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, 132 users, vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</seg></seglistitem> 133 </segmentedlist> 134 135 <variablelist><bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> 136 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> 137 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> 138 139 <varlistentry id="basename"> 140 <term><command>basename</command></term> 141 <listitem> 142 <para>Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name</para> 143 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils basename"><primary sortas="b-basename">basename</primary></indexterm> 144 </listitem> 145 </varlistentry> 146 147 <varlistentry id="cat"> 148 <term><command>cat</command></term> 149 <listitem> 150 <para>Concatenates files to standard output</para> 151 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cat"><primary sortas="b-cat">cat</primary></indexterm> 152 </listitem> 153 </varlistentry> 154 155 <varlistentry id="chgrp"> 156 <term><command>chgrp</command></term> 157 <listitem> 158 <para>Changes the group ownership of files and directories</para> 159 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chgrp"><primary sortas="b-chgrp">chgrp</primary></indexterm> 160 </listitem> 161 </varlistentry> 162 163 <varlistentry id="chmod"> 164 <term><command>chmod</command></term> 165 <listitem> 166 <para>Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode 167 can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an 168 octal number representing the new permissions</para> 169 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chmod"><primary sortas="b-chmod">chmod</primary></indexterm> 170 </listitem> 171 </varlistentry> 172 173 <varlistentry id="chown"> 174 <term><command>chown</command></term> 175 <listitem> 176 <para>Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and directories</para> 177 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chown"><primary sortas="b-chown">chown</primary></indexterm> 178 </listitem> 179 </varlistentry> 180 181 <varlistentry id="chroot"> 182 <term><command>chroot</command></term> 183 <listitem> 184 <para>Runs a command with the specified directory as the 185 <filename class="directory">/</filename> directory</para> 186 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chroot"><primary sortas="b-chroot">chroot</primary></indexterm> 187 </listitem> 188 </varlistentry> 189 190 <varlistentry id="cksum"> 191 <term><command>cksum</command></term> 192 <listitem> 193 <para>Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte 194 counts of each specified file</para> 195 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cksum"><primary sortas="b-cksum">cksum</primary></indexterm> 196 </listitem> 197 </varlistentry> 198 199 <varlistentry id="comm"> 200 <term><command>comm</command></term> 201 <listitem> 202 <para>Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines 203 that are unique and the lines that are common</para> 204 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils comm"><primary sortas="b-comm">comm</primary></indexterm> 205 </listitem> 206 </varlistentry> 207 208 <varlistentry id="cp"> 209 <term><command>cp</command></term> 210 <listitem> 211 <para>Copies files</para> 212 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cp"><primary sortas="b-cp">cp</primary></indexterm> 213 </listitem> 214 </varlistentry> 215 216 <varlistentry id="csplit"> 217 <term><command>csplit</command></term> 218 <listitem> 219 <para>Splits a given file into several new files, separating them 220 according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte 221 count of each new file</para> 222 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils csplit"><primary sortas="b-csplit">csplit</primary></indexterm> 223 </listitem> 224 </varlistentry> 225 226 <varlistentry id="cut"> 227 <term><command>cut</command></term> 228 <listitem> 229 <para>Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given 230 fields or positions</para> 231 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cut"><primary sortas="b-cut">cut</primary></indexterm> 232 </listitem> 233 </varlistentry> 234 235 <varlistentry id="date"> 236 <term><command>date</command></term> 237 <listitem> 238 <para>Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the 239 system date</para> 240 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils date"><primary sortas="b-date">date</primary></indexterm> 241 </listitem> 242 </varlistentry> 243 244 <varlistentry id="dd"> 245 <term><command>dd</command> </term> 246 <listitem> 247 <para>Copies a file using the given block size and count, while 248 optionally performing conversions on it</para> 249 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dd"><primary sortas="b-dd">dd</primary></indexterm> 250 </listitem> 251 </varlistentry> 252 253 <varlistentry id="df"> 254 <term><command>df</command></term> 255 <listitem> 256 <para>Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all 257 mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected 258 files</para> 259 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils df"><primary sortas="b-df">df</primary></indexterm> 260 </listitem> 261 </varlistentry> 262 263 <varlistentry id="dir"> 264 <term><command>dir</command></term> 265 <listitem> 266 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as 267 the <command>ls</command> command)</para> 268 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dir"><primary sortas="b-dir">dir</primary></indexterm> 269 </listitem> 270 </varlistentry> 271 272 <varlistentry id="dircolors"> 273 <term><command>dircolors</command></term> 274 <listitem> 275 <para>Outputs commands to set the <envar>LS_COLOR</envar> 276 environment variable to change the color scheme used by 277 <command>ls</command></para> 278 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dircolors"><primary sortas="b-dircolors">dircolors</primary></indexterm> 279 </listitem> 280 </varlistentry> 281 282 <varlistentry id="dirname"> 283 <term><command>dirname</command></term> 284 <listitem> 285 <para>Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name</para> 286 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dirname"><primary sortas="b-dirname">dirname</primary></indexterm> 287 </listitem> 288 </varlistentry> 289 290 <varlistentry id="du"> 291 <term><command>du</command></term> 292 <listitem> 293 <para>Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory, 294 by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by 295 each of the given files</para> 296 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils du"><primary sortas="b-du">du</primary></indexterm> 297 </listitem> 298 </varlistentry> 299 300 <varlistentry id="echo"> 301 <term><command>echo</command></term> 302 <listitem> 303 <para>Displays the given strings</para> 304 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils echo"><primary sortas="b-echo">echo</primary></indexterm> 305 </listitem> 306 </varlistentry> 307 308 <varlistentry id="env"> 309 <term><command>env</command></term> 310 <listitem> 311 <para>Runs a command in a modified environment</para> 312 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils env"><primary sortas="b-env">env</primary></indexterm> 313 </listitem> 314 </varlistentry> 315 316 <varlistentry id="expand"> 317 <term><command>expand</command></term> 318 <listitem> 319 <para>Converts tabs to spaces</para> 320 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expand"><primary sortas="b-expand">expand</primary></indexterm> 321 </listitem> 322 </varlistentry> 323 324 <varlistentry id="expr"> 325 <term><command>expr</command></term> 326 <listitem> 327 <para>Evaluates expressions</para> 328 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expr"><primary sortas="b-expr">expr</primary></indexterm> 329 </listitem> 330 </varlistentry> 331 332 <varlistentry id="factor"> 333 <term><command>factor</command></term> 334 <listitem> 335 <para>Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers</para> 336 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils factor"><primary sortas="b-factor">factor</primary></indexterm> 337 </listitem> 338 </varlistentry> 339 340 <varlistentry id="false"> 341 <term><command>false</command></term> 342 <listitem> 343 <para>Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code 344 indicating failure</para> 345 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils false"><primary sortas="b-false">false</primary></indexterm> 346 </listitem> 347 </varlistentry> 348 349 <varlistentry id="fmt"> 350 <term><command>fmt</command></term> 351 <listitem> 352 <para>Reformats the paragraphs in the given files</para> 353 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fmt"><primary sortas="b-fmt">fmt</primary></indexterm> 354 </listitem> 355 </varlistentry> 356 357 <varlistentry id="fold"> 358 <term><command>fold</command></term> 359 <listitem> 360 <para>Wraps the lines in the given files</para> 361 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fold"><primary sortas="b-fold">fold</primary></indexterm> 362 </listitem> 363 </varlistentry> 364 365 <varlistentry id="groups"> 366 <term><command>groups</command></term> 367 <listitem> 368 <para>Reports a user's group memberships</para> 369 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils groups"><primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary></indexterm> 370 </listitem> 371 </varlistentry> 372 373 <varlistentry id="head"> 374 <term><command>head</command></term> 375 <listitem> 376 <para>Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each given file</para> 377 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils head"><primary sortas="b-head">head</primary></indexterm> 378 </listitem> 379 </varlistentry> 380 381 <varlistentry id="hostid"> 382 <term><command>hostid</command></term> 383 <listitem> 384 <para>Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host</para> 385 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostid"><primary sortas="b-hostid">hostid</primary></indexterm> 386 </listitem> 387 </varlistentry> 388 389 <varlistentry id="hostname"> 390 <term><command>hostname</command></term> 391 <listitem> 392 <para>Reports or sets the name of the host</para> 393 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostname"><primary sortas="b-hostname">hostname</primary></indexterm> 394 </listitem> 395 </varlistentry> 396 397 <varlistentry id="id"> 398 <term><command>id</command></term> 399 <listitem> 400 <para>Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and 401 group memberships of the current user or specified user</para> 402 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils id"><primary sortas="b-id">id</primary></indexterm> 403 </listitem> 404 </varlistentry> 405 406 <varlistentry id="install"> 407 <term><command>install</command> </term> 408 <listitem> 409 <para>Copies files while setting their 410 permission modes and, if possible, their owner and group</para> 411 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils install"><primary sortas="b-install">install</primary></indexterm> 412 </listitem> 413 </varlistentry> 414 415 <varlistentry id="join"> 416 <term><command>join</command></term> 417 <listitem> 418 <para>Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two 419 separate files</para> 420 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils join"><primary sortas="b-join">join</primary></indexterm> 421 </listitem> 422 </varlistentry> 423 424 <varlistentry id="link"> 425 <term><command>link</command></term> 426 <listitem> 427 <para>Creates a hard link with the given name to a file</para> 428 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils link"><primary sortas="b-link">link</primary></indexterm> 429 </listitem> 430 </varlistentry> 431 432 <varlistentry id="ln"> 433 <term><command>ln</command></term> 434 <listitem> 435 <para>Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files</para> 436 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ln"><primary sortas="b-ln">ln</primary></indexterm> 437 </listitem> 438 </varlistentry> 439 440 <varlistentry id="logname"> 441 <term><command>logname</command></term> 442 <listitem> 443 <para>Reports the current user's login name</para> 444 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils logname"><primary sortas="b-logname">logname</primary></indexterm> 445 </listitem> 446 </varlistentry> 447 448 <varlistentry id="ls"> 449 <term><command>ls</command></term> 450 <listitem> 451 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory</para> 452 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ls"><primary sortas="b-ls">ls</primary></indexterm> 453 </listitem> 454 </varlistentry> 455 456 <varlistentry id="md5sum"> 457 <term><command>md5sum</command></term> 458 <listitem> 459 <para>Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums</para> 460 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils md5sum"><primary sortas="b-md5sum">md5sum</primary></indexterm> 461 </listitem> 462 </varlistentry> 463 464 <varlistentry id="mkdir"> 465 <term><command>mkdir</command></term> 466 <listitem> 467 <para>Creates directories with the given names</para> 468 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkdir"><primary sortas="b-mkdir">mkdir</primary></indexterm> 469 </listitem> 470 </varlistentry> 471 472 <varlistentry id="mkfifo"> 473 <term><command>mkfifo</command></term> 474 <listitem> 475 <para>Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a <quote>named 476 pipe</quote> in UNIX parlance, with the given names</para> 477 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkfifo"><primary sortas="b-mkfifo">mkfifo</primary></indexterm> 478 </listitem> 479 </varlistentry> 480 481 <varlistentry id="mknod"> 482 <term><command>mknod</command></term> 483 <listitem> 484 <para>Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a 485 character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO</para> 486 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mknod"><primary sortas="b-mknod">mknod</primary></indexterm> 487 </listitem> 488 </varlistentry> 489 490 <varlistentry id="mv"> 491 <term><command>mv</command></term> 492 <listitem> 493 <para>Moves or renames files or directories</para> 494 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mv"><primary sortas="b-mv">mv</primary></indexterm> 495 </listitem> 496 </varlistentry> 497 498 <varlistentry id="nice"> 499 <term><command>nice</command></term> 500 <listitem> 501 <para>Runs a program with modified scheduling priority</para> 502 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nice"><primary sortas="b-nice">nice</primary></indexterm> 503 </listitem> 504 </varlistentry> 505 506 <varlistentry id="nl"> 507 <term><command>nl</command></term> 508 <listitem> 509 <para>Numbers the lines from the given files</para> 510 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nl"><primary sortas="b-nl">nl</primary></indexterm> 511 </listitem> 512 </varlistentry> 513 514 <varlistentry id="nohup"> 515 <term><command>nohup</command></term> 516 <listitem> 517 <para>Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to 518 a log file</para> 519 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nohup"><primary sortas="b-nohup">nohup</primary></indexterm> 520 </listitem> 521 </varlistentry> 522 523 <varlistentry id="od"> 524 <term><command>od</command></term> 525 <listitem> 526 <para>Dumps files in octal and other formats</para> 527 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils od"><primary sortas="b-od">od</primary></indexterm> 528 </listitem> 529 </varlistentry> 530 531 <varlistentry id="paste"> 532 <term><command>paste</command></term> 533 <listitem> 534 <para>Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines 535 side by side, separated by tab characters</para> 536 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils paste"><primary sortas="b-paste">paste</primary></indexterm> 537 </listitem> 538 </varlistentry> 539 540 <varlistentry id="pathchk"> 541 <term><command>pathchk</command></term> 542 <listitem> 543 <para>Checks if file names are valid or portable</para> 544 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pathchk"><primary sortas="b-pathchk">pathchk</primary></indexterm> 545 </listitem> 546 </varlistentry> 547 548 <varlistentry id="pinky"> 549 <term><command>pinky</command></term> 550 <listitem> 551 <para>Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information about the given users</para> 552 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pinky"><primary sortas="b-pinky">pinky</primary></indexterm> 553 </listitem> 554 </varlistentry> 555 556 <varlistentry id="pr"> 557 <term><command>pr</command></term> 558 <listitem> 559 <para>Paginates and columnates files for printing</para> 560 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pr"><primary sortas="b-pr">pr</primary></indexterm> 561 </listitem> 562 </varlistentry> 563 564 <varlistentry id="printenv"> 565 <term><command>printenv</command></term> 566 <listitem> 567 <para>Prints the environment</para> 568 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printenv"><primary sortas="b-printenv">printenv</primary></indexterm> 569 </listitem> 570 </varlistentry> 571 572 <varlistentry id="printf"> 573 <term><command>printf</command></term> 574 <listitem> 575 <para>Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much 576 like the C printf function</para> 577 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printf"><primary sortas="b-printf">printf</primary></indexterm> 578 </listitem> 579 </varlistentry> 580 581 <varlistentry id="ptx"> 582 <term><command>ptx</command></term> 583 <listitem> 584 <para>Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files, 585 with each keyword in its context</para> 586 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ptx"><primary sortas="b-ptx">ptx</primary></indexterm> 587 </listitem> 588 </varlistentry> 589 590 <varlistentry id="pwd"> 591 <term><command>pwd</command></term> 592 <listitem> 593 <para>Reports the name of the current working directory</para> 594 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pwd"><primary sortas="b-pwd">pwd</primary></indexterm> 595 </listitem> 596 </varlistentry> 597 598 <varlistentry id="readlink"> 599 <term><command>readlink</command></term> 600 <listitem> 601 <para>Reports the value of the given symbolic link</para> 602 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils readlink"><primary sortas="b-readlink">readlink</primary></indexterm> 603 </listitem> 604 </varlistentry> 605 606 <varlistentry id="rm"> 607 <term><command>rm</command></term> 608 <listitem> 609 <para>Removes files or directories</para> 610 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rm"><primary sortas="b-rm">rm</primary></indexterm> 611 </listitem> 612 </varlistentry> 613 614 <varlistentry id="rmdir"> 615 <term><command>rmdir</command></term> 616 <listitem> 617 <para>Removes directories if they are empty</para> 618 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rmdir"><primary sortas="b-rmdir">rmdir</primary></indexterm> 619 </listitem> 620 </varlistentry> 621 622 <varlistentry id="seq"> 623 <term><command>seq</command></term> 624 <listitem> 625 <para>Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a 626 given increment</para> 627 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils seq"><primary sortas="b-seq">seq</primary></indexterm> 628 </listitem> 629 </varlistentry> 630 631 <varlistentry id="sha1sum"> 632 <term><command>sha1sum</command></term> 633 <listitem> 634 <para>Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) checksums</para> 635 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha1sum"><primary sortas="b-sha1sum">sha1sum</primary></indexterm> 636 </listitem> 637 </varlistentry> 638 639 <varlistentry id="shred"> 640 <term><command>shred</command></term> 641 <listitem> 642 <para>Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns, 643 making it difficult to recover the data</para> 644 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shred"><primary sortas="b-shred">shred</primary></indexterm> 645 </listitem> 646 </varlistentry> 647 648 <varlistentry id="sleep"> 649 <term><command>sleep</command></term> 650 <listitem> 651 <para>Pauses for the given amount of time</para> 652 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sleep"><primary sortas="b-sleep">sleep</primary></indexterm> 653 </listitem> 654 </varlistentry> 655 656 <varlistentry id="sort"> 657 <term><command>sort</command></term> 658 <listitem> 659 <para>Sorts the lines from the given files</para> 660 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sort"><primary sortas="b-sort">sort</primary></indexterm> 661 </listitem> 662 </varlistentry> 663 664 <varlistentry id="split"> 665 <term><command>split</command></term> 666 <listitem> 667 <para>Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of lines</para> 668 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils split"><primary sortas="b-split">split</primary></indexterm> 669 </listitem> 670 </varlistentry> 671 672 <varlistentry id="stat"> 673 <term><command>stat</command></term> 674 <listitem> 675 <para>Displays file or filesystem status</para> 676 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stat"><primary sortas="b-stat">stat</primary></indexterm> 677 </listitem> 678 </varlistentry> 679 680 <varlistentry id="stty"> 681 <term><command>stty</command></term> 682 <listitem> 683 <para>Sets or reports terminal line settings</para> 684 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stty"><primary sortas="b-stty">stty</primary></indexterm> 685 </listitem> 686 </varlistentry> 687 688 <varlistentry id="sum"> 689 <term><command>sum</command></term> 690 <listitem> 691 <para>Prints checksum and block counts for each given file</para> 692 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sum"><primary sortas="b-sum">sum</primary></indexterm> 693 </listitem> 694 </varlistentry> 695 696 <varlistentry id="sync"> 697 <term><command>sync</command></term> 698 <listitem> 699 <para>Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk 700 and updates the super block</para> 701 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sync"><primary sortas="b-sync">sync</primary></indexterm> 702 </listitem> 703 </varlistentry> 704 705 <varlistentry id="tac"> 706 <term><command>tac</command></term> 707 <listitem> 708 <para>Concatenates the given files in reverse</para> 709 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tac"><primary sortas="b-tac">tac</primary></indexterm> 710 </listitem> 711 </varlistentry> 712 713 <varlistentry id="tail"> 714 <term><command>tail</command></term> 715 <listitem> 716 <para>Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each 717 given file</para> 718 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tail"><primary sortas="b-tail">tail</primary></indexterm> 719 </listitem> 720 </varlistentry> 721 722 <varlistentry id="tee"> 723 <term><command>tee</command></term> 724 <listitem> 725 <para>Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output 726 and to the given files</para> 727 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tee"><primary sortas="b-tee">tee</primary></indexterm> 728 </listitem> 729 </varlistentry> 730 731 <varlistentry id="test"> 732 <term><command>test</command></term> 733 <listitem> 734 <para>Compares values and checks file types</para> 735 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils test"><primary sortas="b-test">test</primary></indexterm> 736 </listitem> 737 </varlistentry> 738 739 <varlistentry id="touch"> 740 <term><command>touch</command></term> 741 <listitem> 742 <para>Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification 743 times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist 744 are created with zero length</para> 745 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils touch"><primary sortas="b-touch">touch</primary></indexterm> 746 </listitem> 747 </varlistentry> 748 749 <varlistentry id="tr"> 750 <term><command>tr</command></term> 751 <listitem> 752 <para>Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from 753 standard input</para> 754 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tr"><primary sortas="b-tr">tr</primary></indexterm> 755 </listitem> 756 </varlistentry> 757 758 <varlistentry id="true"> 759 <term><command>true</command></term> 760 <listitem> 761 <para>Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code 762 indicating success</para> 763 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils true"><primary sortas="b-true">true</primary></indexterm> 764 </listitem> 765 </varlistentry> 766 767 <varlistentry id="tsort"> 768 <term><command>tsort</command></term> 769 <listitem> 770 <para>Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list 771 according to the partial ordering in a given file</para> 772 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tsort"><primary sortas="b-tsort">tsort</primary></indexterm> 773 </listitem> 774 </varlistentry> 775 776 <varlistentry id="tty"> 777 <term><command>tty</command></term> 778 <listitem> 779 <para>Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard 780 input</para> 781 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tty"><primary sortas="b-tty">tty</primary></indexterm> 782 </listitem> 783 </varlistentry> 784 785 <varlistentry id="uname"> 786 <term><command>uname</command></term> 787 <listitem> 788 <para>Reports system information</para> 789 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uname"><primary sortas="b-uname">uname</primary></indexterm> 790 </listitem> 791 </varlistentry> 792 793 <varlistentry id="unexpand"> 794 <term><command>unexpand</command></term> 795 <listitem> 796 <para>Converts spaces to tabs</para> 797 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unexpand"><primary sortas="b-unexpand">unexpand</primary></indexterm> 798 </listitem> 799 </varlistentry> 800 801 <varlistentry id="uniq"> 802 <term><command>uniq</command></term> 803 <listitem> 804 <para>Discards all but one of successive identical lines</para> 805 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uniq"><primary sortas="b-uniq">uniq</primary></indexterm> 806 </listitem> 807 </varlistentry> 808 809 <varlistentry id="unlink"> 810 <term><command>unlink</command></term> 811 <listitem> 812 <para>Removes the given file</para> 813 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unlink"><primary sortas="b-unlink">unlink</primary></indexterm> 814 </listitem> 815 </varlistentry> 816 817 <varlistentry id="users"> 818 <term><command>users</command></term> 819 <listitem> 820 <para>Reports the names of the users currently logged on</para> 821 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils users"><primary sortas="b-users">users</primary></indexterm> 822 </listitem> 823 </varlistentry> 824 825 <varlistentry id="vdir"> 826 <term><command>vdir</command></term> 827 <listitem> 828 <para>Is the same as <command>ls -l</command></para> 829 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils vdir"><primary sortas="b-vdir">vdir</primary></indexterm> 830 </listitem> 831 </varlistentry> 832 833 <varlistentry id="wc"> 834 <term><command>wc</command></term> 835 <listitem> 836 <para>Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given 837 file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given</para> 838 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils wc"><primary sortas="b-wc">wc</primary></indexterm> 839 </listitem> 840 </varlistentry> 841 842 <varlistentry id="who"> 843 <term><command>who</command></term> 844 <listitem> 845 <para>Reports who is logged on</para> 846 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils who"><primary sortas="b-who">who</primary></indexterm> 847 </listitem> 848 </varlistentry> 849 850 <varlistentry id="whoami"> 851 <term><command>whoami</command></term> 852 <listitem> 853 <para>Reports the user name associated with the current effective user ID</para> 854 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils whoami"><primary sortas="b-whoami">whoami</primary></indexterm> 855 </listitem> 856 </varlistentry> 857 858 <varlistentry id="yes"> 859 <term><command>yes</command></term> 860 <listitem> 861 <para>Repeatedly outputs <quote>y</quote> or a given string until 862 killed</para> 863 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils yes"><primary sortas="b-yes">yes</primary></indexterm> 864 </listitem> 865 </varlistentry> 866 </variablelist> 867 868 </sect2> 134 </sect2> 135 136 137 <sect2 id="contents-coreutils" role="content"> 138 <title>Contents of Coreutils</title> 139 140 <segmentedlist> 141 <segtitle>Installed programs</segtitle> 142 143 <seglistitem> 144 <seg>basename, cat, chgrp, chmod, chown, chroot, cksum, comm, cp, 145 csplit, cut, date, dd, df, dir, dircolors, dirname, du, echo, env, 146 expand, expr, factor, false, fmt, fold, groups, head, hostid, 147 hostname, id, install, join, link, ln, logname, ls, md5sum, mkdir, 148 mkfifo, mknod, mv, nice, nl, nohup, od, paste, pathchk, pinky, pr, 149 printenv, printf, ptx, pwd, readlink, rm, rmdir, seq, sha1sum, shred, 150 sleep, sort, split, stat, stty, sum, sync, tac, tail, tee, test, 151 touch, tr, true, tsort, tty, uname, unexpand, uniq, unlink, users, 152 vdir, wc, who, whoami, and yes</seg> 153 </seglistitem> 154 </segmentedlist> 155 156 <variablelist> 157 <bridgehead renderas="sect3">Short Descriptions</bridgehead> 158 <?dbfo list-presentation="list"?> 159 <?dbhtml list-presentation="table"?> 160 161 <varlistentry id="basename"> 162 <term><command>basename</command></term> 163 <listitem> 164 <para>Strips any path and a given suffix from a file name</para> 165 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils basename"> 166 <primary sortas="b-basename">basename</primary> 167 </indexterm> 168 </listitem> 169 </varlistentry> 170 171 <varlistentry id="cat"> 172 <term><command>cat</command></term> 173 <listitem> 174 <para>Concatenates files to standard output</para> 175 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cat"> 176 <primary sortas="b-cat">cat</primary> 177 </indexterm> 178 </listitem> 179 </varlistentry> 180 181 <varlistentry id="chgrp"> 182 <term><command>chgrp</command></term> 183 <listitem> 184 <para>Changes the group ownership of files and directories</para> 185 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chgrp"> 186 <primary sortas="b-chgrp">chgrp</primary> 187 </indexterm> 188 </listitem> 189 </varlistentry> 190 191 <varlistentry id="chmod"> 192 <term><command>chmod</command></term> 193 <listitem> 194 <para>Changes the permissions of each file to the given mode; the mode 195 can be either a symbolic representation of the changes to make or an 196 octal number representing the new permissions</para> 197 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chmod"> 198 <primary sortas="b-chmod">chmod</primary> 199 </indexterm> 200 </listitem> 201 </varlistentry> 202 203 <varlistentry id="chown"> 204 <term><command>chown</command></term> 205 <listitem> 206 <para>Changes the user and/or group ownership of files and 207 directories</para> 208 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chown"> 209 <primary sortas="b-chown">chown</primary> 210 </indexterm> 211 </listitem> 212 </varlistentry> 213 214 <varlistentry id="chroot"> 215 <term><command>chroot</command></term> 216 <listitem> 217 <para>Runs a command with the specified directory as the 218 <filename class="directory">/</filename> directory</para> 219 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils chroot"> 220 <primary sortas="b-chroot">chroot</primary> 221 </indexterm> 222 </listitem> 223 </varlistentry> 224 225 <varlistentry id="cksum"> 226 <term><command>cksum</command></term> 227 <listitem> 228 <para>Prints the Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) checksum and the byte 229 counts of each specified file</para> 230 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cksum"> 231 <primary sortas="b-cksum">cksum</primary> 232 </indexterm> 233 </listitem> 234 </varlistentry> 235 236 <varlistentry id="comm"> 237 <term><command>comm</command></term> 238 <listitem> 239 <para>Compares two sorted files, outputting in three columns the lines 240 that are unique and the lines that are common</para> 241 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils comm"> 242 <primary sortas="b-comm">comm</primary> 243 </indexterm> 244 </listitem> 245 </varlistentry> 246 247 <varlistentry id="cp"> 248 <term><command>cp</command></term> 249 <listitem> 250 <para>Copies files</para> 251 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cp"> 252 <primary sortas="b-cp">cp</primary> 253 </indexterm> 254 </listitem> 255 </varlistentry> 256 257 <varlistentry id="csplit"> 258 <term><command>csplit</command></term> 259 <listitem> 260 <para>Splits a given file into several new files, separating them 261 according to given patterns or line numbers and outputting the byte 262 count of each new file</para> 263 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils csplit"> 264 <primary sortas="b-csplit">csplit</primary> 265 </indexterm> 266 </listitem> 267 </varlistentry> 268 269 <varlistentry id="cut"> 270 <term><command>cut</command></term> 271 <listitem> 272 <para>Prints sections of lines, selecting the parts according to given 273 fields or positions</para> 274 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils cut"> 275 <primary sortas="b-cut">cut</primary> 276 </indexterm> 277 </listitem> 278 </varlistentry> 279 280 <varlistentry id="date"> 281 <term><command>date</command></term> 282 <listitem> 283 <para>Displays the current time in the given format, or sets the 284 system date</para> 285 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils date"> 286 <primary sortas="b-date">date</primary> 287 </indexterm> 288 </listitem> 289 </varlistentry> 290 291 <varlistentry id="dd"> 292 <term><command>dd</command> </term> 293 <listitem> 294 <para>Copies a file using the given block size and count, while 295 optionally performing conversions on it</para> 296 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dd"> 297 <primary sortas="b-dd">dd</primary> 298 </indexterm> 299 </listitem> 300 </varlistentry> 301 302 <varlistentry id="df"> 303 <term><command>df</command></term> 304 <listitem> 305 <para>Reports the amount of disk space available (and used) on all 306 mounted file systems, or only on the file systems holding the selected 307 files</para> 308 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils df"> 309 <primary sortas="b-df">df</primary> 310 </indexterm> 311 </listitem> 312 </varlistentry> 313 314 <varlistentry id="dir"> 315 <term><command>dir</command></term> 316 <listitem> 317 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory (the same as 318 the <command>ls</command> command)</para> 319 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dir"> 320 <primary sortas="b-dir">dir</primary> 321 </indexterm> 322 </listitem> 323 </varlistentry> 324 325 <varlistentry id="dircolors"> 326 <term><command>dircolors</command></term> 327 <listitem> 328 <para>Outputs commands to set the <envar>LS_COLOR</envar> 329 environment variable to change the color scheme used by 330 <command>ls</command></para> 331 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dircolors"> 332 <primary sortas="b-dircolors">dircolors</primary> 333 </indexterm> 334 </listitem> 335 </varlistentry> 336 337 <varlistentry id="dirname"> 338 <term><command>dirname</command></term> 339 <listitem> 340 <para>Strips the non-directory suffix from a file name</para> 341 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils dirname"> 342 <primary sortas="b-dirname">dirname</primary> 343 </indexterm> 344 </listitem> 345 </varlistentry> 346 347 <varlistentry id="du"> 348 <term><command>du</command></term> 349 <listitem> 350 <para>Reports the amount of disk space used by the current directory, 351 by each of the given directories (including all subdirectories) or by 352 each of the given files</para> 353 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils du"> 354 <primary sortas="b-du">du</primary> 355 </indexterm> 356 </listitem> 357 </varlistentry> 358 359 <varlistentry id="echo"> 360 <term><command>echo</command></term> 361 <listitem> 362 <para>Displays the given strings</para> 363 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils echo"> 364 <primary sortas="b-echo">echo</primary> 365 </indexterm> 366 </listitem> 367 </varlistentry> 368 369 <varlistentry id="env"> 370 <term><command>env</command></term> 371 <listitem> 372 <para>Runs a command in a modified environment</para> 373 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils env"> 374 <primary sortas="b-env">env</primary> 375 </indexterm> 376 </listitem> 377 </varlistentry> 378 379 <varlistentry id="expand"> 380 <term><command>expand</command></term> 381 <listitem> 382 <para>Converts tabs to spaces</para> 383 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expand"> 384 <primary sortas="b-expand">expand</primary> 385 </indexterm> 386 </listitem> 387 </varlistentry> 388 389 <varlistentry id="expr"> 390 <term><command>expr</command></term> 391 <listitem> 392 <para>Evaluates expressions</para> 393 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils expr"> 394 <primary sortas="b-expr">expr</primary> 395 </indexterm> 396 </listitem> 397 </varlistentry> 398 399 <varlistentry id="factor"> 400 <term><command>factor</command></term> 401 <listitem> 402 <para>Prints the prime factors of all specified integer numbers</para> 403 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils factor"> 404 <primary sortas="b-factor">factor</primary> 405 </indexterm> 406 </listitem> 407 </varlistentry> 408 409 <varlistentry id="false"> 410 <term><command>false</command></term> 411 <listitem> 412 <para>Does nothing, unsuccessfully; it always exits with a status code 413 indicating failure</para> 414 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils false"> 415 <primary sortas="b-false">false</primary> 416 </indexterm> 417 </listitem> 418 </varlistentry> 419 420 <varlistentry id="fmt"> 421 <term><command>fmt</command></term> 422 <listitem> 423 <para>Reformats the paragraphs in the given files</para> 424 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fmt"> 425 <primary sortas="b-fmt">fmt</primary> 426 </indexterm> 427 </listitem> 428 </varlistentry> 429 430 <varlistentry id="fold"> 431 <term><command>fold</command></term> 432 <listitem> 433 <para>Wraps the lines in the given files</para> 434 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils fold"> 435 <primary sortas="b-fold">fold</primary> 436 </indexterm> 437 </listitem> 438 </varlistentry> 439 440 <varlistentry id="groups"> 441 <term><command>groups</command></term> 442 <listitem> 443 <para>Reports a user's group memberships</para> 444 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils groups"> 445 <primary sortas="b-groups">groups</primary> 446 </indexterm> 447 </listitem> 448 </varlistentry> 449 450 <varlistentry id="head"> 451 <term><command>head</command></term> 452 <listitem> 453 <para>Prints the first ten lines (or the given number of lines) 454 of each given file</para> 455 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils head"> 456 <primary sortas="b-head">head</primary> 457 </indexterm> 458 </listitem> 459 </varlistentry> 460 461 <varlistentry id="hostid"> 462 <term><command>hostid</command></term> 463 <listitem> 464 <para>Reports the numeric identifier (in hexadecimal) of the host</para> 465 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostid"> 466 <primary sortas="b-hostid">hostid</primary> 467 </indexterm> 468 </listitem> 469 </varlistentry> 470 471 <varlistentry id="hostname"> 472 <term><command>hostname</command></term> 473 <listitem> 474 <para>Reports or sets the name of the host</para> 475 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils hostname"> 476 <primary sortas="b-hostname">hostname</primary> 477 </indexterm> 478 </listitem> 479 </varlistentry> 480 481 <varlistentry id="id"> 482 <term><command>id</command></term> 483 <listitem> 484 <para>Reports the effective user ID, group ID, and group memberships 485 of the current user or specified user</para> 486 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils id"> 487 <primary sortas="b-id">id</primary> 488 </indexterm> 489 </listitem> 490 </varlistentry> 491 492 <varlistentry id="install"> 493 <term><command>install</command> </term> 494 <listitem> 495 <para>Copies files while setting their permission modes and, if 496 possible, their owner and group</para> 497 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils install"> 498 <primary sortas="b-install">install</primary> 499 </indexterm> 500 </listitem> 501 </varlistentry> 502 503 <varlistentry id="join"> 504 <term><command>join</command></term> 505 <listitem> 506 <para>Joins the lines that have identical join fields from two 507 separate files</para> 508 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils join"> 509 <primary sortas="b-join">join</primary> 510 </indexterm> 511 </listitem> 512 </varlistentry> 513 514 <varlistentry id="link"> 515 <term><command>link</command></term> 516 <listitem> 517 <para>Creates a hard link with the given name to a file</para> 518 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils link"> 519 <primary sortas="b-link">link</primary> 520 </indexterm> 521 </listitem> 522 </varlistentry> 523 524 <varlistentry id="ln"> 525 <term><command>ln</command></term> 526 <listitem> 527 <para>Makes hard links or soft (symbolic) links between files</para> 528 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ln"> 529 <primary sortas="b-ln">ln</primary> 530 </indexterm> 531 </listitem> 532 </varlistentry> 533 534 <varlistentry id="logname"> 535 <term><command>logname</command></term> 536 <listitem> 537 <para>Reports the current user's login name</para> 538 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils logname"> 539 <primary sortas="b-logname">logname</primary> 540 </indexterm> 541 </listitem> 542 </varlistentry> 543 544 <varlistentry id="ls"> 545 <term><command>ls</command></term> 546 <listitem> 547 <para>Lists the contents of each given directory</para> 548 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ls"> 549 <primary sortas="b-ls">ls</primary> 550 </indexterm> 551 </listitem> 552 </varlistentry> 553 554 <varlistentry id="md5sum"> 555 <term><command>md5sum</command></term> 556 <listitem> 557 <para>Reports or checks Message Digest 5 (MD5) checksums</para> 558 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils md5sum"> 559 <primary sortas="b-md5sum">md5sum</primary> 560 </indexterm> 561 </listitem> 562 </varlistentry> 563 564 <varlistentry id="mkdir"> 565 <term><command>mkdir</command></term> 566 <listitem> 567 <para>Creates directories with the given names</para> 568 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkdir"> 569 <primary sortas="b-mkdir">mkdir</primary> 570 </indexterm> 571 </listitem> 572 </varlistentry> 573 574 <varlistentry id="mkfifo"> 575 <term><command>mkfifo</command></term> 576 <listitem> 577 <para>Creates First-In, First-Outs (FIFOs), a <quote>named 578 pipe</quote> in UNIX parlance, with the given names</para> 579 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mkfifo"> 580 <primary sortas="b-mkfifo">mkfifo</primary> 581 </indexterm> 582 </listitem> 583 </varlistentry> 584 585 <varlistentry id="mknod"> 586 <term><command>mknod</command></term> 587 <listitem> 588 <para>Creates device nodes with the given names; a device node is a 589 character special file, a block special file, or a FIFO</para> 590 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mknod"> 591 <primary sortas="b-mknod">mknod</primary> 592 </indexterm> 593 </listitem> 594 </varlistentry> 595 596 <varlistentry id="mv"> 597 <term><command>mv</command></term> 598 <listitem> 599 <para>Moves or renames files or directories</para> 600 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils mv"> 601 <primary sortas="b-mv">mv</primary> 602 </indexterm> 603 </listitem> 604 </varlistentry> 605 606 <varlistentry id="nice"> 607 <term><command>nice</command></term> 608 <listitem> 609 <para>Runs a program with modified scheduling priority</para> 610 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nice"> 611 <primary sortas="b-nice">nice</primary> 612 </indexterm> 613 </listitem> 614 </varlistentry> 615 616 <varlistentry id="nl"> 617 <term><command>nl</command></term> 618 <listitem> 619 <para>Numbers the lines from the given files</para> 620 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nl"> 621 <primary sortas="b-nl">nl</primary> 622 </indexterm> 623 </listitem> 624 </varlistentry> 625 626 <varlistentry id="nohup"> 627 <term><command>nohup</command></term> 628 <listitem> 629 <para>Runs a command immune to hangups, with its output redirected to 630 a log file</para> 631 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils nohup"> 632 <primary sortas="b-nohup">nohup</primary> 633 </indexterm> 634 </listitem> 635 </varlistentry> 636 637 <varlistentry id="od"> 638 <term><command>od</command></term> 639 <listitem> 640 <para>Dumps files in octal and other formats</para> 641 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils od"> 642 <primary sortas="b-od">od</primary> 643 </indexterm> 644 </listitem> 645 </varlistentry> 646 647 <varlistentry id="paste"> 648 <term><command>paste</command></term> 649 <listitem> 650 <para>Merges the given files, joining sequentially corresponding lines 651 side by side, separated by tab characters</para> 652 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils paste"> 653 <primary sortas="b-paste">paste</primary> 654 </indexterm> 655 </listitem> 656 </varlistentry> 657 658 <varlistentry id="pathchk"> 659 <term><command>pathchk</command></term> 660 <listitem> 661 <para>Checks if file names are valid or portable</para> 662 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pathchk"> 663 <primary sortas="b-pathchk">pathchk</primary> 664 </indexterm> 665 </listitem> 666 </varlistentry> 667 668 <varlistentry id="pinky"> 669 <term><command>pinky</command></term> 670 <listitem> 671 <para>Is a lightweight finger client; it reports some information 672 about the given users</para> 673 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pinky"> 674 <primary sortas="b-pinky">pinky</primary> 675 </indexterm> 676 </listitem> 677 </varlistentry> 678 679 <varlistentry id="pr"> 680 <term><command>pr</command></term> 681 <listitem> 682 <para>Paginates and columnates files for printing</para> 683 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pr"> 684 <primary sortas="b-pr">pr</primary> 685 </indexterm> 686 </listitem> 687 </varlistentry> 688 689 <varlistentry id="printenv"> 690 <term><command>printenv</command></term> 691 <listitem> 692 <para>Prints the environment</para> 693 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printenv"> 694 <primary sortas="b-printenv">printenv</primary> 695 </indexterm> 696 </listitem> 697 </varlistentry> 698 699 <varlistentry id="printf"> 700 <term><command>printf</command></term> 701 <listitem> 702 <para>Prints the given arguments according to the given format, much 703 like the C printf function</para> 704 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils printf"> 705 <primary sortas="b-printf">printf</primary> 706 </indexterm> 707 </listitem> 708 </varlistentry> 709 710 <varlistentry id="ptx"> 711 <term><command>ptx</command></term> 712 <listitem> 713 <para>Produces a permuted index from the contents of the given files, 714 with each keyword in its context</para> 715 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils ptx"> 716 <primary sortas="b-ptx">ptx</primary> 717 </indexterm> 718 </listitem> 719 </varlistentry> 720 721 <varlistentry id="pwd"> 722 <term><command>pwd</command></term> 723 <listitem> 724 <para>Reports the name of the current working directory</para> 725 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils pwd"> 726 <primary sortas="b-pwd">pwd</primary> 727 </indexterm> 728 </listitem> 729 </varlistentry> 730 731 <varlistentry id="readlink"> 732 <term><command>readlink</command></term> 733 <listitem> 734 <para>Reports the value of the given symbolic link</para> 735 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils readlink"> 736 <primary sortas="b-readlink">readlink</primary> 737 </indexterm> 738 </listitem> 739 </varlistentry> 740 741 <varlistentry id="rm"> 742 <term><command>rm</command></term> 743 <listitem> 744 <para>Removes files or directories</para> 745 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rm"> 746 <primary sortas="b-rm">rm</primary> 747 </indexterm> 748 </listitem> 749 </varlistentry> 750 751 <varlistentry id="rmdir"> 752 <term><command>rmdir</command></term> 753 <listitem> 754 <para>Removes directories if they are empty</para> 755 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils rmdir"> 756 <primary sortas="b-rmdir">rmdir</primary> 757 </indexterm> 758 </listitem> 759 </varlistentry> 760 761 <varlistentry id="seq"> 762 <term><command>seq</command></term> 763 <listitem> 764 <para>Prints a sequence of numbers within a given range and with a 765 given increment</para> 766 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils seq"> 767 <primary sortas="b-seq">seq</primary> 768 </indexterm> 769 </listitem> 770 </varlistentry> 771 772 <varlistentry id="sha1sum"> 773 <term><command>sha1sum</command></term> 774 <listitem> 775 <para>Prints or checks 160-bit Secure Hash Algorithm 1 (SHA1) 776 checksums</para> 777 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sha1sum"> 778 <primary sortas="b-sha1sum">sha1sum</primary> 779 </indexterm> 780 </listitem> 781 </varlistentry> 782 783 <varlistentry id="shred"> 784 <term><command>shred</command></term> 785 <listitem> 786 <para>Overwrites the given files repeatedly with complex patterns, 787 making it difficult to recover the data</para> 788 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils shred"> 789 <primary sortas="b-shred">shred</primary> 790 </indexterm> 791 </listitem> 792 </varlistentry> 793 794 <varlistentry id="sleep"> 795 <term><command>sleep</command></term> 796 <listitem> 797 <para>Pauses for the given amount of time</para> 798 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sleep"> 799 <primary sortas="b-sleep">sleep</primary> 800 </indexterm> 801 </listitem> 802 </varlistentry> 803 804 <varlistentry id="sort"> 805 <term><command>sort</command></term> 806 <listitem> 807 <para>Sorts the lines from the given files</para> 808 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sort"> 809 <primary sortas="b-sort">sort</primary> 810 </indexterm> 811 </listitem> 812 </varlistentry> 813 814 <varlistentry id="split"> 815 <term><command>split</command></term> 816 <listitem> 817 <para>Splits the given file into pieces, by size or by number of 818 lines</para> 819 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils split"> 820 <primary sortas="b-split">split</primary> 821 </indexterm> 822 </listitem> 823 </varlistentry> 824 825 <varlistentry id="stat"> 826 <term><command>stat</command></term> 827 <listitem> 828 <para>Displays file or filesystem status</para> 829 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stat"> 830 <primary sortas="b-stat">stat</primary> 831 </indexterm> 832 </listitem> 833 </varlistentry> 834 835 <varlistentry id="stty"> 836 <term><command>stty</command></term> 837 <listitem> 838 <para>Sets or reports terminal line settings</para> 839 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils stty"> 840 <primary sortas="b-stty">stty</primary> 841 </indexterm> 842 </listitem> 843 </varlistentry> 844 845 <varlistentry id="sum"> 846 <term><command>sum</command></term> 847 <listitem> 848 <para>Prints checksum and block counts for each given file</para> 849 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sum"> 850 <primary sortas="b-sum">sum</primary> 851 </indexterm> 852 </listitem> 853 </varlistentry> 854 855 <varlistentry id="sync"> 856 <term><command>sync</command></term> 857 <listitem> 858 <para>Flushes file system buffers; it forces changed blocks to disk 859 and updates the super block</para> 860 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils sync"> 861 <primary sortas="b-sync">sync</primary> 862 </indexterm> 863 </listitem> 864 </varlistentry> 865 866 <varlistentry id="tac"> 867 <term><command>tac</command></term> 868 <listitem> 869 <para>Concatenates the given files in reverse</para> 870 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tac"> 871 <primary sortas="b-tac">tac</primary> 872 </indexterm> 873 </listitem> 874 </varlistentry> 875 876 <varlistentry id="tail"> 877 <term><command>tail</command></term> 878 <listitem> 879 <para>Prints the last ten lines (or the given number of lines) of each 880 given file</para> 881 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tail"> 882 <primary sortas="b-tail">tail</primary> 883 </indexterm> 884 </listitem> 885 </varlistentry> 886 887 <varlistentry id="tee"> 888 <term><command>tee</command></term> 889 <listitem> 890 <para>Reads from standard input while writing both to standard output 891 and to the given files</para> 892 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tee"> 893 <primary sortas="b-tee">tee</primary> 894 </indexterm> 895 </listitem> 896 </varlistentry> 897 898 <varlistentry id="test"> 899 <term><command>test</command></term> 900 <listitem> 901 <para>Compares values and checks file types</para> 902 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils test"> 903 <primary sortas="b-test">test</primary> 904 </indexterm> 905 </listitem> 906 </varlistentry> 907 908 <varlistentry id="touch"> 909 <term><command>touch</command></term> 910 <listitem> 911 <para>Changes file timestamps, setting the access and modification 912 times of the given files to the current time; files that do not exist 913 are created with zero length</para> 914 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils touch"> 915 <primary sortas="b-touch">touch</primary> 916 </indexterm> 917 </listitem> 918 </varlistentry> 919 920 <varlistentry id="tr"> 921 <term><command>tr</command></term> 922 <listitem> 923 <para>Translates, squeezes, and deletes the given characters from 924 standard input</para> 925 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tr"> 926 <primary sortas="b-tr">tr</primary> 927 </indexterm> 928 </listitem> 929 </varlistentry> 930 931 <varlistentry id="true"> 932 <term><command>true</command></term> 933 <listitem> 934 <para>Does nothing, successfully; it always exits with a status code 935 indicating success</para> 936 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils true"> 937 <primary sortas="b-true">true</primary> 938 </indexterm> 939 </listitem> 940 </varlistentry> 941 942 <varlistentry id="tsort"> 943 <term><command>tsort</command></term> 944 <listitem> 945 <para>Performs a topological sort; it writes a completely ordered list 946 according to the partial ordering in a given file</para> 947 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tsort"> 948 <primary sortas="b-tsort">tsort</primary> 949 </indexterm> 950 </listitem> 951 </varlistentry> 952 953 <varlistentry id="tty"> 954 <term><command>tty</command></term> 955 <listitem> 956 <para>Reports the file name of the terminal connected to standard 957 input</para> 958 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils tty"> 959 <primary sortas="b-tty">tty</primary> 960 </indexterm> 961 </listitem> 962 </varlistentry> 963 964 <varlistentry id="uname"> 965 <term><command>uname</command></term> 966 <listitem> 967 <para>Reports system information</para> 968 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uname"> 969 <primary sortas="b-uname">uname</primary> 970 </indexterm> 971 </listitem> 972 </varlistentry> 973 974 <varlistentry id="unexpand"> 975 <term><command>unexpand</command></term> 976 <listitem> 977 <para>Converts spaces to tabs</para> 978 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unexpand"> 979 <primary sortas="b-unexpand">unexpand</primary> 980 </indexterm> 981 </listitem> 982 </varlistentry> 983 984 <varlistentry id="uniq"> 985 <term><command>uniq</command></term> 986 <listitem> 987 <para>Discards all but one of successive identical lines</para> 988 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils uniq"> 989 <primary sortas="b-uniq">uniq</primary> 990 </indexterm> 991 </listitem> 992 </varlistentry> 993 994 <varlistentry id="unlink"> 995 <term><command>unlink</command></term> 996 <listitem> 997 <para>Removes the given file</para> 998 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils unlink"> 999 <primary sortas="b-unlink">unlink</primary> 1000 </indexterm> 1001 </listitem> 1002 </varlistentry> 1003 1004 <varlistentry id="users"> 1005 <term><command>users</command></term> 1006 <listitem> 1007 <para>Reports the names of the users currently logged on</para> 1008 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils users"> 1009 <primary sortas="b-users">users</primary> 1010 </indexterm> 1011 </listitem> 1012 </varlistentry> 1013 1014 <varlistentry id="vdir"> 1015 <term><command>vdir</command></term> 1016 <listitem> 1017 <para>Is the same as <command>ls -l</command></para> 1018 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils vdir"> 1019 <primary sortas="b-vdir">vdir</primary> 1020 </indexterm> 1021 </listitem> 1022 </varlistentry> 1023 1024 <varlistentry id="wc"> 1025 <term><command>wc</command></term> 1026 <listitem> 1027 <para>Reports the number of lines, words, and bytes for each given 1028 file, as well as a total line when more than one file is given</para> 1029 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils wc"> 1030 <primary sortas="b-wc">wc</primary> 1031 </indexterm> 1032 </listitem> 1033 </varlistentry> 1034 1035 <varlistentry id="who"> 1036 <term><command>who</command></term> 1037 <listitem> 1038 <para>Reports who is logged on</para> 1039 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils who"> 1040 <primary sortas="b-who">who</primary> 1041 </indexterm> 1042 </listitem> 1043 </varlistentry> 1044 1045 <varlistentry id="whoami"> 1046 <term><command>whoami</command></term> 1047 <listitem> 1048 <para>Reports the user name associated with the current effective 1049 user ID</para> 1050 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils whoami"> 1051 <primary sortas="b-whoami">whoami</primary> 1052 </indexterm> 1053 </listitem> 1054 </varlistentry> 1055 1056 <varlistentry id="yes"> 1057 <term><command>yes</command></term> 1058 <listitem> 1059 <para>Repeatedly outputs <quote>y</quote> or a given string until 1060 killed</para> 1061 <indexterm zone="ch-system-coreutils yes"> 1062 <primary sortas="b-yes">yes</primary> 1063 </indexterm> 1064 </listitem> 1065 </varlistentry> 1066 1067 </variablelist> 1068 1069 </sect2> 869 1070 870 1071 </sect1> 871 -
chapter06/createfiles.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-createfiles"> 7 <title>Creating Essential Symlinks</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?> 9 <?dbhtml filename="createfiles.html"?> 9 10 10 <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In 11 order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be 12 replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software 13 has been installed.</para> 11 <title>Creating Essential Symlinks</title> 12 13 <para>Some programs use hard-wired paths to programs which do not exist yet. In 14 order to satisfy these programs, create a number of symbolic links which will be 15 replaced by real files throughout the course of this chapter after the software 16 has been installed.</para> 14 17 15 18 <screen><userinput>ln -sv /tools/bin/{bash,cat,pwd,stty} /bin … … 19 22 20 23 </sect1> 21 -
chapter06/creatingdirs.xml
r458de8d r688f954 1 1 <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?> 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 2 <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN" 3 "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [ 3 4 <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent"> 4 5 %general-entities; 5 6 ]> 7 6 8 <sect1 id="ch-system-creatingdirs"> 7 <title>Creating Directories</title> 8 <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?> 9 <?dbhtml filename="creatingdirs.html"?> 9 10 10 <para>It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a 11 standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para> 12 11 <title>Creating Directories</title> 12 13 <para>It is time to create some structure in the LFS file system. Create a 14 standard directory tree by issuing the following commands:</para> 15 13 16 <screen><userinput>install -dv /{bin,boot,dev,etc/opt,home,lib,mnt} 14 17 install -dv /{sbin,srv,usr/local,var,opt} … … 32 35 install -dv /lib/udev/devices</userinput></screen> 33 36 34 <para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, 35 but this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, 36 two changes are made—one to the home directory of user 37 <emphasis>root</emphasis>, and another to the directories for38 temporary files.</para>37 <para>Directories are, by default, created with permission mode 755, but 38 this is not desirable for all directories. In the commands above, two 39 changes are made—one to the home directory of user <systemitem 40 class="username">root</systemitem>, and another to the directories for 41 temporary files.</para> 39 42 40 <para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter 41 the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory—the same 42 as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The second 43 mode change makes sure that any user can write to the <filename 44 class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename 45 class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove 46 another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the 47 so-called <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 48 bit mask.</para> 43 <para>The first mode change ensures that not just anybody can enter 44 the <filename class="directory">/root</filename> directory—the 45 same as a normal user would do with his or her home directory. The 46 second mode change makes sure that any user can write to the 47 <filename class="directory">/tmp</filename> and <filename 48 class="directory">/var/tmp</filename> directories, but cannot remove 49 another user's files from them. The latter is prohibited by the so-called 50 <quote>sticky bit,</quote> the highest bit (1) in the 1777 bit mask.</para> 49 51 50 <note><para>Notice the two different constructions above for creating multiple 51 man directories: <command>install -d /usr/share/man/man{1..8}</command> and 52 <command>install -d /usr/local/share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}</command>. The 53 first one is new since Bash 3.0. This new feature will help make repetitive 54 commands easier to type.</para></note> 52 <note> 53 <para>Notice the two different constructions above for creating multiple 54 man directories: <command>install -d /usr/share/man/man{1..8}</command> and 55 <command>install -d /usr/local/share/man/man{1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8}</command>. The 56 first one is new since Bash 3.0. This new feature will help make repetitive 57 commands easier to type.</para> 58 </note> 55 59 56 <sect2>57 <title>FHS Compliance Note</title>60 <sect2> 61 <title>FHS Compliance Note</title> 58 62 59 <para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard (FHS) 60 (available at <ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>). In addition61 to the tree created above, this standard stipulates the existence of <filename62 class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename63 class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. The FHS is not precise as to the 64 structure of the <filename class="directory">/usr/local/share</filename>65 subdirectory, so we create only the directories that are needed. However, feel 66 free to create these directories if you prefer to conform more strictly to the 67 FHS.</para>63 <para>The directory tree is based on the Filesystem Hierarchy Standard 64 (FHS) (available at <ulink url="http://www.pathname.com/fhs/"/>). In 65 addition to the tree created above, this standard stipulates the existence 66 of <filename class="directory">/usr/local/games</filename> and <filename 67 class="directory">/usr/share/games</filename>. The FHS is not precise as to 68 the structure of the <filename class="directory">/usr/local/share</filename> 69 subdirectory, so we create only the directories that are needed. However, 70 feel free to create these directories if you prefer to conform more strictly 71 to the FHS.</para> 68 72 69 </sect2>73 </sect2> 70 74 71 75 </sect1> 72
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