1 | <?xml version="1.0" encoding="ISO-8859-1"?>
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2 | <!DOCTYPE sect1 PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.4//EN"
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3 | "http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.4/docbookx.dtd" [
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4 | <!ENTITY % general-entities SYSTEM "../general.ent">
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5 | %general-entities;
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6 | ]>
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7 |
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8 | <sect1 id="ch-scripts-profile">
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9 | <?dbhtml filename="profile.html"?>
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10 |
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11 | <title>The Bash Shell Startup Files</title>
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12 |
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13 | <indexterm zone="ch-scripts-profile">
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14 | <primary sortas="e-/etc/profile">/etc/profile</primary>
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15 | </indexterm>
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16 |
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17 | <para>The shell program <command>/bin/bash</command> (hereafter referred to
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18 | as <quote>the shell</quote>) uses a collection of startup files to help
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19 | create an environment to run in. Each file has a specific use and may affect
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20 | login and interactive environments differently. The files in the <filename
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21 | class="directory">/etc</filename> directory provide global settings. If an
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22 | equivalent file exists in the home directory, it may override the global
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23 | settings.</para>
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24 |
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25 | <para>An interactive login shell is started after a successful login, using
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26 | <command>/bin/login</command>, by reading the <filename>/etc/passwd</filename>
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27 | file. An interactive non-login shell is started at the command-line (e.g.,
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28 | <prompt>[prompt]$</prompt><command>/bin/bash</command>). A non-interactive
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29 | shell is usually present when a shell script is running. It is non-interactive
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30 | because it is processing a script and not waiting for user input between
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31 | commands.</para>
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32 |
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33 | <para>For more information, see <command>info bash</command> under the
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34 | <emphasis>Bash Startup Files and Interactive Shells</emphasis> section.</para>
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35 |
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36 | <para>The files <filename>/etc/profile</filename> and
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37 | <filename>~/.bash_profile</filename> are read when the shell is
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38 | invoked as an interactive login shell.</para>
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39 |
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40 | <para>The base <filename>/etc/profile</filename> below sets some
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41 | environment variables necessary for native language support. Setting
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42 | them properly results in:</para>
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43 |
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44 | <itemizedlist>
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45 | <listitem>
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46 | <para>The output of programs translated into the native language</para>
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47 | </listitem>
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48 | <listitem>
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49 | <para>Correct classification of characters into letters, digits and other
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50 | classes. This is necessary for <command>bash</command> to properly accept
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51 | non-ASCII characters in command lines in non-English locales</para>
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52 | </listitem>
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53 | <listitem>
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54 | <para>The correct alphabetical sorting order for the country</para>
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55 | </listitem>
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56 | <listitem>
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57 | <para>Appropriate default paper size</para>
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58 | </listitem>
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59 | <listitem>
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60 | <para>Correct formatting of monetary, time, and date values</para>
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61 | </listitem>
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62 | </itemizedlist>
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63 |
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64 | <para>This script also sets the <envar>INPUTRC</envar> environment variable that
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65 | makes Bash and Readline use the <filename>/etc/inputrc</filename> file created
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66 | earlier.</para>
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67 |
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68 | <para>Replace <replaceable>[ll]</replaceable> below with the two-letter code
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69 | for the desired language (e.g., <quote>en</quote>) and
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70 | <replaceable>[CC]</replaceable> with the two-letter code for the appropriate
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71 | country (e.g., <quote>GB</quote>). <replaceable>[charmap]</replaceable> should
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72 | be replaced with the canonical charmap for your chosen locale.</para>
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73 |
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74 | <para>The list of all locales supported by Glibc can be obtained by running
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75 | the following command:</para>
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76 |
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77 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>locale -a</userinput></screen>
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78 |
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79 | <para>Locales can have a number of synonyms, e.g. <quote>ISO-8859-1</quote>
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80 | is also referred to as <quote>iso8859-1</quote> and <quote>iso88591</quote>.
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81 | Some applications cannot handle the various synonyms correctly, so it is
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82 | safest to choose the canonical name for a particular locale. To determine
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83 | the canonical name, run the following command, where <replaceable>[locale
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84 | name]</replaceable> is the output given by <command>locale -a</command> for
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85 | your preferred locale (<quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> in our example).</para>
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86 |
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87 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=<replaceable>[locale name]</replaceable> locale charmap</userinput></screen>
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88 |
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89 | <para>For the <quote>en_GB.iso88591</quote> locale, the above command
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90 | will print:</para>
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91 |
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92 | <screen><computeroutput>ISO-8859-1</computeroutput></screen>
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93 |
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94 | <para>This results in a final locale setting of <quote>en_GB.ISO-8859-1</quote>.
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95 | It is important that the locale found using the heuristic above is tested prior
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96 | to it being added to the Bash startup files:</para>
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97 |
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98 | <screen role="nodump"><userinput>LC_ALL=[locale name] locale country
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99 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale language
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100 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale charmap
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101 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_curr_symbol
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102 | LC_ALL=[locale name] locale int_prefix</userinput></screen>
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103 |
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104 | <para>The above commands should print the country and language names, the
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105 | character encoding used by the locale, the local currency and the prefix to dial
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106 | before the telephone number in order to get into the country. If any of the
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107 | commands above fail with a message similar to the one shown below, this means
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108 | that your locale was either not installed in Chapter 6 or is not supported by
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109 | the default installation of Glibc.</para>
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110 |
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111 | <screen><computeroutput>locale: Cannot set LC_* to default locale: No such file or directory</computeroutput></screen>
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112 |
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113 | <para>If this happens, you should either install the desired locale using the
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114 | <command>localedef</command> command, or consider choosing a different locale.
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115 | Further instructions assume that there are no such error messages from
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116 | Glibc.</para>
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117 |
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118 | <para>Some packages beyond LFS may also lack support for your chosen locale. One
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119 | example is the X library (part of the X Window System), which outputs the
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120 | following error message:</para>
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121 |
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122 | <screen><computeroutput>Warning: locale not supported by Xlib, locale set to C</computeroutput></screen>
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123 |
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124 | <para>Sometimes it is possible to fix this by removing the charmap part of the
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125 | locale specification, as long as that does not change the character map that
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126 | Glibc associates with the locale (this can be checked by running the
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127 | <command>locale charmap</command> command in both locales). For example, one
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128 | would have to change "de_DE.ISO-8859-15@euro" to
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129 | "de_DE@euro" in order to get this locale recognized by Xlib.</para>
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130 |
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131 | <para>Other packages can also function incorrectly (but may not necessarily
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132 | display any error messages) if the locale name does not meet their expectations.
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133 | In those cases, investigating how other Linux distributions support your locale
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134 | might provide some useful information.</para>
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135 |
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136 | <para>Once the proper locale settings have been determined, create the
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137 | <filename>/etc/profile</filename> file:</para>
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138 |
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139 | <screen><userinput>cat > /etc/profile << "EOF"
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140 | <literal># Begin /etc/profile
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141 |
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142 | export LANG=<replaceable>[ll]</replaceable>_<replaceable>[CC]</replaceable>.<replaceable>[charmap]</replaceable>
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143 | export INPUTRC=/etc/inputrc
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144 |
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145 | # End /etc/profile</literal>
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146 | EOF</userinput></screen>
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147 |
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148 | <note>
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149 | <para>The <quote>C</quote> (default) and <quote>en_US</quote> (the
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150 | recommended one for United States English users) locales are different.</para>
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151 | </note>
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152 |
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153 | <para>Setting the keyboard layout, screen font, and locale-related environment
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154 | variables are the only internationalization steps needed to support locales
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155 | that use ordinary single-byte encodings and left-to-right writing direction.
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156 | More complex cases (including UTF-8 based locales) require additional steps
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157 | and additional patches because many applications tend to not work properly
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158 | under such conditions. These steps and patches are not included in the LFS
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159 | book and such locales are not yet supported by LFS.</para>
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160 |
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161 | </sect1>
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